13+ Scholarship Examinations 2019 SCIENCE 1 hour 10 ...

13+ Scholarship Examinations 2019

SCIENCE

1 hour 10 minutes total Contained in this package are the Physics, Chemistry and Biology sections. You are to do THREE questions in total. Each question is worth 20 marks. You must select one question from EACH section. Write your name on the front of every section booklet and circle the question attempted. You are advised to spend time at the start of this exam reading through the paper and selecting the questions that you wish to attempt – time has been built in to allow for this. You will need a calculator and a ruler – ask an invigilator if you do not have one.

1

Experiment to investigate the effect of changing the concentration of reactant T

in a reaction between reactants T and A

T + A → precipitate (enough to block out the cross under the conical flask).

We will call this the end-point of the reaction

Method

1. Measure 10 cm3 of A and 10 cm3 of T in separate clean measuring cylinders labelled A and T. The

latter will be your maximum concentration of T (100%).

2. Add T to the conical flask and place on top of the cross (see diagram).

3. Now add A to the conical flask and start the stop-clock.

4. Stop the stop-clock when you can no longer see the cross from above. We will call this the end-

point of the reaction.

5. Next you will be repeating the experiment using a weaker concentration of T. Combine 8cm3 of T

with 2cm3 of distilled water in the same test tube. This will give you an 80% concentration.

Measure out another 10cm3 of A in another test tube, as before.

6. Add the diluted mixture of T to a clean conical flask placed on top of the cross. Add A, start the

stop-clock and record the end-point as before.

7. Repeat the experiment with a 60% concentration of T. To achieve this you will need 6cm3 of T and 4

cm3 of distilled water.

8. Repeat for the final time with a 40% concentration of T: calculate the volumes needed. The

combined volume of T and distilled water must be 10cm3.

2

Results

Complete the table with the values you have chosen to achieve 40% concentration and the time

taken to the end-point for each of the four experiments. (3 marks)

Experiment 1 2 3 4

Volume of A/cm3 10 10 10 10

Volume of T/cm3 10 8 6

Volume of distilled water/cm3 0 2 4

Percentage concentration of T/% 100 80 60 40

Time taken for cross to disappear

(the end point)/s

State one thing that you did during your experiment to make this a fair test.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

What is the relationship between the concentration of T and the time taken to the end-point?

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(1 mark)

Name _______________________________

The King’s School Canterbury

Science Scholarship Paper 2019

Data Analysis

You should complete all of the questions in this section.

You are advised to spend approximately 20 minutes on this

section.

Mark

/20

Q1. You have just carried out an experiment to look at the relationship between the rate of reaction

between reactants A and T and the percentage concentration of reactant T. The table below

shows a different set of data for the same reaction.

We can calculate the rate of reaction using the equation below.

Rate of reaction = 100/t where t = time to the end-point

a) In the table below, complete the column to show the rates of reaction. State your values to

2 significant figures. (4 marks)

Experiment number Percentage

concentration of T

Time to end-point/s Rate of reaction

1 100 6

2 80 8

3 60 13

4 40 16

5 20 36

b) Plot a graph of these results with percentage concentration of T the x-axis and rate of reaction

on the y-axis. Choose a suitable scale and label your axes clearly. (5 marks)

c) Draw a line of best fit on your graph. (1 mark)

d) One of the results is an anomaly. Circle the anomaly on your graph and suggest what might

have caused it.

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(2 marks)

e) Suggest two ways that you could improve your experiment if you were to do it again.

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(2 marks)

f) Use your graph to estimate a rate value for a 50% concentration of T. Show your working on the graph.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(2 marks)

g) Another factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction is temperature. Give a brief outline of how you might use the same experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on a chemical reaction. Your answer should include:

What you will measure

What you will control

How you will make it a fair test

Any safety issues to consider (4 marks)

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END OF DATA ANALYSIS

Name _______________________________

The King’s School, Canterbury


Physics Section

You should complete one of the questions in this section.

Circle the question you have attempted.

Question Mark

1

2

x x

x

Mass m

4x

2x

x

Physics – Question 1

You may find the following equations useful for this question

Density = Mass/Volume

Pressure = Force/Area

Area of a circle = π r2 where r = radius of the circle

a) A cube of material A has sides of length x and mass m.

A block of material B has mass 2m and dimensions of x, 2x and 4x as shown below:

Tick the correct answer below and show how you have arrived at your answer.

The density of material B is:

Four times that of material A

Twice that of material A

The same as that of material A

Half that of material A

A quarter of that of material A

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………… (2 marks)

Mass 2m

Material A Material B

20cm

5cm

Mass = 10g

b) A cylinder of mass 10g has a radius of 5cm and a length of 20cm.

Calculate the density of the cylinder in g/cm3.

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

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(2 marks)

c) A gas exerts a pressure on its container owing to collisions between the gas molecules and the

walls of the container. Each collision leads to a force, and the individual forces add up over the

surface area of the container to give an average pressure.

How would you expect the pressure of a gas to change if the temperature of the gas were

increased? Explain your answer.

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(2 marks)

d) A sealed container contains air. The pressure of the air is measured at different

temperatures. The table below shows the results.

Temperature/oC Pressure/atmospheres

-150 0.45

0 1.00

100 1.40

250 1.95

Using the grid below, add a suitable scale and plot a line-graph of pressure on the y-axis and

temperature on the x-axis. (3 marks)

e) Use your graph to find the temperature at which the pressure of the air is 0 atm.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)

This temperature is known as absolute zero.

f) Describe the motion of the particles if the pressure of a gas is 0 atm..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)

When jam is made, it is put into a jam jar and the top screwed down while

the jam is still hot. The top makes an airtight seal with the jar and the air

trapped above the jam cools, so the pressure of the trapped air reduces.

For this question you will need to use a new unit called the Kelvin (K). This

is a temperature unit based on a scale that starts from absolute zero.

Since absolute zero is at -273oC which is 0 Kelvin, to convert from oC to K you need to add 273.

g) Calculate the force due to atmospheric pressure which is acting downwards on the top of the

circular lid of the jam jar.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

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(3 marks)

h) The jam and the trapped air were initially at a temperature of 85oC when the jam was put into

the jar and the lid secured. It then cooled to a room temperature of 15oC.

Convert these two temperatures into Kelvin.

85oC = …………..K

15oC = ……….….K

(1 mark)

i) Using the information given next to the diagram on the previous page, show that the pressure

of the trapped air, once it has cooled to room temperature inside the jar, is approximately

80kPa (80 000Pa).

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(3 marks)

j) Find the resultant (net) force acting on the lid of the jam jar due to the pressure inside and out.

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(2 marks)

End of Physics Question 1


a) A student carried out an experiment to see how the current flowing through a length of wire is

related to the potential difference (or voltage) across it. She obtained the following results:

Potential difference/V Current/A

0 0

0.50 0.14

1.00 0.28

1.50 0.42

2.00 0.56

2.50 0.70

Plot a suitable graph of these results on the graph paper below with potential difference on

the y axis and current on the x axis. Draw a line of best fit.

(4 marks)

Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for a current to flow in a circuit. It is given by the following

equation:

Resistance = 𝐏𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞

𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭

You can find the resistance from your graph by calculating the gradient (or slope). A gradient is found

by dividing the change in the values on the y axis (called the rise) by the change in the values on the x

axis (called the run).

b) Find the gradient of your graph and hence the resistance of the wire.

……………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Resistance = …...………Ω

(1 mark)

c) The student now repeats the experiment with different components connected into her circuit.

On the same graph, sketch what the results would look like for:

i) A wire with twice the resistance of the first wire.

ii) A lamp whose resistance increases as the potential difference across it increases.

Label your lines (i) and (ii). (3 marks)

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiym8q6n6HSAhVqDcAKHUebAjMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ducksters.com/kidsmath/slope.php&bvm=bv.147448319,d.ZGg&psig=AFQjCNFpWJkhzI2z_EahH_0a4gFftK5HIw&ust=1487768293047912

BLANK PAGE

Physics Question 2 continues on the next page

This question asks you to use some equations and concepts that you will not have met before. All of the

information that you need to solve the problem is given in the question.

A student was interested to work out if the copper cable connecting a lightning conductor to the ground

would melt if it was struck by lightning.

The average current flowing through the

conductor in a lightning strike = 300 000A

The average time for a lightning strike to

fully discharge from the cloud = 0.002s

Density = mass/volume

Heat energy transferred = m c ∆ T

where m = mass in kg, c is a constant called

specific heat capacity and ∆ T is the change in

temperature in oC

Useful information about the copper conductor:

The equation to calculate the resistance of a cable is

R = ρ L / A

where R is resistance in Ω, L is length in m, A is cross sectional area in m2

and ρ is a constant called resistivity

Resistivity of copper ρ = 1.7 x 10-8 i.e. 0.000000017 Ωm

Specific heat capacity of copper = 385 J/kgoC (this is the energy needed to raise the temperature

of 1 kg of copper by 1oC)

Density of copper = 8900 kg/m3

Melting point of copper = 1085oC

d) Show that the resistance of the conductor is approximately 0.002Ω.

