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Alcoholic Beverages
Wine, Beer, and Distilled Liquors Oh my!
Alcohol
! Ethyl alcohol, ethanol or grain alcohol CH3CH2OH
! Absorbed from stomach into blood ! Diffuses into the brain !
Broken down by the liver ! Ingestion greater than breakdown ! Blood
alcohol level rise ! 0.08% legally drunk
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Alcohol - Physiology ! Central nervous system depressant ! GABA
release
! Prevents neuron firing ! Calmness
! Glutamate release ! Decrease synaptic firing ! Impaired brain
activity ! Less muscle coordination and loss of memory
! Dopamine and endorphin release ! Activates reward system
Alcohol ! Health benefits 1-2 drinks/day
! Lowers risk of heart disease ! French paradox
! Less blood clots
! Lower risk of gallstones
Alcohol Related Deaths CDC
US 2001-2005 Overall Males Females
Chronic Causes 36643 25693 10950
Acute Causes 43731 32159 11572
Total for All Causes 80374 57852 22522
CA 2001-2005 Overall Males Females
Chronic Causes 5222 3712 1511
Acute Causes 4634 3500 1133
Total for All Causes 9856 7212 2644
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Alcohol ! Harmful health effects (acute)
! Accidental death by drunkenness ! Binge drinking ! Overdose
(stops breathing) ! Fetal alcohol syndrome
! Higher crime rate
ACUTE CAUSES OF DEATH
CAUSE OF DEATH US CA
Motor-vehicle traffic crashes 13,819 1,342
Homicide 7,787 1,094
Suicide 7,235 731
Fall injuries 5,532 474
Poisoning (not alcohol) 5,416 630
Fire injuries 1,158 78
Drowning 868 98
Alcohol poisoning 370 49
TOTAL 43,731 4,634
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
! 1/1000 live births ! 50% pregnancies are not planned ! Caused
by alcohol consumption
! Amount ! Time during pregnancy ! 30% of pregnant women
! Surgeon General no consumption while pregnant
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ! Abnormal facial features ! Small head
size ! Low body weight ! Problems with the heart, kidney, or
bones ! Poor motor coordination
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ! Hyperactive behavior ! Difficulty
paying attention ! Poor memory ! Intellectual disability or low IQ
! Learning disabilities ! Speech and language delays ! Poor
reasoning and judgment skills ! Vision or hearing problems
Alcohol ! Harmful health effects (chronic)
! 5% are alcoholics ! Damages brain ! Cirrhosis of the liver !
Enhances cancer rate
! Pancreatic ! Liver ! Breast
! Inhibits immune system ! Malnutrition
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Alcohol ! Psychological problems
! Suicide ! Lack of motivation ! Problems at work ! Family
problems ! Crime ! Alcoholism - addiction
CHRONIC CAUSES OF DEATH CAUSE OF DEATH US CA
Alcoholic liver disease 12,219 2,537
Liver cirrhosis unspecified 7,055 592
Alcohol dependence syndrome 3,857 554
Alcohol abuse (neurological) 2,382 261
Stroke hemorrhagic 1,847 205
Hypertension 1,544 218
Ischemic heart disease 983 112
Liver cancer 893 124
Alcoholic psychosis 751 76
Stroke ischemic 715 64
Acute pancreatitis 695 53
TOTAL 36,643 5,222
Alcohol ! Reasons for drinking
! Social situations ! Relaxation ! Forget problems !
Psychoactive effects ! Cravings ! Alcohol dependency (alcoholism) !
Sensual - stimulates four senses ! Taste ! Medicinal use ! et
cetera, etc. etc.
