130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha

Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha

Ramanjaneyulu

Intensive Agriculture

• Economic Crisis– Increasing costs of cultivation and decreasing returns– Reducing public support and increasing indebtedness

• Ecological Crisis– is highly LINEAR, whereas traditionally agriculture was highly CYCLICAL.– is based on maximizing the output of a narrow range of species leading to

monoculture of crops and varieties– is based on capital depletion and massive additions of external inputs (e.g.

energy, water, chemicals)– views the farm as a factory with “inputs” (such as pesticides, feed, fertilizer, and

fuel) and “outputs” (grain, cotton, chicken, and so forth)– never cared about the externalities

• Socio-political crisis– Increasing tenancy, land use shift– Increasing farmers suicides, 2,70,940 in last 15 yr– Huge migration

Source: Government of India, 2009; RBI, 2009.

Irrigation and fertilizer based production

Fertilizer issues• The higher and imbalance use of chemical fertilizers threatened the

soil health• Fertilizer use efficiency less than 50%• Factor productivity of fertilizer coming down• Fertilizer production largely dependent on Petroleum products and

prices fluctuate with them• Phosphotic and Potash reserves coming down

• Nutrient response drastically declinedPeriod Response (kg/kg NPK)

V FYP 15.0Now 6.5

• During 1961-2006 globally 8 fold increase in use of agrochemicals, but increase in grain yield only 1.5 times

Fertilizer use in Odisha

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-130.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

N ('000 t) P ('000 t) K ('000 t)Total ('000 t) kg/ha

Axis Title

Fertiliser use in India: FAI, September 2012State Kg/ha

Andhra Pradesh 252.8

Punjab 237.3

Tamil Nadu 211.0

Haryana 196.6

Utter Pradesh 179.0

Bihar 173.5

West Bengal 172.0

Gujarat 167.6

Maharashtra 150.0

Odisha 99.30

Madhya Pradesh 90.4

Rajasthan 57.4

Nagaland 3.2

Arunachal Pradesh 3.0

National Average 145.0

Consumption of Fertilizer by Land Holding

Source: Fertilizer Association of India, 2007Size of Land Holding (Acres)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16Cost of Fertilizer per Acre (Rs.’00)

Farmer Land Holding

Cost of Fertilizer (Rs.'00)

Co

st o

f fe

rtil

iser

per

acr

e

(Rs.

'00)

Higher dependence on chemical fertilizers by small/marginal farmers – higher risk

(‘000 crore)

2008

2012

Soil Organic matter The soil organic matter has declined from about 1.43 and 1.21 % in

red and black soils in the 1950’s to about 0.80 to 0.86 percent respectively at present.

Soil organic matter performs Hydrological, Biological and Nutrient related functions, which are both interrelated and distinct.

The OM helps tide over dry spells and in reducing runoff. Soil moisture and organic matter is essential even for improving the efficiency of biofertilisers and chemical nutrients.

Pesticides poisoning past, present and future

• Acute poisoning effects• Agriculture workers killed

• Chronic poisoning effects• Children growth effected• Effect on reproductive health

• Pesticides increased costs of cultivations• Rs. 1000 to 15000/acre

• Ecological Disturbances• Beneficials killed, pest shifts• Pest resistances, pest

resurgences • Poisoning of resources

• Soils• Water• Milk• Food (NIN study found18

pesticides found in Vegetables in Hyderabad, 2012)

Globally banned 61 chemical pesticides are still in use in India

Pesticide use in Odisha

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

1400.00

1600.00

1800.00

M. Tons

Life in queues 2011

Life in queues 2012

Depleting natural resources• Increasing dark zones due

to groundwater depletion• 30 % of soils are reported

to be saline by the recent study by ministry of environment

Ecological Foot Prints

Each ha of paddy yields @ 30 bags/acre and 75 kg/bag

5625 kg/ha grain

In terms of rice 70 % milling 3938 kg/ha

Water requirement 2000 mm (2 m) crop water requirement x10000 sq m.

20000 cu m waterWhich is equal to 5.078 cu.m/kg rice (5078 litres/kg rice)

Each family consuming monthly 30 kg rice

152340 Litres of water per month per family

This is equivalent to

Each family consumes water directly at around

@ 300 litres/day and for 30 days

9000 litres

Water consumption by way of rice is

16.93 times higher than the water we consume directly

Risky weather variations

• 2/3 of cultivated area is drought prone in Odisha. • 15 districts including river deltas are flood prone• 7 districts along the 450 km coastal line prone to

frequent storms, cyclones and sea water ingression• In the last 150 years there were 100 climate related

disasters• During the last century, Odisha faced:

– 49 years floods, – 30 years droughts, and – 11 years cyclones

Agro-Ecological Approaches

• Holistic understanding of the ecological and biological processes (Gestalt approach)

• Harnessing the synergy of biodiversity, ecological balance, high energy efficiency,

• Need a new science to under stand technologies and not a new technology with old science

Crop productivity vs land productivity

• Productivity is narrowly understood as crop productivity in a monoculture situation, and

• Often compared with western developed countries which have – advantage of long day light, – higher diurnal variation of temperature– monoculture to suit mechanisation due to labor shortage– limited by only one crop season

• cannot be compared with tropical climate which is rich in diversity and three crop seasons.