……………………………………………………………………………………….....

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………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(3 marks)

For current flowing through a resistor we can use the equation below to find the power loss.

P = I2R

where P is the power, I is the current and R is the resistance.

The power is the energy converted per second and is measured in watts (W) where 1W = 1J/s

e) Calculate the power loss in the conductor and hence show that the energy transferred to the

conductor is approximately 400 kJ (400 000J).

……………………………………………………………………………………….....

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(3 marks)

f) Calculate the mass of the thick copper conductor.

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(3 marks)

Question 2 continues on the next page

g) Use the stated specific heat capacity to calculate the temperature rise experienced by the

conductor and show that it is unlikely to melt.

……………………………………………………………………………………….....

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(3 marks)


Name _______________________________



Chemistry Section



Question Mark

1

2

Name _______________________________

Chemistry – Question 1

This question is about acids, bases, and salts.

Acids, alkalis, and salts are commonly found around the home.

(a) Baking powder contains sodium hydrogencarbonate mixed with an acid.

(i) When water is added, the baking powder releases carbon dioxide. How could you test the gas to show that it

is carbon dioxide?

Test……………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

Result….………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(ii) When sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with sulfuric acid, three products are formed. Name all three

products.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………(2 marks)

(b) Photographic film often contains the salt silver bromide. Silver bromide is changed by light to form silver which

appears as a black solid. This darkens the photographic film.

A photographic film can be made by coating thin transparent plastic with a gel containing silver bromide.

The main steps in making this photographic film are as follows:

Step 1 Gelatine is dissolved in warm water to make a solution.

Step 2 Compound A, a soluble compound which contains bromide ions, is dissolved into this solution.

Step 3 The lights are turned out in the darkroom.

Step 4 Compound B, a soluble compound which contains silver ions, is dissolved in water.

Step 5 The solution of compound B is added to the solution containing compound A and gelatine. Solid

silver bromide is formed.

Step 6 The warm mixture is poured onto a thin, transparent, plastic film.

Step 7 The mixture sets to form a gel containing solid silver bromide.

The table below gives information about the solubility of some compounds.

SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE

All sodium and potassium salts

All nitrates

Most chlorides, bromides and iodides Silver and lead chlorides, bromides and iodides

Most sulfates Lead sulfate and barium sulfate

Sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates Most other carbonates

(i) Use the table to help you name suitable compounds for A and B.

Compound A…………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

Compound B…………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(ii) Suggest why the lights are turned out at step 3 in this method of making a photographic film.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(iii) Suggest what type of chemical reaction takes place when the compounds are mixed in step 5.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)


(c) Zinc granules react slowly with cold dilute sulfuric acid to give hydrogen gas and a colourless solution of zinc

sulfate.

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Small amounts of copper(II) sulfate are often added to the mixture to increase the rate of reaction. The

copper(II) sulfate reacts with some of the zinc to produce copper. The copper in contact with the zinc speeds

up the reaction.

Design an experiment to find out whether the rate of reaction depends on how much copper (II) sulfate you

add. Full experimental details are not required.

Your answer should include the following

A diagram of the apparatus (4 marks)

Details of what you will measure and how you will use the data generated to compare the

rates of reaction in each experiment (3 marks)

Details of how you are going to make the experiment a fair test (3 marks)

You should take care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of your expression -

the quality of your written communication (2 marks).

Diagram

Other details

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End of Chemistry Question 1


This question is about acids, bases, salts and indicators.

(a) Indicators are substances that show a different colour when they are in acidic or alkaline solutions. However,

indicators change colour at particular pH values, so some indicators, for example, may show their alkaline colour

when the solution is in fact acidic.

The table below shows the pH at which some indicators undergo a colour change.

Indicator name pH of solution at colour change ‘Acid’ colour ‘Alkali’ colour

methyl red 5 red yellow

phenol red 8 yellow red

thymol blue 2 red yellow

bromophenol blue 4 yellow blue

thymolphthalein 10 colourless blue

(i) What colour would bromophenol blue be in a solution of pH 3?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(ii) Which indicator(s), if any, would be red at pH 6?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(iii) Which indicator will show a different colour when added separately to dilute ammonia solution (pH 8.5)

and to dilute sodium hydroxide solution (pH 12)?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(iv) Which is more acidic : a solution of pH 3 or pH 5?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(v) Suggest a household substance that would have a pH value of 2-3.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(vi) If equal volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide were mixed together, what

would the pH of the solution be?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(vii) What type of reaction has taken place in part (vi)?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(b) Copper sulfate can be made by warming dilute sulfuric acid then adding copper oxide until no more

dissolves. The reaction mixture is then filtered and partially evaporated. The solution is then left to cool

and crystals of copper sulfate form.

(i) Why is the reaction mixture filtered?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(ii) Why is the copper oxide added to the acid until no more dissolves?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(iii) Why is the solution of copper sulfate only partially evaporated instead of evaporating all the liquid?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(iv) Draw a series of labelled diagrams to show how you would do this experiment. You should show the

reaction, the filtration and the evaporation.

(c) The table below shows the mass of copper sulfate, that is soluble in 100g of water at different temperatures.

Temperature (°C) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Solubility (g/100g of water) 27.5 32.0 37.8 44.6 53.2 61.8 72.8

Plot a graph of the results and draw a line of best fit.

(i) Use your graph to estimate the solubility of copper sulfate at 45 °C.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)

(ii) What mass of copper sulfate crystals would form if a solution containing 72.8g of copper sulfate in 100g of

water were cooled from 70°C to 30°C?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………(1 mark)


Name _______________________________



Biology Section

You should complete one of the questions in this section. Circle the question you have attempted.

Question

Mark

1

2

Biology – Question 1

(a) On this diagram, label the embryo, the placenta and the umbilical cord.

(3 marks)

(b) Fertilisation must take place before an embryo is formed. When fertilisation happens, which two

types of cells have fused together?

……………………………………………………………………………….………………… (1 mark)

(c) Why is there amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

(d) As the embryo grows it respires very rapidly to provide the energy needed for growth. Write the word equation for respiration.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

(e) Draw an arrow () on the diagram to show where the oxygen and glucose molecules needed for respiration diffuse from the mother’s blood into the embryo’s blood.

………………………………………………………………………………………...…… (1 mark)

(f) The embryo must absorb other substances from its mother’s blood stream. Why does the embryo

need to absorb the following?

Protein ……..………...…………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....

Calcium ...……………………………………………………………….………………………

………………………………………………………………………………...……………….. (2 marks)

The table below gives reproduction details for a range of different mammals.

Mammal

Gestation Time/days

(time between fertilisation and

giving birth)

Number of young (babies) produced

per litter (in one

pregnancy)

Number of litters per year

(number of times the animal can

become pregnant per year)

Mass of adult/kg

Badger 180 3-5 1 15

Cat 60 3-6 2 4

Chimpanzee 270 1 1 75

Elephant 640 1 1 per 2 years 7000

Guinea Pig 60 2-6 2-3 0.8

Hedgehog 60 3-7 1-2 0.8

Horse 335 1-2 1 1300

Mouse 21 4-8 4-6 0.025

Pig 115 6-20 2-3 300

Rabbit 30 4-10 3-4 1.5

Rat 22 5-14 2-7 0.5

Blue Whale 330 1 1 per 2 years 120 000

(g) Using the data in the table above, identify which type of mammal releases the greatest number of

eggs from her ovaries in a single ovulation.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

(h) Consider the data for guinea pigs and hedgehogs. Which of these mammals could produce the

greatest number of eggs per year? Show your working. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)


(i) What do you think are the survival advantages and disadvantages of having a long gestation period

for an animal?

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1 mark)

(j) Birds lay fertilised eggs and incubate them in a nest.

A bird embryo develops inside each egg. When the embryo is fully developed it will hatch. Name an environmental factor that directly affects the rate of egg development.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1 mark)

(k) The cuckoo is a brood parasite. It lays an egg in the nest of another bird species and then flies away.

The young cuckoo hatches and is fed by the parent birds of the new nest, not its own parents. To be successful the cuckoo must hatch before the other eggs in the nest.

Put a cross on the egg which is most likely to be the cuckoo egg in this nest.

