13 Art of the Americas after 1300

Mesoamerican ArtINCA - PERU

AZTEC – Mexico and Central America

Native-American Art

AMERINDIAN

Boundless.com/art-history

The Americas

After 1300

Mesoamerica

The Aztecs

South America

The Incas

North America

https://www.boundless.com/art-history

The Mixteca-Puebla TraditionMesoamerica

The Americas After 1300 > Mesoamerica

Mixteca-Puebla and Aztec

sites in Meso America

The Mixtecs were one of the major indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica, and

today inhabit the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Puebla.

Primarily producing work in stone, wood and metal, the artistry of the Mixtecs was

well-regarded throughout ancient Mesoamerica.

Mixteca-Puebla

Mixtec-Puebla style Pipe

with Bluebird, A.D. 1100-

1400


The term Mixtecs (or Mixteca)

comes from the Nahuatl word

mixtecah, meaning "cloud

people”.

One of the major indigenous

civilizations of Mesoamerica,

today they inhabit the Mexican

states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and

Puebla in the La Mixteca

region.

Mosaic Skull, 1400-1521

Bone/ivory/horn/shell/bamboo, Human skull

with turquoise, jadeite, and shell(The Mixteca-Puebla Tradition.” Boundless Art

History)


Mixteca-Puebla

Large Mixteca-Puebla style bowlPreserved in the Museum of the Americas, Madrid, from the late Postclassic Mexico.

(The Mixteca-Puebla Tradition.” Boundless Art History)


Mixteca-Puebla

This variant of artistic

style commonly found in

pottery, became

associated with traits of

the Toltec tradition in

Mesoamerica during the

early post-classic period

(800-1000). Using vast

trading networks, the

Mixteca-Puebla style of

art spread from Cholula,

a city located in the

center west of Puebla, to

other areas in the Valley

of Mexico and eventually

Mesoamerica .

AztecsMesoamerica


•The destruction of Tula

in about 1200 and the

disintegration of the

Toltec Empire began a

century of anarchy.

• Northern invaders, the

Aztecs, gradually

organized into city-

states, acquiring the

Toltec culture.

•Their magnificent city of Tenochtitlán was laid out on a grid

plan, reminiscent of Teotihuacán, which had become a

pilgrimage site for the Aztecs.

•The Aztecs believed they had a divine mission to propagate

the cult of their tribal god, Huitzilopochtli, the hummingbird

god of war.

•Aztec statecraft used the gods and human sacrifice to

achieve and maintain political dominion.

The Aztecs

The Americas After 1300 > The Aztecs

Founded in 1325, Tenochtitlan became the largest city in pre-Columbian

Mesoamerica until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521.


Pronunciation

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Mexico_Tenochtitlan.ogg


Reconstruction drawing with cutaway view of

various rebuildings of the Great Temple, Aztec,

Tenochtitlán, Mexico City, Mexico, ca. 1400-1500

The ruins of the Aztec capital

lie beneath the center of

Mexico City. The principal

building in the "sacred

precinct" is the Templo Mayor

(Great Temple), a temple-

pyramid honoring the Aztec

god Huitzilopochtli and the

local rain god Tlaloc. Two

staircases led to the double

sanctuaries at the summit. The

Great Temple is an example of

superimposition, a common

trait in Mesoamerica.

Capital of an Empire:

Built on a series of islets on the shores of Lake Texcoco, Tenochtitlan covered 3.1

to 5.2 square miles and was home to an estimated 212,500 people, which made it

the 4th largest city in the world at the time.

Tenoctitlan


In the heart of the city were the massive Temple de Mayo, a palace, two zoos, a

botanical garden, a ceremonial center, and some 45 public buildings.

Ruins of Temple de Mayo View on Boundless.com


When the

Spanish

conquered

Tenochtitlan in

1521, Hernan

Cortés ordered

the destruction

of the city and

the rebuilding of

the capital of

New Spain atop

its ruins.