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History ! Alcohol use was excessive in U.S. ! Prohibition
! Reform movement 1840-1920 ! Womens Christian Temperance Union
! Protect families and children fro the
excesses of alcohol abuse ! Wine censors
! School books, classical literature, medicinal wines dropped
from U.S. pharmarcopoeia
Prohibition
! Volstead National Prohibition Act and the Eighteenth Amendment
to the U.S. Constitution in 1920
! Forbade the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors
! Loophole allowed use of grape juice ! Grape plantings
increased 1919 to 1925
! Illegal activity sprang up ! Gangsters and organized crime
! Prohibition repealed in 1933
Prohibition
! Before 1920 ! 2500 commercial wineries
! 1933 100 commercial wineries ! 1960 500 (256 CA) commercial
wineries ! 1990 807 ! 2009 6,705 (2972 CA) commercial
wineries ! 10 percent of country still dry
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Prohibition
Negative ! Destroyed alcohol
industry ! Weakened constitution ! Disrespect for authority !
Organized crime ! Alcohol tax
Positive ! Congressional
hesitance to change constitution
! Alcohol tax ! Less alcohol abuse
Alcohol Sales (wine and beer)
! Wine sales through 3-tiered system ! Winery - distributor -
retailer - consumer
! Wineries have increases while distributors have consolidated -
bottleneck
! Change laws to allow direct purchase from wineries (intrastate
and interstate) ! 37 states allow interstate sales ! Felony in
three states ((KY, MD, OK)
! 98-99% of wine still uses 3-tiered sales
Wine Sales Interstate
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How are alcoholic beverages produced?
Fermentation
Human Cellular Respiration
! Body cells require energy (ATP) ! Aerobic respiration
! Most human cells ! Food (glucose) + oxygen produce
carbon dioxide + water + ATP ! Anaerobic metabolism
! Skeletal muscle cells ! Glucose produces lactic acid + ATP
Alcohol Fermentation
Microorganisms (bacteria and yeast ) ! Bacteria
! May produce undesirable products ! Acetic acid, butyric acid,
etc.
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Alcohol Fermentation
! Yeast used for alcoholic beverages ! Saccharomyces cervisiae
or S. uuvarium ! Anaerobic process ! Sugar produces ethanol + CO2 +
ATP
! Sucrose ! Glucose ! Maltose ! Fructose
WINE
! Wine fills the heart with courage. Plato ! "In wine there is
truth. Pliny The Elder ! "Eat the bread with joy and drink the wine
with a merry heart. Bible ! Be not drunk with wine, wherein is
excess; but be filled with the Spirit.
Bible ! "There is evil in every berry of grape." - Quran ! Wine
is the first weapon that devils use in attacking the young St.
Jerome ! Wine is the most civilized thing in the world. Ernest
Hemingway ! Red red wine you make me feel so fine Bob Marley
Wine
! Fermented fruit juice (grapes) ! Grapes Vitis vinifera ! Red
or white grapes ! Thousands of varieties ! Wine formation occurred
naturally
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Wine History - Archaeological
! 3,000-5,500 BCE in Persia ! Jars with wine residue
! Egyptians ! First vine arbors and pruning ! Wine jars buried
in tombs for afterlife
Wine History - Greece
! 1600 BCE ! Used pine pitch to seal
vessels ! Retsina wines ! Commerce ! Medicine - Hippocrates
prescribed wine ! Added herbs and spices for
flavor and mask spoilage
Wine History - Greek/Roman
! Dionysus Greek god of wine
! Bacchus Roman god of wine
! Grape harvest, winemaking and wine
! Ecstasy, festivals and theatre
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Wine History - Roman
! Didnt use pine pitch higher quality wines ! Laid foundation
for European wines ! Increased yields through irrigation and
fertilization Classified grape varieties ! Charted ripening
characteristics ! Identified diseases ! Soil preferences ! Oldest
wine bottle ~325 CE
Wine History - Europe
! Spread to France, Spain, Portugal and Algeria
! Monastic wineries and sacramental usage preserved wine making
through the Middle Ages in Europe
Wine History - Mexico
! Planted grapes and were successful ! King of Spain forbid
planting grapes in
1595 (law for 150 years) ! Fear of colony becoming self
sufficient ! Never established wine industry ! Baja Norte now major
wine producer
especially Guadalupe Valley
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Guadalupe Valley
Wine History - California
! First vineyard in San Diego 1769 ! Father Junipero Serra !