(1 mark)

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj-o4qvh9zgAhUP2eAKHTZxB-oQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com/tag/eggs/&psig=AOvVaw07HiR3DuftfhACIu-MNTGO&ust=1551361837388325

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwie7cnYiNzgAhUImhQKHZRkDO0QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-most-perfect-thing-inside-and-outside-a-birds-egg-by-tim-birkhead-book-review-a6950651.html&psig=AOvVaw0B2OMFP13yUl53gjh1nJzV&ust=1551362195782627

(l) Parasites live on their hosts without killing them whereas predators hunt, kill and eat their prey. Identify the parasite and the predator in this scenario :

The hedgehog was moving through the leaf litter beneath the trees, eating earthworms, beetles and spiders. Every so often its rear leg would scratch vigorously at its side because of the large number of fleas on its body.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (m) Draw a food web that includes all the living things mentioned in the above scenario.

(3 marks) (n) Which of the following pyramids of number best represents the food chain you have drawn?

(1 mark) End of Biology Question 1

Question 2 starts on the next page


Flowers enable sexual reproduction in plants. The diagrams below show an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated plant. (a) Identify which of the flowers is wind-pollinated and which is insect-pollinated

(1 mark)

This flower is pollinated by…………………… This flower is pollinated by………………….

(b) Anthers produce pollen. Label the anthers on both plants. (1 mark) (c) Pollen is deposited on the stigma, the female part of the flower. Give one reason why the stigma of

the wind-pollinated flower is different from that of the insect-pollinated one. …………….………...…………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(1 mark)

(d) Once deposited on the stigma, the pollen tube grows down through the stigma and style until it reaches the ovary so that fertilisation can take place. The speed at which the pollen tubes grow is an important factor in successful fertilisation.

What is produced by the plant once fertilisation has taken place?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)


Pollen tube treatment

Plant species tested

Lillium auratum

Lillium platyphylia

Lillium longiflorum

Camellia assanque

Impatiens balsamina

Average pollen tube length /mm after 24 hours at 280C

Pollen soaked in solution

before growth

was measured

Fresh unsoaked pollen 11.6 14.2 10.4 2.1 2.1

Acetone 14.4 21.6 16.4 6.8 2.2

Benzene 15.2 16.1 12.4 6.1 2.3

Ethanol 4.0 1.9 5.9 4.2 0.1

Methanol 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.1

(e) Which type of untreated pollen grew the fastest?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

(f) Describe the effect of Acetone and Benzene on pollen tube growth.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (g) Which solution had the greatest effect on pollen tube growth?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

(h) Name two factors that the investigators should have controlled when soaking the pollen in different solutions?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

(i) Identify which of the seeds in the following table are adapted for distribution by wind. Explain how the structure of one of these seeds is adapted to successful wind distribution.

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

………...……………………………………………………………….…………………….…

………………………………………………………………………………...………………..

(2 marks)

(j) Which seed-distribution strategy would be the most reliable? Explain why you made your decision.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………….…………………………………………………..

(3 marks) (k) Seeds contain a food store.

Seed food reserves contain a lot of starch. Name two other types of food molecules that will be present in this seed’s food store. 1. …………………………………….

2. …………………………………….

(2 marks)

(l) Gardeners and farmers have to collect the seeds from their plants at the right time for maximum

success when planting their seeds the following year. Look at this table of data:

(m) What is the minimum seed weight needed for successful germination?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (n) How do you think the plant makes the seed weight increase?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (o) Why do you think that the seed weight does not increase after 15th November?

………………………………………………………………………………….………………

(1 mark)

(p) Once produced, seeds can remain dormant for many years. What advantages does this give to the

plant species that produced the seeds?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

End of Biology Question 2


SCIENCE

70 minutes Contained in this package are the Physics, Chemistry and Biology sections. You are to do THREE questions in total. Each question is worth 20 marks. You must select one question from EACH section. Write your name on the front of every section booklet and circle the question attempted. You are advised to spend time at the start of this exam reading through the paper and selecting the questions that you wish to attempt – time has been built in to allow for this. You will need a calculator and a ruler.

Name _______________________________



Physics Section



Question Mark

1

2

Physics Question 1

In Physics, we say that work is done if a force is applied to an object and it causes the object to move.

It can be calculated using the following equation

Work done (in J) = Force (in N) x distance moved (in m)

A resistance band is a stretchy plastic band that is used when doing exercises.

The diagram shows Andrew exercising his leg by stretching a resistance band fixed to a wall.

a) Andrew moves his leg 34cm sideways as shown.

The average resistance force is 23N.

i) Calculate the work done in joules (J) when Andrew moves his leg sideways once.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

Whenever work is done, an equivalent amount of energy is transferred from one type to another.

ii) What are the energy changes taking place when Andrew is using the resistance band?

………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

Power is defined as the rate of doing work. It can be calculated using the following equation

Power (in W) = work done (in J)

time taken (in s)

b) Andrew repeats the leg movement 15 times in 1 minute.

i) Calculate the average power in watts (W) of Andrew’s leg during this exercise.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………….

(3 marks)

ii) Why is this described as the average power?

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)

iii) If he changes his power output to 3.5W but applies the same force and moves his leg

the same distance, how many times will he repeat the leg movement in 1 minute now?

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

………………………………………………………………………………....

...........................................................................................................

………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………….

(3 marks)

c) Laura is investigating the effect of adding weights to a rubber band.

She obtains her data first by adding weights in stages (loading) and then removing the weights

(unloading). For each experiment, she measures the extension of the rubber band - this is the

difference between the length of the rubber band and its original length.

Her data is shown below

i) Using the grid on the next page, draw a curve of best fit through the loading data.

(1 mark)

Force in N Extension in cm LOADING

0 0.0

2 2.3

4 5.3

6 9.8

8 15.3

10 20.0

Force in N Extension in cm UNLOADING

0 0.0

1 1.4

3 5.0

7 14.8

9 19.1

10 20.0

ii) On the same axes, plot the unloading data and draw a second curve of best fit.

(3 marks)

d) An elastic material is one that returns to its original dimensions once the load is removed. Is

the rubber band an elastic material? How can you tell this from the graph?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(2 marks)

e) The ‘loop’ between the two lines on the graph is called a hysteresis loop. It is a measure of

how much energy is ‘lost’ when the material is stretched and then released.

i) Why is the word ‘lost’ in inverted commas in this context?

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)

ii) Suggest a reason why this energy is being ‘lost’ and what form it is likely to be in.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..

(2 marks)


Physics Question 2

A potato is being cooked in a saucepan placed on top of a hotplate.

a) By referring to the three main methods of heat transfer, explain how the heat is being

transferred from the hot plate to cook the potato.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

( 3 marks)

Different substances change temperature by different amounts when supplied with the same amount of

heat energy. For example, the filling of an apple pie will be at a much higher temperature than the

pastry, even though both have been heated in the same oven – hence the warning given on the

packaging!

The specific heat capacity tells us how much energy is required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a

substance by 1oC

specific heat capacity = heat energy supplied

mass x 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 in temperature

Where….. heat energy is in J

mass is in kg

change in temperature is in oC and is equal to the final

temperature – the initial temperature

specific heat capacity is in J/kg oC

b) If it takes 441 000J to heat up 1.5kg of water in a saucepan from 20oC to 90oC, calculate the

specific heat capacity of water.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………….……..J/kg oC

(2 marks)

c) The specific heat capacity of a potato in the saucepan is 3430J/kg oC. If the mass of the potato is

0.5kg, calculate the energy required to raise its temperature from 20oC to 90oC.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(3 marks)

d) What percentage of the heat energy supplied to the water is being transferred to the potato?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(2 marks)

e) Suggest where the rest of the energy is going.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)


f) When the water in the pan is at a high enough temperature it will turn to steam.

i) What is the name given to this change of state?

………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

When the water is changing state, its temperature does not change as the energy being

supplied is being used to overcome the forces between the molecules, rather than making them

vibrate faster (which would increase the temperature).

A graph of temperature against time is shown below for a saucepan of water being heated until

it changes to steam.

0 5 10

ii) Assuming that the water is starting from 20oC, add a suitable temperature scale to the

diagram above (it does not have to be exact).

(1 mark)

Time/ minutes

Temp/ oC

The latent heat of vaporisation is defined as the heat energy required to turn 1kg of a liquid into

1kg of steam.

Latent heat of vaporisation (in J/kg) = energy supplied (in J)

mass (in kg)

g) Nima is carrying out an experiment to find the latent heat of vaporisation of water using the

equipment shown below. The immersion heater is an electrical heater, and the electronic

balance finds the mass of the water in grams (g).

The immersion heater supplies 1000J/s of heat energy to the water.

i) How much energy in joules (J) will be supplied to the water in 5 minutes?

