13- Chapter 1 Introduction

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

WATER: SCENARIO IN WORLD AND INDIA WAGATECH PRIVATE LTD.: AN OVERVIEW ASSIGNMENT


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1. WATERWater is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule

contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.

Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its

solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a

liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces.

Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface and is vital for all known forms of

life. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with

1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds

(formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.

Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other

land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of

the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured

products.

The collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet

is called the hydrosphere. Earth's approximate water volume (the total water

supply of the world) is 1,360,000,000 km3 (326,000,000 mi3).Groundwater and

fresh water are useful or potentially useful to humans as water resources. Liquid

water is found in bodies of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, canal,

pond, or puddle. The majority of water on Earth is sea water. Water is also present

in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. It also exists as groundwater

in aquifers.


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CHART-1


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2. WATER IN INDIASurface Water

Indias average annual surface run-off generated by rainfall and snowmelt is

estimated to be about 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM). However, it is estimated

that only about 690 BCM or 37 per cent of the surface water resources can

actually be mobilized. This is because (i) over 90 per cent of the annual flow of

the Himalayas Rivers occurs over a four month period and (ii) potential to capture

such resources is complicated by limited suitable storage reservoir sites.

Rainfall

The average annual rainfall in India is about 1170 mm. This is considerable

variation in rain both temporarily and spatially. Most rain falls in the monsoon

season (June-September), necessitating the creation of large storages for

maximum utilization of the surface run-off. Within any given year, it is possible

to have both situations of drought and of floods in the same region. Regional

varieties are also extreme, ranging from a low value of 100 mm in Western

Rajasthan to over 11,000 mm in Meghalaya in North-Eastern India. Possible

changes in rainfall patterns in the coming decade, global warming and climate

change and other predicted or observed long-term trends on water

Availability could affect Indias water resources.

Ground Water

Indias rechargeable annual groundwater potential has been assessed at around

431 BCM in aggregate terms. On an all India basis it is estimated that about 30

per cent of the groundwater potential has been tapped for irrigation and domestic

use. The regional situation is very much different and large parts of India have

already exploited almost all of their dynamic recharge.

Haryana and Punjab have exploited about 94 per cent of their groundwater

resources. Areas with depleting groundwater tables are found in Rajasthan,


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Gujarat, most of western Uttar Pradesh and in all of the Deccan states. Occurrence

of water availability at about 1000 cubic meters per capita per annum is a

commonly threshold for water indicating scarcity (UNDP). Investment to capture

additional surface run-off will become increasingly more difficult and expensive

in the future. Over time, both for surface and groundwater resources, a situation

where resources were substantially underutilized and where considerable

development potential existed, has transformed in little more than a generation to

a situation of water scarcity and limited development options. India faces an

increasingly urgent situation: its finite and fragile water resources are stressed and

depleting while various sectorial demands are growing rapidly. Historicallyrelatively plentiful water resources have been primarily for irrigated agriculture,

but with the growth of Indian economy and industrial activities water demands

share of water is changing rapidly. In addition increase in population and rapid

urbanization also put an additional demand on water resources. Summing up the

various sectorial projections reveals a total annual demand for water increasing

from 552 billion cubic meters (BCM) in 1997 to 1050 BCM by 2025

TABLE-1


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3. WATER SUPPLY IN INDIAIn 2008, 88% of the population in India had access to an improved water

sources. In rural areas, where 72% of Indias population lives, the respective

shares are 84% for water. In urban areas, 96% had access to an improved water

source. Access has improved substantially since 1990 when it was estimated to

stand at 72% for water .According to Indian norms, access to improved water

supply exists if at least 40 liters/capita/day of safe drinking water are provided

within a distance of 1.6 km or 100 meter of elevation difference, to be relaxed as

per field conditions. There should be at least one pump per 250 persons.

Challenges.

None of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million

distribute water for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient

infrastructure. Owing to inadequate pressure people struggle to collect water even

when it is available. According to the World Bank, none have performance

indicators that compare with average international standards. A 2007 study by theAsian Development Bank showed that in 20 cities the average duration of supply

was only 4.3 hours per day. No city had continuous supply. The longest duration

of supply was 12 hours per day in Chandigarh, and the lowest was 0.3 hours per

day in Rajkot.[3] In Delhi residents receive water only a few hours per day because

of inadequate management of the distribution system. This results in

contaminated water and forces households to complement a deficient public water

service at prohibitive 'coping' costs; the poor suffer most from this situation. For

example, according to a 1996 survey households in Delhi spent an average of

2,182 (US$48.7) per year in time and money to cope with poor service

levels. This is more than three times as much as the 2001 water bill of

about US$18 per year of a Delhi household that uses 20 cubic meters per month.


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Achievements:

Jamshedpur, a city in Jharkhand with 573,000 inhabitants, provided 25% ofits residents with continuous water supply in 2009. Navi Mumbai, a planned city

with more than 1m inhabitants, has achieved continuous supply for about half its

population as of January 2009. Badlapur, another city in the Mumbai

Conurbation with a population of 140,000, has achieved continuous supply in 3

out of 10 operating zones, covering 30% of its population Thiruvananthapuram,

the capital of Kerala state with a population of 745,000 in 2001, is probably the

largest Indian city that enjoys continuous water supply.