What is needed….

• Integrated farming systems integrating livestock, trees etc

• Building soil organic matter• Conserving moisture• Rainwater harvesting• Locally adopted crops and varieties• Contingence planning• Moving away from agro-chemical use

Sustainable Agriculture

• Local Resources: Seeds, soils, crops • Making best use of natural cycles and processes• Knowledge and skills of Ecological methods of farming like

Non Pesticidal Management, Soil health and Productivity, Seed banks which reduce their – Dependency, risks and costs

• What we need is – Soil literacy– Pest and disease literacy– Weather literacy

In harmony with nature

Sustainable Agriculture-nested cycles

22Changing to multiple cropping systems

SPICES BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

27

System of Rice Intensification

• System of Rice Intensification is a cost effective and resource efficient method of cultivation

• Extended to sugarcane, wheat, ragi etc

28Switching over to ecological farming practices

Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh

Basic Principles Regenerative, ecologically sound practices Organized communities planning,

implementing and managing the program Govt/ngos playing facilitating agency role

2004-05 started with 225 acres in one dist and reached 7 lakh acres in 2007-08 in 18 dist. World Bank says this is a good tool for poverty eradication and now promoted as part of NRLM

With 50 % development expenditure one can double the incomes of the farmers

A national program called Mahila Krishi Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) is launched based on this experiencce 2009

0.225 25 200 700

1300

2000

2800

35003800

0.1 1580

300600

10001500

20002500

2135 1997

1394 1541 1381

1015

0500

1000150020002500300035004000

Acerage ('000 acres) Farmers ('000) Pesticide use (MT Active Ingradient)

Farmers and area covered under CMSA

States/UTs 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-072007-08 2008-09 2009-10kg/ha 2000-01

kg/ha 2009-10

Punjab 7005 7200 7200 6780 6900 5610 5975 6080 5760 5810 0.98 0.82

Haryana 5025 5020 5012 47330 4520 4560 4600 4390 4288 4070 0.84 0.68Andhra Pradesh 4000 3850 3706 2034 2135 1997 1394 1541 1381 1015 0.34 0.09Tamil Nadu 1668 1576 3346 1434 2466 2211 3940 2048 2317 2335

0.32 0.45

Gujarat 2822 4100 4500 4000 2900 2700 2670 2660 2650 2750 0.30 0.29

Kerala 754 1345 902 326 360 571 545 780 272.69 631 0.31 0.26

Karnataka 2020 2500 2700 1692 2200 1638 1362 1588 1675 1647 0.17 0.14

Orissa 1006 1018 1134 682 692 963 778N/A 1155.75 1588 0.16 0.26

Status of pesticide utilization in different states**

**Source: http://ppqs.gov.in/IpmPesticides.htm MT of active ingredient

Average Reduction in costs and net additional income for different crops

Crops Reduction in cost due to NPM (Rs)

Reduction in costs due to use of organic fertilisers/manures (Rs)

Net additional income (Rs)

Paddy 940 1450 5590

Maize 1319 2357 5676

Cotton 1733 1968 5676

Chillies 1733 1968 7701

Groundnut 1021 3462 10483

Vegetables 1400 390 3790

3rd Party Evaluation of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) : Community Managed Organic Farming implemented by SERP

Evaluation TeamProf. R. Ratnakar, Director, Dr. M. Surya Mani, Professor, EXTENSION EDUCATION INSTITUTE, (Southern Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India

Way forward• Moving from high external input agriculture to high internal input agriculture• Information based to knowledge based extension• Reducing the risks with uncertain weather conditions and degraded and

limited natural resources, by adopting agroecologically suitable cropping patterns and production practices

• Diversifying the assets and income sources to sustain the livelihoods by integrating livestock and horticulture into agriculture and promoting on-farm and off-farm employment opportunities,

• Conserving and efficiently use the available natural resources like soil and water, and promote biomass generation,

• Organizing farmers into institutions which can help them to have better planning, greater control over their production, help to access resources and support, improve food security and move up in the value chain,

• Recasting subsidies to support farmers own resources and labor• Building livelihood security systems to withstand the natural disasters like

drought, floods and other climate uncertainties.

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