Today the ruins

of Tenochtitlan

are located in

the central part

of Mexico City.

https://www.boundless.com/image/ruins-of-templo-mayor

Aztec sculpture often represented

gods and mythical creatures, and

was commonly expressed through

ceramics, architecture,

freestanding three-dimensional

stone works, and relief work.

The grand city of Tenochtitlan

contained some of the finest

examples of Aztec sculpture, from

its temples and pyramids to its

elaborate stone palaces.

An Aztec Sculpture of the Mythological

Serpent, XiuhcoatlXiuhcoatl, a mythological serpent in Aztec religion,

was a common subject of Aztec art.


Aztec Sculpture

A great deal of Aztec

sculpture incorporated

the skull motif - what is

today known in Mexico

as "skull art”.

Link to more about the legend of Coatlicue Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com


Aztec Statue of Coatlicue, the Earth

GoddessMuseo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico City.

http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/coatlicue_earth.html

The dismembering of the

moon goddess is depicted on

a huge stone disk, placed at

the foot of the staircase. The

image proclaimed the power

of the Aztec gods over their

enemies and their inevitable

fate when defeated. In the

carefully balanced design,

richly detailed components

seem to revolve like a galaxy.

The carving is the sculptural

equivalent of the line and flat

tone characteristic of

Mesoamerican painting.


Coyolxauhqui (She of the Golden Bells), del Templo Mayor, Mexico City.

Museo Aztec, from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán, Mexico City, ca. 1469. Stone, diameter approx. 10' 10".

The Aztec calendar stone is a large monolithic sculpture that was excavated in

Mexico City in 1790, and is believed to have served multiple purposes.


Aztec Sun

Stone National

Museum of

Anthropology,

Mexico City.

LINK to more at

Aztec History

http://www.aztec-history.com/aztec-calendar-stone.html

•Endowed with sacred meaning, feathers were associated

with the Aztec patron deity Huitzilopochtli and the mythical

god of featherworkers, Coyotlinahual.

•Feathers were incorporated into many aspects of life,

including traditional clothing, armor for warfare, elaborate

headdresses, and beautiful works of art.

•As Christianity spread through Mexico with the arrival of the

Spanish, the use of feathers was adopted by Christians in

the creation of religious objects.

Featherwork


Aztec feather headdress - This Aztec headdress is often described as the crown of Moctezuma II. Museo Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.


One of the most famous featherwork artifacts is the elaborate feather

headdress thought to be worn by Moctezuma II, the Aztec emperor at

the time of the Spanish conquest.

•Serving as calendars, ritual texts, almanacs, maps, and

historical manuscripts of the Aztec people, codices spanned

from before the Spanish conquest throughout the colonial era.

•Pre-colonial codices were largely pictorial in nature, while

colonial codices contain Classical Nahuatl, Spanish, and even

Latin.

•Few pre-colonial codices have survived.

•Codices created after the conquest were heavily influenced

and even censored by the Spanish.

Aztec Manuscripts


It tells the story of the

legendary Aztec journey

from Aztlán to the Valley of

Mexico. Rather than

employing separate pages,

the author used one long,

folded sheet of amatl (bark).

The Boturini Codex was painted by an unknown Aztec author some time

between 1530-41, roughly a decade after the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

Detail of first page from the Boturini Codex. The first page of this Aztec codex depicts the departure from Aztlán.


The original page thirteen

of the Codex Borbonicus

shows the thirteenth

trecena (or thirteen-day

period) of the Aztec

sacred calendar. This

thirteenth trecena was

under the auspices of the

goddess Tlazolteotl, who

is portrayed wearing a

flayed skin, giving birth to

Cinteotl.

Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée Nationale,

Paris.