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4. SERVICE LEVEL BECHMARKS(Issued by MoUD)

TABLE-2

Sr

No.

Indicator Benchmark Ahmedabad Delhi Surat Chandigrah

1 COVERAGE 100% 85.4 71.5 86.6 872 SUPPLY 135LPCD 121 144 147 1583 NRW 15% 31 52.4 20.4 314 METERING 100% NIL 55.3 0.4 735 CONTINUITY 24HOURS 2 3 3 17.56 EFFICIENCY 80% 99.2 73 94.8 1007 QUALITY 100% 94.8 99.5 100 1008 RECOVERY 100% 53.9 41.6 92.3 649 COLLECTION 90% 60.3 86.3 94 89

TABLE-3


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Need of service level benchmarks

Every sector has a few key performance indicators that are understood bymost stakeholders in that sector. Similarly, in the urban sector too, there have

been a number of performance indicators related to urban management and

service delivery that have been defined, measured and reported. However, most

initiatives in performance management so far have been observed to have some

key limitations: Different sets of performance indicators have been defined under

different initiatives; the definition or the assessment method may vary for the

same performance indicator, thus inhibiting inter-city or intra-city comparisons;

Most measurement exercises have been externally driven (by agencies external to

the agency responsible for delivery against those performance parameters),

leading to the key issue of ownership of performance reports; Most performance

measurement initiatives have not been institutionalized, limiting the benefits of

monitoring trends in performance over time; and The process of performance

measurement has not been taken forward into performance management. These

limitations mean that systems for measuring performance and taking further

action on them have not been institutionalized in urban agencies. It is therefore

important that the basic minimum standard set of performance parameters are

commonly understood and used by all stakeholders. Depending on the specific

need, additional performance parameters can be defined and used.


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FIGURE-2


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5. WAGATECH PRIVATE LTD: A Brief overviewAbout Wagatech

Wagatech is the operating partner of Wagamet in India. Wagatech are the

service provider for water and gas supply utilities in the fields of leak location and

loss analysis using smart, modular technology. Wagatech is capitalizing on the

expertise and innovative, successful technology envisaged by Wagamet in the

areas of leak localization in the bulk drinking water distribution networks since

the last 25 years. Its role is to transfer the technology successfully into the Indian

Scenario and to foster a culture that believes in the judicious use of water. As

there is no other smarter way to monitor a buried water network and be able to

predict leakages in the same from the surface itself, we have committed ourselves

to draw from the passion of Wagamet (Switzerland ) to conserve and respect

water resources in every way we can.


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SECTORS WAGATECH WORK

Technology upgrade for drinking water networks

Technology and knowledge transfer Benchmarking of best practices to save Non Revenue Water Auditing of Water Networks Water Loss Analysis Measurement technology Exact leak location using correlation Noise-level measurement

Water Supplies

1) Locating Water Leakage2) Water Loss Analysis3) Locating water mains4) Locating valves5) Pressure Measurement6) GIS7) Equipment training8) Infrastructure services9) Ultrasonic Flow rate measurement10)Hydrant discharge measurement

Gas Supplies

1) Locating Gas leakage2) Gas Loss Analysis3) Locating Gas mains4) Locating Valves


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Core Team

Wagatech

Mr. Vrajesh Kotadia - Director

More than 10 years of experience into the telecom industry project execution.

Associated with Wagamet for the last 2 years and trained in Wagamet

(Switzerland) in all the leakage detection products and processes in the Swiss

Municipal Counties.

Mr. Premchandrahas Sastry Business Manager and Technical Head

More than 7 years experience into manufacturing plant operations, Utilities and

Six Sigma project methodology in General Electric Company.

Mr. Anil Solanki Business Manager

More 15 years of hands on experience into executing telecom industry projects.

Associated with Wagatech for the last 2 years.

Wagamet

Mr. Hugo loetcher CEO

Associated with Wagamet more than 25 years and played an active role along

with the inventor in the innovation of Wagamet leakage detection technology

and products.

Mr.Thomas Puaschitz - Sales Manager & Technical Head

Looking after the export activities of Wagamet worldwide. Installation,

commissioning of Wagamet Products worldwide and training of personnel to

detect leakages using the technology.


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6. SUMMER INTERNSHIP ASSIGNMENT

Carrying out a survey in Municipal Corporations of Ahmedabad, Vadodara,Rajkot, Jamnagar as an initiative to share the best practices worldwide to

reduce NRW/ UFW in public water supply systems

Drawing out Sales strategy of Leak Pen in Vadodara, as a part of understandingand experiencing: Institutional Sales, market Segmentation, Sales Plan, Real

Demos and Presentations

Understanding the flow chart detailing about hierarchical structure in GoI,GoG, and ULB and its finances

13- Chapter 1 Introduction

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