………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

ii) During this time, some of the water turns to steam and the reading on the balance changes

to 490g. Find the mass of steam that has left the cup and hence calculate the latent heat of

vaporisation of water. Give your answer to two significant figures.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………..J/kg

(3 marks)


h) The value you have just calculated should be slightly higher than the actual value which is

2.5MJ/kg or 2 500 000 J/kg. Suggest a reason for this and describe a way to improve this

experiment to obtain a more accurate value for the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(2 marks)


Name _______________________________



Chemistry Section



Question Mark

1

2

Chemistry Question 1

(a) A student wanted to place chromium in the reactivity series. He added small samples of metals to 5cm3 of dilute

hydrochloric acid (HCl). The results are shown in the table below.

Metal Reaction with dilute Hydrochloric Acid

sodium Fizzes violently, colourless gas given off

copper No reaction

calcium Very vigorous reaction, colourless gas given off

chromium Steady reaction, colourless gas given off, a green solution is formed.

iron Slow reaction, colourless gas given off

magnesium Vigorous reaction, colourless gas given off

(i) Name the gas given off in each experiment and describe how to test for this gas.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……(2)

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show how you could collect a gas jar full of this gas from the reaction between

magnesium and hydrochloric acid.

(iii) Name the green substance formed when chromium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….……(1)

(iv) Place the metals in order of reactivity, showing the most reactive first.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……(1)

(b) The student then added small samples of the metals to solutions of the metal sulphates as shown in the table. The

temperature of the solutions was 20°C before he added the metals. He then measured the temperature two

minutes after he had added the metals and then recorded this final temperature in the table.

copper sulfate solution is blue, chromium sulfate is green, iron sulphate is colourless and magnesium sulfate is

colourless.

Metal copper sulphate chromium sulphate iron sulphate magnesium sulphate

copper 19°C 19°C 19°C

chromium 28°C 19°C 24°C 19°C

iron 26°C 19°C 19°C 19°C

magnesium 33°C 27°C 19°C

(i) What type of reaction has occurred in these experiments?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..…………….……(1)

(ii) What two things would you expect him to have seen when iron was added to copper sulfate solution?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……(1)

(iii) Suggest what the temperatures which are missing from the table should be, explaining your answers

copper + iron sulfate

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(2)

magnesium + chromium sulfate

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(2)

What colour change would you expect him to have seen in the tube when magnesium was added to chromium

sulfate solution?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..……(1)

(iv) Why did the student not use sodium or calcium in these experiments?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(2)

(c) Chromium is used in stainless steel. A knife of mass 34 g contains 13% of chromium. What mass of chromium

would be required to make 15 knives? Show your working.

(d) Explain why magnesium is often used to protect underground iron pipes from rusting.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(2)


Chemistry Question 2

(a) This question is about water.

Distillation has been used in some parts of the world to obtain drinking water from sea water. The diagram shows a

small-scale distillation apparatus that could be used to demonstrate the process in a school laboratory.

(i) Explain as fully as you can how the apparatus makes drinking water from sea water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(4)

(ii) Why is this method of making drinking water very expensive?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……(1)

(b) Water boils when the pressure of the vapour above the water is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere above the

water. Water boils at 100°C when the atmospheric pressure equals 1 atmosphere. The pressure of the

atmosphere on tall mountains is less than one atmosphere.

It normally takes three minutes to make a soft-boiled egg. Will it take more time or less time to make a soft-

boiled egg at the top of a mountain? Explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(3)

(c) State two things that its chemical formula, H2O, tells you about water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(2)

(d) Ice floats on water.

(i) Is ice more dense or less dense than water?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(1)

(ii) Are the water molecules closer together or further apart in ice compared to liquid water?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(1)

(e) Three beakers are on a bench. One contains sea water, one contains dilute hydrochloric acid and the third

contains the organic solvent propanone (nail varnish remover).

How could you find out which is which using simple chemical tests?

You must state what you would do and what you would see.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(3)

(f) Tap water in Kent is “hard”. When water is boiled in a kettle a white solid deposit of calcium carbonate,

limescale, is left in the kettle.

(i) Suggest a substance which can react with and dissolve the calcium carbonate deposits in the kettles.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(1)

(ii) Two commercial products, LimeGo and CalClear claim that they will dissolve limescale quickly. They are both

solutions. Describe what experiments you would need to do to find out which of these products is the better

one.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…(3)


Name _______________________________



Biology Section


Question

Mark

1

2


The diagram below is copied from a research paper on the effect diving has on the heartbeat rate of a duck. Note that a duck has lungs and can only breathe air; it cannot breathe underwater. The pictures and the block chart show what the duck is doing at each stage: A swimming B preparing to dive C diving D feeding on the bottom E surfacing F returning to the surface The ECG line shows a trace of the duck’s heartbeat, as recorded electronically. Each vertical line shows one beat of the heart. The bottom line shows the time scale in seconds. Each mark represents one second.

A B C D E F

(a) Describe the main changes in heartbeat rate from A to D

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

ECG

Time scale/s

(b) Use the time scale and ECG trace to calculate the approximate heartbeat rate in beats per minute during

Stage B ………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Stage D………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

(c) Besides ATP (energy), what two chemicals are produced by the duck’s respiring muscles?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (d) When the diving duck has used up all the oxygen available to it, what type of respiration will its

cells carry out?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (e) Why is it an advantage for the duck to have a slow heartbeat rate during stage D?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(3 marks)

(f) Describe the heartbeat rate of ducks while flying. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)


(g) The duck is diving to gather food from the bottom of the pond. What is the name given to animals that only eat plants? ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

(h) Plants produce the chemicals they need for growth by photosynthesis. What is the main problem for plants living at the bottom of a pond?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

(i) Suggest adaptations aquatic plants may use to get around the problem you have identified. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks) (j) Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls. What are these walls made of and what problems does this

create for primary consumers like ducks? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

(k) Suggest strategies that ducks might use to ensure they can extract the maximum nutritional value from the plants they eat. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

Ducks are classified as members of the vertebrate class Birds. A

duckbilled platypus is classified as a member of the vertebrate class

Mammals.

(l) From this picture state one visible piece of evidence to explain why duckbilled platypuses are

classified as mammals

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

(m) In 2011 a new variety of influenza was identified. Ducks can be infected by influenza. What type

of microbe is influenza?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)


Biology Question 2

The following diagrams show the composition of five crop plants in terms of the percentage of carbohydrate, fat and protein [if you are colour-blind ask an invigilator for help identifying the colours in this question].

Blue-green algae Banana Rice

Soya wheat

(a) Which crop does not contain fat? ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (b) List the crops in order of carbohydrate content, starting with the highest percentage of

carbohydrate.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

(c) Which crop probably has the highest percentage of fibre? Explain why you chose this crop.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

Approximately 5% of a wheat, rice or soya crop is gathered in and then sold by farmers. (d) What part of the plant is collected when harvesting wheat, rice or soya?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

Blue-green algae grown in warm mineral-rich ponds in the tropics. In Chad and Mexico, blue-green algae are harvested and dried to form a biscuit-like food. Because blue-green algae are single-celled organisms, the food produced is called Single-Cell Protein (SCP). (e) Why is a much greater percentage of a blue-green algae crop harvested?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks) (f) SCP is often used to feed animals rather than humans. Draw a food chain to show this choosing an

appropriate animal to include. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (g) Explain why it would be more efficient to feed humans with SCP directly.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

(h) Name one crop that is pollinated by animals and another that is wind-pollinated.

Animal-pollinated = ……………………………………………………………… Wind-pollinated = ……………………………………………………………….

(1 mark)

(i) State two ways in which the stigma of a wind-pollinated plant are different from the stigma of an animal-pollinated plant.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

Question 2 continues on next page

(j) What features of palisade cells increase their ability to photosynthesise?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks) The following table shows an analysis of a warm-water ecosystem in Florida.

Trophic level Examples of Organisms

Dry Biomass/gm-2 Energy / kJm-2

Tertiary consumers Alligators 1.5 35

Secondary consumers Birds, frogs, insects, fish

11 220

Primary consumers Molluscs, crustaceans, fish, turtles

37 630

Producers Algae, aquatic plants 809 14 600

(k) What percentage of the energy contained in producers is passed onto the primary consumers?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

(l) What percentage of the energy contained in primary consumers is passed onto secondary consumers?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (m) What happens to the number of organisms at each trophic level?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark) (n) Why is there no trophic level above the tertiary consumers?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)


Name _______________________________



Data Analysis



section.

Mark

Science Scholarship 2018 – Data Analysis

Q1

a) You have just carried out an experiment to look at the relationship between the pressure in a

liquid and the depth of the liquid. Below is an alternative piece of equipment that you could use

to show the same thing. The container is filled to the top and then the water emerges from

three different spouts at the same time. On the diagram below, sketch where you would

expect the water from the other two spouts to go.

(2 marks)

b) What does the distance travelled by the water tell you about the pressure in the water?