Codex Borbonicus

LINK to more images from this Codex

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Codex_Borbonicus

Codex Mendoza (1542) (The Public Domain Review)

LINK to see more images - http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/codex-mendoza-1542/


The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec

codex, created about twenty years

after the Spanish conquest of Mexico

with the intent that it be seen by

Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor

and King of Spain. It contains a history

of the Aztec rulers and their conquests,

a list of the tribute paid by the

conquered, and a description of daily

Aztec life, in traditional Aztec

pictograms with Spanish explanations

and commentary. It is named after

Antonio de Mendoza, then the viceroy

of New Spain, who may have

commissioned it.

http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/codex-mendoza-1542/

Codex Osuna (1565)


The Codex Osuna is a set of seven

separate documents created in early

1565 to present evidence against the

government of Viceroy Luis de

Velasco during the 1563-66 inquiry

by Jerónimo de Valderrama.

In this codex, indigenous leaders

claim non-payment for various goods

and for various services performed

by their people. These services

include construction and domestic

help.

Among the most important cultures are

the Inca (1438-1533, Andes region), the

Cañaris (in south central Ecuador), the

Chimu (1300–1470, Peruvian northern

coast), the Chachapoyas, and the

Aymaran kingdoms.

Colonization in the 16th century brought

with it warfare, disease, and slavery that

led to significant disruptions in the

production of art and craft.

In an effort to convert the region to

Christianity, many native artworks that

were considered pagan were destroyed

by Spanish explorers.

South America

The Americas After 1300 > South America

The Incas

The Americas After 1300 > The Incas

The Kingdom of Cuzco was a small city-

state of the Inca empire. It served as the

preeminent center of politics and religion for

the empire.

In 1535, the Spanish explorer Pizarro

sacked much of the Inca city and built a

new city over pre-colonial foundations.

Because of its antiquity and importance, the

center of the city retains many buildings,

plazas and streets from both pre-colonial

and colonial times.

These include the Temple of the Sun, the

Cathedral of Santo Domingo, and the Plaza

de Armas.

Built in the 15th century, most

archaeologists believe that

Machu Picchu was created as

an estate for the Inca emperor

Pachacuti, though other theories

suggest it was a religious site.

The site was abandoned by the

Inca around the time of the

Spanish Conquest and, because

it was never known by the

Spanish, it has remained a

relatively intact cultural site.

Machu Picchu

The historical Incan site, Machu Picchu View on Boundless.com


https://www.boundless.com/image/the-historica-incan-site-machu-picchu

Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polished dry-stone walls that

fit to tightly together.It is said that not even a blade of grass can fit between the stones.

The space is composed of 140 structures or features, including temples, sanctuaries,

parks, fountains,

residences and long

flights of stone steps.

The most prominent

features include the

Intihuatana, the Temple

of the Sun and the

Room of the Three

Windows, all used to

worship the Inca sun god.

Link to National Geographic website about Machu Picchu.


http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/machu-picchu/

The Americas After 1300

Images of Cuzco

Top: Plaza de ArmasMiddle left: Temple of Coricancha Middle right: Aerial view of Cusco Bottom left: SacsayhuamánBottom right: Cathedral of Cusco

The Coricancha ("Temple of the Sun," named for the gold plates covering its walls)

was the most important sanctuary dedicated to the Inti (the Sun God) during the

Inca Empire.

Over the temple's foundation, Spanish colonists built the Convent of Santo

Domingo in the Renaissance style.

The Convent exceeds the height of many other buildings in the city.

Link to a virtual tour at the Church website

http://www.qorikancha.org/FotosMuseoVirtual/TemploSantoDomingoENG.htm

Textiles


Inca textiles were widely manufactured for practical use, trade, tax collection

and decorative fashion.

Textiles were widely prized within the empire - in part because they were

somewhat easily transported - and were widely manufactured for tax

collection and trade purposes.Cloth and textiles were divided among the

classes in the Inca empire.

Cloth and textiles were

divided by class, with llama

wool used in more common

clothing and the finer cloths

of alpaca or vicuña wool

reserved for royal and

religious use.

Specific designs and

ornaments marked a

person's status and nobility.

Tupa Inca tunic from around 1550

Inca officials wore stylized tunics

decorated with certain motifs, while

soldiers of the Inca army had specific

uniforms.

Source: Boundless. “Textiles.” Boundless Art History. Boundless, 03 Jul. 2014)


• The Inca were well known for their

use of gold, silver, copper, bronze

and other metals.

• Drawing much of their inspiration

and style in metalworking from

Chimú art, the Incas used metals

for utilitarian purposes as well as

ornaments and decorations .

Metalwork

Andean bronze bottle, ca. 1300-1532



• Inca- Llama, Alpaca and woman. C. 1475-1532

Metalwork


Golden Plaque from Chimú Culture - The Incans adopted

much of their metalworking characteristics from the metalwork

of Chimu. Because of their expertise, many metalworkers were

taken back to the capital city of Cuzco to continue their

metalworking for the emperor.

Gold and silver were reserved

for ornaments and decorations

in temples and palaces of Inca

royalty - especially revered for

its sun-like reflective quality.

Even though the Inca Empire

contained many precious

metals, the Incas did not value

their metal as much as fine

cloth.

The Inca people's reverence of

gold has much to do with their

worship of the sun and the sun

god.

•Following the Spanish Conquest, the Inca population suffered a

dramatic and quick decline largely due to illness and disease.Many

of those remaining were enslaved.

•Many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed as cities

and towns were pillaged, resulting in the loss of vast amounts of

traditional artwork, craft, and architecture.

•The introduction of Christianity greatly impacted the art of the region,

which began to reflect Christian themes alongside and in place of

traditional Inca designs.

•The Spanish also brought with them new techniques such as oil

painting on canvas, which fused with the artistic traditions of the

region.

The Spanish Conquest and Its Effects



The execution of the Inca

Spaniards burning the Inca leader Atahualpa at the stake, following their conquest of the Inca people.

North America

The Americas After 1300 > North America

Native American Populations at End of 15th Century

•Beadwork, pendants, and

wood carvings were

common among the

tribes of the Northeastern

Woodlands.

•Fort Ancient culture

flourished along the Ohio

River from 1000 CE -

1750 CE, and included

coiled pottery, beadwork,

and silversmithing.

Woodlands in the East


Wampum string - 1750-1850

Eastern Woodlands

Quahog clam shell beads (purple wampum), whelk shell beads

(white wampum), twine/string

•Beadwork, pendants, and

wood carvings were

common among the

tribes of the Northeastern

Woodlands.

•Fort Ancient culture

flourished along the Ohio

River from 1000 CE -

1750 CE, and included

coiled pottery, beadwork,

and silversmithing.


Shawnee Earrings 1790-1840

Eastern Hammered, wrought, and soldered silver




Handbag/purse - 1870-1900

Six Nations Grand River Reserve; Brant County,

Haldimand County; Ontario; Canada

Velveteen, cotton cloth, glass bead/beads,

cotton thread; Sewn, raised beadwork




Burden basket with burden strap

c.1900

Mashpee Wampanoag; Cape Cod;

Mashpee; Barnstable County; Mass.

Hickory wood, Wicker-plaited


Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Beaver pipe

1840-1880

Nova Scotia; Canada

Slate- Carved, incised


Karl Bodmer, Hidatsa warrior Pehriska-Rupha

(Two Ravens) watercolor in Joslyn Art Museum,

Omaha, Nebraska.

•Because Plains people were

Nomadic they focused their

aesthetic attention on their

clothing, bodies and other

portable objects such as:

•Shields, clubs, pipes,

tomahawks and various

containers.

The Great Plains

•The people of the Great Plains

are the indigenous peoples who

live on the plains and rolling hills

of the Great Plains of North

America.

•Buffalo hide clothing was

beautiful and elaborate,

decorated with porcupine quill

embroidery, beads, shells and

teeth.

Northern Inunaina (Arapaho) Woman's dress,

1890-1905

Wyoming; Hide, glass bead/beads, sinew.