……………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(2 marks)

c) State one thing that you did in your experiment to make it a fair test.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)

d) State one thing that you did in your experiment to make your results more accurate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)

e) Below is a set of results collected from an experiment using the same equipment that you used:

Depth of water / cm Distance travelled by water / cm

20.0 19.0

18.0 18.0

16.0 16.5

14.0 15.0

12.0 14.0

10.0 14.0

8.0 11.0

6.0 9.5

4.0 8.0

2.0 6.0

Plot a graph of these results with depth of water on the x-axis and distance travelled on the y-

axis. (5 marks)

f) Draw a line of best fit on your graph. (1 mark)

g) One of the results is an anomaly. Circle the anomaly on your graph and suggest what might

have caused it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(2 marks)

h) Suggest two ways that you could improve your experiment if you were to do it again.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(2 marks)

Questions continue on the next page

Q2. Louise poured some water into a long tank in the school laboratory. She used a plunger at one end to make a wave.

not to scale

a) The wave travelled to the other end of the tank. The speed of the wave was 2 m/s.

How long did the wave take to travel to the other end?

……………………………………………………………………………….............. (1 mark)

b) Louise investigated how the depth of water in her tank affected the speed of the waves. Write a plan to show how she could do this.

(3 marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………

END OF DATA ANALYSIS


SCIENCE

70 minutes Contained in this package are the Biology, Chemistry and Physics sections. You are to do THREE questions in total. Each question is worth 20 marks. You must select one question from EACH section. Write your name on the front of every section booklet and circle the question attempted. You are advised to spend time at the start of this exam reading through the paper and selecting the questions that you wish to attempt – time has been built in to allow for this. You will need a calculator and a ruler.

Name _______________________________



Data Analysis



section.

Mark

BLANK PAGE


Q1. Pineapple juice contains a substance that speeds up the digestion of protein. Sarah did an experiment to investigate the digestion of gelatin. Gelatin is the protein in jelly. In test tubes A and B she used one cube of jelly in each. In test tube C she used one cube of jelly that she had chopped up.

A B C 5 g jelly cube 5 g jelly cube 5 g jelly cube + + chopped into 15 cm3 15 cm3 fresh pieces cold water pineapple + juice 15 cm3 fresh pineapple juice

She recorded how long it took for the jelly to be digested in each test tube. The table below shows her results.

test tube result

A not digested after 2 hours

B jelly digested in 2 hours

C jelly digested in 1 hour

(ai) What was the purpose of test tube A?

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

ii) Name 2 things that Sarah did to ensure that this was a fair test.

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................

………………………………………………………………………………. (2 marks)

(iii) It is helpful to chew your food. How do the results in test tube C show this?

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(b) The substances that speed up digestion stop working when they have been boiled.

(i) What does Sarah need to put in a fourth test tube to test this in her experiment? Label test tube D with this information below. (2 marks)

Test tubes A, B and C contain the same as in the first experiment.

(ii) Predict what Sarah would observe in test tube D after 2 hours.

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

Q2. Mike used an electrical heater to heat a cup of water. When the temperature reached 20°C, he started his stopwatch and measured the temperature of the water every half minute.

He switched off the heater after 4 minutes, but continued to record the temperature.

a) Describe an experimental technique that he could use to make this experiment more accurate. ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

His results are shown in the table.

One measurement is missing.

Time (minutes) Temperature (ºC)

0.0 20

0.5 26

1.0 31

1.5 36

2.0 41

2.5 46

3.0

3.5 57

4.0 56

4.5 58

5.0 59

5.5 59

b) One of the measurements appears to be wrong. Put a circle around this result in the table.

(1 mark)

ci) Use the results in the table to draw a graph on the grid. Label the axes. Plot the points and draw a smooth curve of best fit.

(4 marks)

ii) Use your curve of best fit to find the missing value from the table.

............°C (1 mark)

d) Suggest one way in which this experiment could be improved. …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

Q3. Neera and Tom dissolved different masses of salt in 500 cm3 of water. They measured the temperature at which each salt solution boiled.

(a) They wrote down the variables that might affect the investigation.

(i) What is the independent variable in their investigation?

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(ii) What is the dependent variable in their investigation?

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(iii) Which variable above would affect the experiment the least?

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(b) Neera and Tom plotted their results and drew the graphs shown below.

(i) How can you tell from the graphs that Neera and Tom started with pure water?

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(ii) Why is Tom’s line of best fit better than Neera’s line of best fit?

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................ (1 mark)

END OF TEST

Name _______________________________



Biology Section


Question

Mark

1

2


Many materials travel in tubes in multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. (a) The diagram below shows one way to study sugar movement in plants. (i) Suggest how you can use pipes A and B to investigate the rate of sugar movement in

this plant.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(3 marks) (ii) The sugars may be transported to flowers to attract bees for pollination. Suggest

two adaptations of a flower to attract bees, other than the presence of sugar.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

pipe A which extends into the middle of the tube carrying sugar

direction of sugar movement

pipe B which extends into the middle of the tube carrying sugar

tube carrying sugar

On other occasions the sugar could be moved downwards to the roots. One reason for sugars in the roots is to help the uptake of minerals such as nitrate ions from the soil. The table below shows the results of one study on the uptake of nitrate ions from soil.

Concentration of sugar in the roots / arbitrary units

Concentration of nitrates in the root / arbitrary units

0 3.0

1 3.6

2 4.8

4 7.7

8 9.7

12 9.9

15 9.9

(iii) Describe the effect of increasing sugar concentration on the uptake of nitrate ions.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks) (iv) Other than to aid mineral ion uptake, suggest one function of sugar in the root.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(1 mark)

Question continues on next page

(b) In animals blood travels in arteries and veins.

The diagram shows an artery and a vein. artery vein (i) Using the diagram, compare the structure of the artery and the vein.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(3 marks) (ii) Explain how the artery in the diagram is adapted to enable all blood to be

transported at a high pressure.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

outer layer

muscular layer

cavity filled with blood

(iii) Smoking cigarettes can affect the transport of blood in arteries. It can also affect the lungs. Describe how smoking can affect the lungs.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(3 marks) (c) Some organisms, such as fungi, do not transport materials in tubes. Fungi can

release chemicals that digest food outside their bodies and then absorb the products of digestion.

(i) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this type of nutrition.

Advantage: .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

Disadvantage: .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

(ii) Nutrition is one of the characteristics of life. State two other characteristics of life.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)


Biology Question 2

Yeast is a single-celled organism. The diagram shows a yeast cell. (i) Complete the table by filling in the name of structure B and the function of both

structures A and B.

Structure Name of structure Function of structure

A Cell membrane

B

(3 marks) If there is no oxygen present, the yeast can carry out anaerobic respiration. This respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and alcohol is released. The table shows the effect of time carrying out anaerobic respiration on the concentration of alcohol produced.

Time / hours

Concentration of alcohol / arbitrary units

0 0.0

2 0.0

20 1.2

40 4.0

50 6.5

60 6.7

65 6.7

cell wall

A

B

cytoplasm

(ii) Describe the effect of time on carrying out respiration on the concentration of alcohol produced.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(3 marks) (iii) Suggest two reasons for the data between 60 and 65 minutes.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

Question continues on the next page.

(b) Humans have used many different microbes to make useful products. For example, bacteria can be modified to make hormones for humans, in a special vessel as shown below.

(i) Suggest the functions of the structures 1, 2 and 3.

1: .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 2: .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 3:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(3 marks)

(ii) Suggest what would happen if the excess gases could not escape.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

1

2

one paddle

nutrient inlet motor to turn the paddles

one-way value to let waste gases out

cold water in

warm water out

air in

3

(c) Adrenaline is a hormone found in humans. It prepares the body for action.

(i) Suggest why it causes the heart rate to increase.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

(ii) Suggest why it causes the response in eyes that is shown in the diagram below. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks) pupil before adrenaline after adrenaline (iii) Adrenaline travels through the blood circulatory system. Name one system other

than either the circulatory or the hormonal system found in humans.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(1 mark) (iv) Other than adrenaline, name one hormone found in a human and describe one

function of this hormone.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)


Name _______________________________



Chemistry Section


Question

Mark

1

2


Rusting occurs when iron is exposed to air and water. During rusting, iron reacts with oxygen from the air

to form an oxide.

Some students set up this apparatus to measure the volume of oxygen in a sample of air.

Each student used an excess of wet iron filings.

At the start of the experiment the reading on the syringe was recorded and the apparatus was then left

for a week until the reaction was completed.

At the end of the experiment the reading on the syringe was recorded again.

(a)

(i) What is the chemical formula of oxygen?......................................................................... (1 mark)

(ii) What is the chemical name for rust?............................................................................... (1 mark)

(b)The syringes used in one student's experiment are shown below.