Sewn, lazy/lane stitch beadwork


•Great Plains Native Americans

are perhaps most well known for

their beadwork, used to decorate

clothing, jewelry, breastplates,

and ceremonial headdresses.


Lakota Saddle blanket, circa 1890

North Dakota or South Dakota

Hide, glass bead/beads, brass bell/bells, wool

twill tape, sinew, cotton thread

Sewn, lazy/lane stitch beadwork, fringed


•Glass beads were first introduced to

the Plains as early as 1700 and were

used in decoration in a manner

similar to quillwork, but they never

fully replaced it.

Niuam (Comanche) Man's dance headdress

circa 1900

Oklahoma

Wool cloth, cotton cloth, silk ribbon, feather/feathers, hide,

glass bead/beads, antelope horn, pigment/pigments,

synthetic dye/dyes

Sewn, lazy/lane stitch beadwork, split, wrapped, dyed


Lakota Saddle blanket, circa

1890

North Dakota or South Dakota

Hide, glass bead/beads, brass

bell/bells, wool twill tape, sinew,

cotton thread

Sewn, lazy/lane stitch

beadwork, fringed• Painting on buffalo

hides was a common

practice as well.

• Men painted narrative,

pictorial designs

recording personal

exploits or visions as

well as pictographic historical calendars known as Winter counts.

• Women painted geometric designs on tanned robes and rawhide, which

sometimes served as maps.

Winter count recording events

from 1800 to 1870

Lone Dog (Shunka Ishnala),

Nakota (Yankton Sioux)

Buffalo hide/skin, paint


During the Reservation Era of the late 19th century, buffalo herds were

systematically destroyed by non-native hunters. Due to the scarcity of hides,

Plains artists adopted new painting surfaces, such as muslin or paper, giving

birth to Ledger Art. Ledger Art flourished from the 1860s to the 1920s and was

named for the accounting ledger books that were a common source for paper

for Plains Native Americans during the late 19th century.

Kiowa ledger art

from 1874


•Southern Plains Native Americans adopted metalsmithing in the

1820s, after metal jewelry was introduced through Spanish and

Mexican metalsmiths and trade with tribes from other regions.

Kickapoo [Oklahoma]

Silver Brooch, 1870-

1900

Hammered, repoussé,

cutout, stamped

Northwest Coast and Alaska


•Northwest Coast art refers to art created by the

indigenous peoples of current-day Washington

State, Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska.

•Before European contact, the most common

media were wood, stone, and copper; since,

European contact, paper, canvas, glass, and

precious metals also have been used.

•Northwest designs commonly included natural

animals, legendary creatures, and abstract

forms and shapes, and were often used to

decorate traditional household items.

Tlingit Raven rattle with human and frog figures, 1880-1900

Alaska; Carved, painted

Totem Pole from the

Northwest

Native American Totem

Pole from Ketchikan,

Alaska.



North Wind Mask (Negakfok) early 20th

century, Alaska; Yup'ik

Wood, paint, feathers; H. 45 1/4 x W. 21 3/8 x D.

17 7/8 in. (114.9 x 54.3 x 45.4 cm)

Metropolitan Museum of Art

•The mask here, one of a pair,

represents "Negakfok,"

meaning the north wind or,

more eloquently, the spirit that

likes cold and stormy weather.

• Its white spots are said to

represent snow flakes, and the

many wood danglers clattered

when moved giving a voice to

the spirit of the north wind.

•Totem poles, masks, and canoes are examples of the complex

woodcarvings of the peoples of the Northwest.

•After the arrival of Europeans, traditional production of Northwest Coast art

dropped significantly due to population loss and cultural assimilation.

Northwest Coast and Alaska


Haida Pipe bowl in the form of a ship 1820-1830; Stikine River; Tahltan; Stikine Regional District; British

Columbia; Canada; Wood, ivory, brass, paint; Carved, cutout, inlaid, incised, drilled, painted

Totem Pole from the

Northwest

Native American Totem

Pole from Ketchikan,

Alaska.