Record the syringe readings at the start and at the end of the experiment in the table

below, and calculate the volume of oxygen used up.

(3 marks)

Question continues on the next page

(c) The results of the other students are shown in the table.

(i) Use the results in the table to plot a graph of volume of oxygen used up against volume of air at start.

Draw a straight line of best fit.

(4 marks)

(ii) One of the results is anomalous (i.e. does not fit the trend). Identify this result by circling it on the

graph.

(1 mark)

(d) Another group of students carried out experiments that gave several anomalous results.

The teacher discussed possible errors that could have caused these anomalous results.

(i) Complete the table by choosing words from the following list to show what effect each error would

have on the volume of oxygen used up and then explain your answer in terms of the reaction/s occurring.

decreased increased no change

Possible error causing

anomalous result

Effect on volume of

oxygen used up Explanation

Iron filings not in

excess

Experiment left for

one day instead of

one week

Apparatus left in a

warmer place for

one week

(3 marks)


(e) Use the following results to calculate the percentage of oxygen in air.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

(2 marks)

........................................................... %

(f) Painting metalwork protects iron from rusting. Using both your knowledge and information from

earlier in the question, explain how painting metalwork prevents it from rusting.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

(Total for question = 20 marks)


BLANK PAGE


Sodium thiosulfate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid react together slowly to form a precipitate of

sulfur. This precipitate eventually makes the mixture go cloudy.

Some students are carrying out experiments to investigate this.

Alice uses this method:

place 20 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution and 20 cm3 of water in a conical flask

add 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask

place the flask on a piece of paper marked with a black

time how long it takes before the can no longer be seen

(a) The equation for the reaction is

Before starting her experiments, Alice considers the risk to her of sulfur dioxide escaping from the flask.

She uses this information:

concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution = 0.300 mol/dm3

volume of sodium thiosulfate solution = 20 cm3

volume of water = 20 cm3

volume of hydrochloric acid = 10 cm3

(i) At the start of the experiment, estimate the pH of the solution.

(1 mark)

..........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) If universal indicator were added to the solution at the start of the reaction, what colour would the

solution turn?

(1 mark)

..........................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) What would be the most appropriate piece of equipment to use to measure out the solutions for this

experiment?

(1 mark)

..........................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) At what point in the experiment should Alice have started a timer?

(1 mark)

..........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................


(b) Her first experiment investigates the effect that temperature has on the reaction. She uses the same

volumes and concentrations of solutions as before, but conducts several experiments at different

temperatures. The graph shows her results.

(i) The result at (14, 42) is anomalous (i.e. does not fit the trend).

Explain one mistake Alice may have made to cause this anomalous result.

(1 mark)

..........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use the graph to find the time taken for the to be no longer seen at 35 °C.

(1 mark)

……....................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use the graph to find the temperature at which the can no longer be seen after 52 s.

(1 mark)

……....................................................................................................................................................................

(c) David uses the same reaction to investigate the effect of changing the concentration of the sodium

thiosulfate solution on the rate of reaction.

Give three variables that David must control in this investigation to obtain valid results.

(3 marks)

1........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

2........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

3........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................


(d) Tim decided to investigate the same reaction, however, he decided to collect the sulfur dioxide gas

given off in a gas syringe, as he thought the results from any such experiments would be more reliable.

The results for his experiments are shown below.

(i) Experiments A and B represent experiments using the same concentration of hydrochloric acid but at

different temperatures.

Which letter represents the experiment at the higher temperature?

Give a reason for your choice.

(2 marks)

Letter................................................................................................................................................................

Reason..............................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Experiments B and C represent experiments at the same temperatures and using the same volumes of

hydrochloric acid.

The concentration of hydrochloric acid used in experiment B is 0.20 mol/dm3.

What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in experiment C?

Explain how you worked out your answer.

(2 marks)

Concentration...................................................................................................................................................

Explanation.......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................


(e) (i) Tim carried out one final investigation and the results can be seen below.

The table shows his results.

Plot these results on the grid. Draw a line of best fit through the points.

(4 marks)

(ii) Describe the relationship between rate of reaction and concentration of acid shown by the graph.

(2 marks)

..........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 20 marks)


Name _______________________________



Physics Section



Question Mark

1

2

Physics Question 1

You may find the following information useful for this question.

Average speed = distance / time

The circumference of a circle = 2 π r where r is the radius of the circle

The table below shows information about four planets.

planet time taken to orbit the Sun

(Earth years) distance from the Sun (million km)

Mercury 0.25 60

Venus 0.5 108

Earth 1.0 150

Mars 2.0 228

The diagram below shows the orbits of the Earth, Mercury, Venus and Mars, and their position at one particular time.

not to scale

a) Show the position of each planet six months later by drawing a letter X on the orbit of each planet.

(3 marks)

b) Use the information in the table to calculate the largest and smallest distance between the Earth and Venus.

smallest ............................................ million km (1 mark)

largest ............................................ million km (1 mark)

c) The speed of light is 300 000 km/second. Calculate how long light takes to reach the Earth from the Sun in seconds.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................... seconds (1 mark)

d) A light year is defined as the distance that light travels in one year.

i) Calculate the number of seconds in 1 year.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. seconds

(1 mark)

ii) Hence calculate the distance in kilometres that is equivalent to a light year.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………km

(2 marks)

iii) The sun is 8.3 light minutes away from the Earth. Show using a calculation that

this is equivalent to the distance of 150 million km shown in the table.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

e) The radius of the moon’s orbit is 385 000km. It takes 27 days for the moon to orbit

the earth once.

i) Assuming that the moon’s orbit is perfectly circular, calculate the distance that

the moon travels during one orbit. Give your answer in metres.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….m

(2 marks)

ii) Calculate the orbital speed of the moon (i.e the speed at which it is travelling as

it goes around its orbit). State your answer in metres per second.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… m/s

(3 marks)

f) Without calculation, look back at the table at the start of this question and state

which of the 4 planets in the table you would expect to have the highest orbital

speed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Explain why you would expect this planet to have the highest orbital speed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(2 marks)

The Earth has an orbital speed of approximately 30 km/s which is roughly 67 000 miles per

hour.

g) Why are we not aware that we are travelling so fast through space?

………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(2 marks)


Physics Question 2

The law of reflection states that light will reflect from a surface at the same angle at which it

is incident upon the surface. All angles are measured from a line perpendicular to the

surface called the normal.

a) In the diagram below, a ray of light strikes mirror 1 at an angle of 45°.

i) Complete the diagram to show how the mirrors reflect the ray. You should draw in a normal whenever the light strikes the mirror. Use a ruler but there is no need to use a protractor.

(2 marks)

ii) Suggest a possible use for this arrangement of mirrors.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(1 mark)

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi03uWBjKHSAhVHI8AKHTfLByEQjRwIBw&url=http://physics.taskermilward.org.uk/KS4/core/html/wave_behaviour.htm&psig=AFQjCNFI-f1rq6II0SQ23B6ZQN4KF_Xq1w&ust=1487763201376255

iii) Fede wishes to make a periscope that he can use to see over a wall. He has a long

rectangular tube with holes cut in it and two mirrors but is unsure of the best way

to arrange the mirrors to create the periscope. Sketch on the diagram below a

suitable arrangement of mirrors that he could use and draw in the path of the ray

of light that would enable him to see over the wall.

(3 marks)

Question continues on the next page….

Refraction is the bending of light as it travels from one material to another. It is due to the

fact that the light changes speed as it travels into the new material.

b) On the diagram below, label the angle of incidence with the letter i and the

angle of refraction with the letter r `

(2 marks)

The refractive index of a material is a measure of how much the lights refracts when it

travels through the material. It is defined using the following equation:

𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 =𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 (𝒊𝒏 𝒎/𝒔)

𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 (𝒊𝒏 𝒎/𝒔)

c) The refractive index of water is 1.33. If the speed of light in air is

300 000 000 m/s, calculate the speed of the light in the water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

BLANK PAGE

Question continues on the next page…….

The refractive index can also be calculated using the following equation

𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 =𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓

Where sin is a mathematical function (you will find that there should be a sin button on

your calculator – if not, please ask to borrow a scientific calculator from the person

supervising this exam).

d) A student carries out an investigation to find the refractive index of a block of

glass. She measures the angle of refraction for a range of angles of incidence.

Her results are shown below:

i) Complete the table to fill in the missing values for sin r

(2 marks)

ii) Using the grid below, choose suitable scales and plot a graph with the values of

sin i on the y axis and sin r on the x axis. Draw a line of best fit.

(5 marks)

Question continues on the next page….

The refractive index can now be calculated from the gradient (or slope) of this graph. A

gradient is found by dividing the change in the values on the y axis (called the rise) by the

change in the values on the x axis (called the run).