Chilkat blanket

In the collection of the University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks

Chilkat weaving applied formline designs to their textiles.

Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian have traditionally produced Chilkat woven

regalia from wool and yellow cedar bark, using them for civic and ceremonial

events .

Southwest


•The Ancient Pueblo culture is perhaps best known for the stone and adobe

dwellings built along cliff walls, the most elaborate of which is Chaco

Canyon in New Mexico.


Taos Pueblo today stands as the largest surviving multistoried Pueblo

structure in the United States.


Pottery of the Pueblo

Ceramic bowl from Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, Pueblo III phase.

The Ancestral Pueblo created grayware and black-on-white pottery, decorated

with geometric designs or representations of people, animals, and birds.


Detail of a Kiva Mural

Coronado State Monument, New Mexico. Late 15th to early 16th century.

The Ancestral Pueblo created grayware and black-on-white pottery, decorated

with geometric designs or representations of people, animals, and birds.

•Jewelry and other ornaments

were made by the Ancestral

Pueblo using shells and stones

bartered from the coasts of

Mexico and California.

•Within the region, turquoise,

soapstone, and lignite were

attained through trade.

• Just as pottery from this period

has received world-wide

recognition, work inlaid with

shell and turquoise from this

period was noteworthy for its

artistry and sophisticated inlay

techniques.

Southwest


Old and new Navajo bracelets

The Navajo are well-known today for their use of turquoise in jewelry.

•Sandpainting, the art of pouring colored sand onto a surface, was an

aspect of Navajo healing ceremonies.

Southwest


Navajo sandpainting - One of the four elaborate dry-paintings or sand altars employed in the rites of the

Mountain Chant, a Navaho medicine ceremony of nine days' duration.

•Navajos learned to weave on upright looms from Pueblos and wove

blankets and rugs that were highly regarded around the region.

Southwest


Diné (Navajo) Poncho; 1825-1860; New Mexico; Wool yarn, bayeta (unraveled wool cloth)Woven

Key terms

• adobe an unburnt brick dried in the sun; a house made of unburnt brick dried in the

sun

• antiquity Ancient times; former ages; times long since past

• argillite A fine-grained sedimentary rock, intermediate between shale and slate,

sometimes used as a building material

• cochineal A vivid red dye made from the bodies of cochineal insects.

• codex an early manuscript book bound in the modern manner, by joining pages, as

opposed to a rolled scroll

• diaspora A dispersed group, such as the Jews outside of the land of Israel.

• discoidal Having the flat, circular shape of a disc or a quoit

• disseminate To sow and scatter principles, ideas, opinions and errors for growth and

propagation, such as seed

• effigies A likeness of a person

• evangelization The act of preaching the gospel or converting to Christianity.


• First Nation The indigenous peoples of any country or region.

• freestanding standing or set apart; not attached to anything

• gorget An ornament for the neck; a necklace, ornamental collar, torque etc.

• iconography The branch of art history which studies the identification, description,

and the interpretation of the content of images.

• Inca A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established

an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest.

• Inca A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established

an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest.

• inlay To place pieces of a foreign material within another material to form a

decorative design.

• irrevocably Beyond recall; in a manner precluding repeal.

• islet A small island.

• lignite A low-grade, brownish-black coal

• metallurgist A person who works in metal

• monolith A large single block of stone, used in architecture and sculpture.

• motif A recurring or dominant element in a work of art.


• nomadic Leading a wandering life with no fixed abode; peripatetic, itinerant

• patron An influential, wealthy person who supports an artist, craftsman, scholar, or

aristocrat.

• phonetic Relating to the sounds of spoken language.

• pictographic Represented by pictures

• pictorial described or otherwise represented as if in a picture; graphic or vivid

• plateresque Pertaining to an ornate style of architecture of 16th century Spain

suggestive of silver plate.