Note - you can go from any points on the line, but you should always use as much of the line

as possible when finding a gradient.

iii) Find the gradient of the graph that you produced for part ii of this question and

hence find the refractive index of the glass. Show all of your workings.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..Refractive index of glass =………..

(2 marks)

iv) Suggest a reason why it is better to find the refractive index using the gradient of

your graph, rather than just choosing a pair of results from the table.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(1 mark)


http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiym8q6n6HSAhVqDcAKHUebAjMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ducksters.com/kidsmath/slope.php&bvm=bv.147448319,d.ZGg&psig=AFQjCNFpWJkhzI2z_EahH_0a4gFftK5HIw&ust=1487768293047912


SCIENCE

1 hour 10 minutes

Contained in this package are the Physics, Chemistry and Biology sections.

You are to do THREE questions in total. Each question is worth 20 marks.

You must select one question from EACH section.

Write your name on the front of every section booklet and circle the question attempted.

You have 10 minutes to read through the question papers before writing.

You will need a calculator and a ruler.

Name _______________________________

The King’s School Canterbury Science Scholarship Paper 2016

Biology Section


Question

Mark

1

2


The human body has to deal with a range of different substances. (a) Twelve pupils used a computer programme to test their reaction rates. Each student

carried out the test three times and a mean average was calculated from the 36 sets of data.

The pupils then split into three groups of four called group A, group B and group C. Each group consumed a different drink and then tested their reaction rates at different times and the mean averages found.

The results are shown in the table below.

Mean average reaction rate / seconds

Group Drink consumed

Before drink 1 minute after drink

5 minutes after drink

10 minutes after drink

A Water 0.040 0.041 0.039 0.041

B Coffee 0.040 0.027 0.029 0.035

C Cola 0.040 0.030 0.028 0.036

(i) Suggest the importance of group A in the experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

(ii) One of the pupils stated that ‘both coffee and cola contained a chemical that

improved reaction rate’. Using the table, give evidence to support the pupil’s statement.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2 marks)

(iii) To compare the effect of coffee and cola in a valid manner, the experiment had

to be a fair test. Suggest two variables that should be kept constant for both the coffee and the cola. 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. ………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………....

(2 marks)

(iv) Another pupil stated that ‘the chemical was being broken down in the body between 5 and 10 minutes after being consumed’. Do you agree with this pupil’s statement? Give reasons for you answer.

Agree / disagree ………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks) (b) Cola may contain added sugar.

(i) Give one use of sugar in the human body. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(1 mark)

(ii) Suggest why too much sugar in the diet may not be good for a growing person.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)


(iii) The graph below shows the relationship between insulin concentration in the

blood and blood sugar levels in a healthy human.

Describe this relationship.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

(c) There should be no sugar in the urine of a healthy human.

The table below shows the concentration of some blood components in blood entering the kidney and in blood leaving the kidney.

Blood component Blood entering kidney / g per litre

Blood leaving kidney / g per litre

Water 960.0 910.0

Urea 20.0 3.0

Sodium ions 3.6 3.2

Chloride ions 6.0 4.3

Key Solid line = glucose Dotted line = insulin

time →

i) Using the data in the table, explain the role of the kidney.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(3 marks)

ii) The blood leaving the kidney has a lower oxygen concentration than the blood entering the kidney.

Suggest why kidney cells need oxygen.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

iii) Describe the structure of a human body cell such as a kidney cell.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)


Biology Question 2

Plants are used in a number of ways by humans, including as a nutrient source and as a source of medicinal drugs. (a) Some plants produce fruits that contain a lot of vitamin C.

i) Name one fruit that contains a lot of vitamin C. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(1 mark)

DCPIP is a blue dye that becomes colourless when sufficient vitamin C is added to it. The table below gives the volumes of different concentrations of vitamin C needed to cause 1.0 cm3 of DCPIP to become colourless.

Percentage concentration of vitamin C (%)

Volume of the vitamin C needed to cause the DCPIP to become colourless / cm3

0.10 0.8

0.05 1.7

0.02 3.9

ii) Describe the effect of concentration of vitamin C on the volume of vitamin C

needed to cause the DCPIP to become clear.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

(iii) It was found that 1.3 cm3 of freshly squeezed lemon juice was needed to cause 1.0 cm3 of DCPIP to become clear.

Calculate the concentration of vitamin C in this lemon juice.

Answer: ………………………… % (2 marks)

(b) To manufacture new plant material, photosynthesis is necessary. (i) Suggest adaptations of a plant leaf to maximize photosynthesis.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(3 marks) (ii) The word equation below describes photosynthesis. light energy + carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen

Suggest why an increase in carbon dioxide may not cause an increase in sugar production.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks)

(c) Suggest how the structure of a photosynthetic cell in a leaf would differ from a cell

that absorbs water from the soil.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

(2 marks) (d) Tobacco comes from a plant. State one substance found in tobacco smoke that is

harmful.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... (1 mark)

(e) Various stages are involved in testing a new medicinal drug. (i) Suggest the role of each of the following two stages:

1. testing the drug on animals ………………………………………………………....................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1 mark)

2. testing the drug on a small number of patients.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

(ii) Suggest why studies using a large number of patients are also used.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2 marks)

(iii) In these large studies, half the group are given the drug and half are not.

Suggest why some patients are not given the drug.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2 marks)


Name _______________________________

The King’s School Canterbury Science Scholarship Paper 2016

Chemistry Section



Question

Mark

1

2


a) A student investigates the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

solution.

The diagram shows the apparatus he uses in his experiments.

The equation for the decomposition is

(i) What is the chemical name for H2O…………………………………………. (1 mark)

(ii) What is the chemical name for O2……………………………………………. (1 mark)

(iii) Using the symbol equation above state what type of substance each is:

ELEMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE

(3 marks)

H2O2………………………………………………….

H2O…………………………………………………..

O2…………………………………………………….

(b) The student keeps the amount of H2O2 in the solution constant at the start of each

experiment.

State two properties of the solution that he should keep the same to ensure that the

amount of H2O2 is the same in each experiment.

(2 marks)

1 .................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................

(c) The student carries out the experiment five times.

He uses a different solid in each experiment to see how effective each solid is as a

catalyst in the decomposition.

He removes the bung, adds a small amount of one of the solids and quickly replaces

the bung.

He records the time taken to collect 100 cm3 of oxygen in the syringe.

(i) What is the definition of a catalyst?

(2 mark)

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Which solid does not seem to act as a catalyst?

(1 mark)

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) Which solid is the most effective catalyst?

(1 mark)

..................................................................................................................................

(d) In the first experiment the student added 1g of solid A.

Describe what he could do with the contents of the conical flask at the end of the

experiment to show that A was a catalyst, and not a reactant.

(2 marks)

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................


(e) The student repeats the experiment using the same apparatus, but this time he

records the volume of oxygen collected at intervals of 20 seconds.

The table shows his results for two new solids F and G.

(i) The grid shows the results plotted for solid F.

On the grid, plot the results for solid G.

Draw a curve of best fit. (4 marks)

(ii) Use your graph to estimate the volume of oxygen collected after 70 seconds for

solid G.

Show on your graph how you obtained your answer.

(2 marks)

........................................................................................................................................

(iii) How do the curves on the graph show that the reaction is faster with solid F

than with solid G?

(1 mark)

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................


Chemistry - Question 2

Rusting occurs when iron is exposed to air and water. During rusting, iron reacts with

oxygen from the air to form an oxide.

Some students set up this apparatus to measure the volume of oxygen in a sample

of air.

Each student used an excess of wet iron filings.

At the start of the experiment the reading on the syringe was recorded and the

apparatus was then left for a week until the reaction was completed.

At the end of the experiment the reading on the syringe was recorded again.


(a) The syringes used in one student's experiment are shown below.

Record the syringe readings at the start and at the end of the experiment in the

table below, and calculate the volume of oxygen used up.

(3 marks)

(b) The results of the other students are shown in the table.

(i) Use the results in the table to plot a graph of volume of oxygen used up

against volume of air at start. Draw a straight line of best fit.

(4 marks)

(ii) One of the results is anomalous. Identify this result by circling it on the graph.

(1 mark)

(c) Another group of students did experiments that gave several anomalous results.

The teacher discussed possible errors that could have caused these anomalous

results.

Complete the table by choosing words from the following list to show what effect

each error would have on the volume of oxygen used up.

(3 marks)

(d) Use the following results to calculate the percentage of oxygen in air.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

(2 marks)

........................................................... %

(e) Name the major component of air?

(1 mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(f) Different materials are used for different purposes in everyday life, for instance

water pipes up until 1970 were made from lead (chemical symbol Pb); nowadays

they are typically made from copper (chemical symbol Cu).