• quetzal A strikingly colored bird with very long tail feathers, found in Guatemala and

Costa Rica.

• quillwork Decorative textile embellishment made from porcupine quills by certain

Native Americans

• seismic Related to, or caused by an earthquake or other vibration of the Earth.

• tunic A garment worn over the torso, with or without sleeves, and of various lengths

reaching from the hips to the ankles.

• Utilitarian practical and functional, not just for show.

• vicuña A relative of the llama that lives in the high alpine areas of the Andes.


Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com


The distinct Mixteca-Puebla tradition of art originated from the

Mixtec peoples of which place in Mesoamerica?

A) Oaxaca

B) Cholula

C) Guerrero

D) Mexico City


Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


The distinct Mixteca-Puebla tradition of art originated from the

Mixtec peoples of which place in Mesoamerica?

A) Oaxaca

B) Cholula

C) Guerrero

D) Mexico City

http://www.boundless.com

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

http://www.boundless.com/



These structures, misnamed "floating gardens," were actually long

raised plant beds set upon the shallow lake bottom of Lake

Texcoco surrounding Tenoctitlan.

A) tlachtli

B) tzompantli

C) campans

D) chinampas




These structures, misnamed "floating gardens," were actually long

raised plant beds set upon the shallow lake bottom of Lake

Texcoco surrounding Tenoctitlan.

A) tlachtli

B) tzompantli

C) campans

D) chinampas






Obsidian mirrors were used by the Aztecs for which purpose?

A) to reflect the glory of the royalty

B) to spiritually access the Aztec underworld

C) to channel light through dark corridors

D) all of these answers




Obsidian mirrors were used by the Aztecs for which purpose?

A) to reflect the glory of the royalty

B) to spiritually access the Aztec underworld

C) to channel light through dark corridors

D) all of these answers






How was the Aztec use of feathers effected by Christianity in the

early years of evangelization?

A) Christians rejected the feather as a heathen symbol.

B) Christians adopted the use of the feather to adorn arches, crosses,

and paintings.

C) Christians transformed the meaning of the feather to symbolize

royalty.

D) Christians systematically destroyed all featherwork of the Aztec

people.




How was the Aztec use of feathers effected by Christianity in the

early years of evangelization?

A) Christians rejected the feather as a heathen symbol.

B) Christians adopted the use of the feather to adorn arches, crosses,

and paintings.

C) Christians transformed the meaning of the feather to symbolize

royalty.

D) Christians systematically destroyed all featherwork of the Aztec

people.






What is the primary difference between pre-colonial and colonial-

era Aztec codices?

A) Pre-colonial codices were contained pictograms and language,

whereas colonial codices were pictorial.

B) Pre-colonial codices were religious in nature, whereas colonial codices

served as historical manuscripts.

C) Pre-colonial codices served as historical manuscriptsca, whereas

colonial codices were religious in nature.

D) Pre-colonial codices were pictorial, whereas colonial codices

contained pictograms and language.




What is the primary difference between pre-colonial and colonial-

era Aztec codices?

A) Pre-colonial codices were contained pictograms and language,

whereas colonial codices were pictorial.

B) Pre-colonial codices were religious in nature, whereas colonial codices

served as historical manuscripts.

C) Pre-colonial codices served as historical manuscriptsca, whereas

colonial codices were religious in nature.

D) Pre-colonial codices were pictorial, whereas colonial codices

contained pictograms and language.






Which Aztec manuscript is considered to be the most useful

source of information on pre-colonial Aztec life?

A) the Codex Borbonicus

B) the Codex Osuna




Which Aztec manuscript is considered to be the most useful

source of information on pre-colonial Aztec life?

A) the Codex Borbonicus

B) the Codex Osuna






How did European colonization lead to a significant disruption in

the production of traditional art and craft in South America?

A) the destruction of cities and artifacts

B) the introduction of European styles and techniques

C) all of these answers

D) the enslavement of indigenous peoples




How did European colonization lead to a significant disruption in

the production of traditional art and craft in South America?

A) the destruction of cities and artifacts

B) the introduction of European styles and techniques

C) all of these answers

D) the enslavement of indigenous peoples






The city of Cuzco was created in the shape of which animal?

A) a bull

B) a hawk

C) a puma

D) a mountain lion




The city of Cuzco was created in the shape of which animal?

A) a bull

B) a hawk

C) a puma

D) a mountain lion






Which of the following statements regarding the architecture of

Machu Picchu is FALSE?

A) The use of mortar helped protect the structure against earthquakes.

B) The monumental structure of the city deliberately echoed the natural

environment.

C) The city was built using polished, dry-stone walls.

D) A technique known as ashlar was used to fit blocks tightly together.




Which of the following statements regarding the architecture of

Machu Picchu is FALSE?

A) The use of mortar helped protect the structure against earthquakes.

B) The monumental structure of the city deliberately echoed the natural

environment.

C) The city was built using polished, dry-stone walls.

D) A technique known as ashlar was used to fit blocks tightly together.






Awaska was an Incan textile made from llama wool and used for

A) religious and ceremonial purposes.

B) distinguishing royalty.

C) common clothing and traditional household use.

D) tribute and tax collection.




Awaska was an Incan textile made from llama wool and used for

A) religious and ceremonial purposes.

B) distinguishing royalty.

C) common clothing and traditional household use.

D) tribute and tax collection.






Which metals were used for ornaments and decorations and

reserved for the highest classes of Inca society?

A) silver and bronze

B) gold and silver

C) gold and copper

D) gold and bronze




Which metals were used for ornaments and decorations and

reserved for the highest classes of Inca society?

A) silver and bronze

B) gold and silver

C) gold and copper

D) gold and bronze






Which artistic technique was introduced to the Inca by the

Spanish Conquest?

A) fresco painting on walls

B) oil painting on canvas

C) charcoal drawing on paper

D) glazing techniques for pottery




Which artistic technique was introduced to the Inca by the

Spanish Conquest?

A) fresco painting on walls

B) oil painting on canvas

C) charcoal drawing on paper

D) glazing techniques for pottery






Fort Ancient culture was located within

A) the Northeastern Woodlands

B) the Central Plains

C) the Northwest Coast

D) the Southeastern Woodlands




Fort Ancient culture was located within

A) the Northeastern Woodlands

B) the Central Plains

C) the Northwest Coast

D) the Southeastern Woodlands






Which of the following was an effect of European contact on the

cultures of the Great Plains?

A) Buffalo herds were systematically destroyed by non-native hunters.

B) all of these answers

C) Metal jewelry was introduced through Spanish and Mexican

metalsmiths.

D) Glass beads were introduced.




Which of the following was an effect of European contact on the

cultures of the Great Plains?

A) Buffalo herds were systematically destroyed by non-native hunters.

B) all of these answers

C) Metal jewelry was introduced through Spanish and Mexican

metalsmiths.

D) Glass beads were introduced.






Which of the following media became more common in the

Northwest after European contact?

A) canvas

B) stone

C) copper

D) red cedar




Which of the following media became more common in the

Northwest after European contact?

A) canvas

B) stone

C) copper

D) red cedar






The Ancient Pueblo culture is best known for which kind of

architectural dwellings?

A) buffalo-hide teepees

B) wooden long houses

C) stone and adobe cliff dwellings

D) none of these answers




The Ancient Pueblo culture is best known for which kind of

architectural dwellings?

A) buffalo-hide teepees

B) wooden long houses

C) stone and adobe cliff dwellings

D) none of these answers




13 Art of the Americas after 1300

Art & Photos

mesoamerica mixtecapuebla

aztecsthe americas

aztecsmesoamericathe

ancient mesoamerica

precolumbian mesoamerica

puebla style pipe

mixteca region

center west of puebla