The photograph shows the planet Venus.

Although Venus is similar in size to the Earth, it is very different in other ways.

The temperature at the surface of Venus is about 470 °C. The atmospheric

pressure is 90 times that of the Earth.

The clouds in the atmosphere of Venus are made up of droplets of sulfuric acid.

The table lists some properties of metals that could be used to make a space

probe to land on Venus.

The probe needs to be launched with enough energy to escape the Earth's gravity.

To make this easier, the mass of the probe needs to be as low as possible. The probe

also needs to withstand the conditions on the surface of Venus.

Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.

(i) Which metal in the table could be used to make a probe with the lowest

density?

(1 mark)

……………………........................................................................................................

(ii) Why would this metal be unsuitable for making a probe to land on Venus?

(1 mark)

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(g) Very small amounts of lead can be used in electrical circuits.

Why would lead not be suitable for use in the electrical circuits of a probe to

land on Venus?

(1 mark)

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(h) Choose a metal from the table that would be the most suitable for making a

probe to land on Venus. Give two reasons for your choice.

(3 marks)

Metal………………........................................................................................................

Reasons

1 .........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................


Name _______________________________



Physics Section



Question Mark

1

2


a) A child throws a ball up into the air.

i) On the diagram above, draw and label arrows to show any forces that are acting on the ball in this position. The direction of the arrow(s) should indicate the direction of the force(s).

(1 mark)

ii) The ball falls down and hits the ground. Draw and label arrows to show the forces acting on the ball now.

(1 mark)

You may find the following information useful for the next part of this question:

Average speed (in m/s) = distance travelled (in m) / time taken (in s)

Please note that you should use average (or mean) speed in this equation

b) The graph below shows the speed of a ball as it falls from a height and bounces from the floor.

The ball starts to fall and speeds up until it hits the floor.

(i) For how many seconds does the ball fall before it first hits the floor?

............................................................................................................. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the average speed of the ball during its fall.

.............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................. (1 mark)

(iii) Calculate the height above the floor from which the ball was dropped.

.............................................................................................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2 marks)

(iv) What is happening to the ball in the time between points A and C on the graph?

.............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................. (1 mark)

(v) In which direction is the ball moving between points C and D?

............................................................................................................. (1 mark)

vi) Calculate how high the ball bounces back up from the floor.

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... (2 marks)

(vii) Suggest a reason why the ball did not return to the height that it was dropped from.

.................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................ (1 mark)

c) A car engine is leaking oil. The oil drops hit the ground at regular time intervals,

2 times every second. The diagram below shows the pattern of the drops that the

car leaves on the road.

i) What can you say about the motion of the car before it reaches the speed

limit signs?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

ii) Calculate the distance between the drops on the road before it reaches the

signs if the car is travelling at 10 m/s.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

iii) What can you say about the forces acting on the car at this stage of its

journey?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)


http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj__d6a8_nKAhUDUBQKHevzDRoQjRwIBw&url=http://cliparts.co/old-car-cartoon&psig=AFQjCNE7TCvWpfxaDXSqp1f_SZ_KfFb94g&ust=1455630200022210

d) The acceleration of a moving object (i.e. the rate at which something is speeding

up) is calculated using the following equation

a = v−u

t

a = acceleration in m/s2

v = final velocity in m/s

u = initial velocity in m/s

t = time in s

i) A car is travelling at 10m/s when the driver puts her foot down for 6

seconds and accelerates up to a speed of 25m/s. Calculate the acceleration

of the car.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Acceleration = ……………………… m/s2

(2 marks)

ii) A motorbike is travelling at 20m/s and accelerates at a rate of 1.8m/s2 for

5s. Rearrange the above equation to get an expression for v and use this to

find the new velocity of the motorbike. Show all of your workings.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(3 marks)


Physics Question 2

People often muddle up the concept of mass and weight.

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object (‘matter’ is anything made

up from atoms). It is measured in kilograms (kg).

Weight is the force that gravity exerts on all objects with mass. It is measured in

Newtons (N).

The two are related by the following equation:

Weight (in N) = mass (in kg) x gravitational field strength (in N/kg)

The gravitational field strength (usually referred to as ‘g’) of a planet depends on:

The mass of the planet (the greater the mass, the greater the value of g)

The distance from the planet (the further you go from the planet, the

weaker the value of g)

a) For each of the following, decide if the statement is true or false (put a tick

in the correct box).

(5 marks)

True False

A 70 kg astronaut would

have a mass of 0 kg at the

international space

station.

You would weigh less at

the top of Mount Everest.

Your mass would

decrease if you had a

haircut.

You would look slimmer

if you went to the moon.

You would weigh so

much on Jupiter that it

could break your bones.

b) Springs can be used to measure weight.

The table below contains data about a spring inside bathroom scales used for

weighing people.

Weight/N Length/cm

0 2.40

200 1.85

400 1.30

600 0.75

800 0.65

1200 0.50

1600 0.50

i) Use the data in the table to complete a graph on the grid below. Plot

length on the y-axis and weight on the x-axis and draw a curve of best fit.

(3 marks)

ii) What is the original length of the spring?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1 mark)

iii) By how much does the spring compress (i.e. ‘squash’) when a boy who

weighs 500N stands on the scales?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2 marks)

iv) Suggest the range of weights over which these scales are useful.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

( 1 mark)


c) A spring is said to obey Hooke’s law if the extension (i.e. how far it has

stretched from its original length) is directly proportional to the force applied.

This means that the force and the extension are related by a common factor for

example, if you doubled the force, you would also double the extension.

Mathematically this is expressed as

F = k x

where F is the force (in N)

x is the extension (in m)

and k is a constant value called the stiffness constant.

The greater the value of k, the stiffer the spring.

i) According to this equation, what might be a suitable unit for the stiffness

constant k?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

( 1 mark)

ii) Sketch the shape of the graph that you would expect to produce for a

spring obeying Hooke’s law.

(1 mark)

iii) A spring of stiffness k is now joined with an identical spring in the

arrangements shown below. On the diagram, write an expression in terms

of k for the new stiffness of the spring arrangements (you may like to

consider whether the arrangement is more or less ‘stiff’ than the single

spring).

(2 marks)


F

x

stiffness = ……………..

stiffness = ……………..

iv) For each of the situations in the previous question, explain why you have

given these expressions for the stiffness constant. You should use the

Hooke’s Law equation to help to justify your answers.

2 springs in series (i.e. end to end)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 springs in parallel (i.e. side to side)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(4 marks)


Name _______________________________



Data Analysis



section.

Mark


a) The diagram shows an exhibit at a science museum. It has six blocks of metal connected to a voltmeter.

When visitors place their hands on two blocks of metal at the same time, there is a reading on the voltmeter. Some examples are shown in the table.

hands placed on reading on

voltmeter (volts)

magnesium + tin 2.1

magnesium + copper 2.5

magnesium + zinc 1.5

magnesium + aluminium 0.6

magnesium + nickel 2.0

The reading on the voltmeter depends on the reactivity of the two metals touched. The bigger the difference in reactivity, the higher the reading on the voltmeter

i) Magnesium is the most reactive of these metals. Using the information given in the table, which metal is the least reactive?

........................................................... (1 mark)

ii) If two blocks of magnesium are used in the experiment, instead of two different metals, what would the voltmeter read?

............... volts

Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................. (2 marks)

(iii) Look at the voltmeter readings in the table. On which two metals, other than magnesium, would a person put their hands to give the lowest reading on the voltmeter?

........................................ and ........................................ (2 marks)

Questions continue on the next page.

b) Michael carries out an investigation into the expansion of a metal as it is heated. He measures the length of a metal bar at various temperatures.

His results are shown in the table below.

Temperature/ oC 0 20 40 60 80

Length of the bar/ mm

2017.96 2018.42 2018.88 2019.32 2019.77

i) Which is the independent and the dependent variable in this investigation?

Independent variable ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Dependent variable ……………………………………………………………………………………….. (1 mark)

ii) Name one variable that Michael should control to make this a fair test.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1 mark)

iii) Name one safety precaution that he should take during this experiment. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)

The expansion of the bar at a particular temperature is defined as:

Expansion of the bar = length at that particular temperature – length at 0oC

Michael wishes to look at the relationship between the expansion of the metal and the temperature rise.

Complete the table below.

Temperature rise / oC

0 20 40 60 80

Expansion of the bar/ mm

0

(2 marks)

iv) Plot a graph of your results using the grid below. Draw a line of best fit.

( 3 marks)

v) What can you say about the relationship between the temperature rise and the expansion of a metal?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1 mark)

vi) Comment on the reliability of your conclusion. Is it valid to say that this relationship is true for all metals?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(2 marks)

END OF TEST

13+ Scholarship Examinations 2019 SCIENCE 1 hour 10 ...

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