Mission Grape variety
! Vigor, strength and productivity ! Major grape grown until
1890s ! Weak color, bland flavor, poor acidity ! Sweet wine
(angelica) and brandy
Wine History - California
! Agoston Haraszthy - Hungarian ! (Ah-gush-tun Harris-tee)
! Brought European grapes in 1850s and 1860s
! 300 fine varieties ! Considered founder of California wine
industry
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Wine History
! Phylloxera root aphid ! Native of North America !
Inadvertently carried to Europe ! Killed European grapes !
Resistant rootstocks for U.S. saved European
wine industry ! Fraud and adulteration of French wines
! Appellation controlee in1935 ! Strict guidelines for French
wines
Leaf Mildew
! Fungus Plasmopara viticola
! Threatened French vineyards late 1800s
! Copper fungicide
Wine History
! European wine industry suffered
! U.S. wine industry flourished
! Politics (prohibition) not insects destroyed U.S. wine
industry
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Wine History - California revisited
! Wine quality improved ! 1976 two California wines
outscored
French wines in Paris judging ! Number of wineries and
vintages
increased
Wine History - California revisited
! 61.5 billion dollars CA ! 121.8 billion dollars USA ! 3,364
licensed wineries in CA ! 90% of all U.S. wine ! 47% red wine ! 40%
white wine ! 13% blush wine
Wine History - California revisited ! Creates 330,000 jobs in
California and a total
820,000 jobs nationwide. ! Pays $12.3 billion in wages in
California and a
total $25.8 billion nationwide. ! Makes $14.7 billion in state
and federal tax
payments. ! Attracts 20.7 million tourists annually to all
regions of California. ! Generates wine-related tourism
expenditures
of $2.1 billion in California. ! Gives $101.5 million in annual
charitable
contributions from California wineries.
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Wine Production (hectoliters)
Wine Consumption (hectoliters)
Wine Consumption/capita Country Liters Vatican City 66 France 53
Italy 50 Portugal 44 Spain 33 Greece 33 Argentina 27
Belgium/Romania 25 Germany 24 Australia 23 United Kingdom 19 USA 10
Brazil 2
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Wine Making - Enology
! Harvesting grapes 20%+ sugar ! Crushing and pressing
! Stomped, hand operated or electric
Wine Making - Enology
! Fermentation ! Oak or stainless steel ! Add yeast and
sulfur dioxide ! Continues until sugar
is has been converted to ethanol
! Sweet vs dry wines ! 2-6 weeks
Wine Making - Enology
Fermentation ! White wines
! Red or white grapes ! Juice only (no skins) ! 10-15o C !
Longer fermentation
! Red wines ! Red grapes ! Juice and skins ! 25-30o C
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Wine Making - Enology
! Racking ! Settling vats to to remove sedimentation ! Yeast,
skins, tartaric acid
! Clarification ! Filtering
! To remove unwanted microbes and stop fermentation
! Pasteurization
Wine Making - Enology
! Aging 6 -18 months ! Oak barrels ! Stainless steel with oak
chips
! Adds flavor and aroma to wine ! Second fermentation for some
red
wines ! Add Lactobacillis to convert malic acid
to lactic acid
Wine Making - Enology
! Bottling ! Corks
! Store upside down
! Screw caps ! Aging in bottles
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Varieties of Wines
! California whites ! Chardonnay ! French colombard ! Chenin
blanc ! Sauvignon blanc
! California reds ! Cabernet sauvignon ! Zinfandel ! Merlot !
Rubired (blending variety) ! Syrah
Wine Labeling - CA
Brand name or winery Vintage (year) 95% Varietal (grape
type)75%
Blended Vineyard designate 95% Appellation (location)
State 100% County 75% AVA 85%
Europe Terroir
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Napa Appellations
! Atlas Peak ! Calistoga ! Chiles Valley ! Diamond Mountain !
Howell Mountain ! Los Carneros ! Mt. Veeder ! Napa Valley
! Oak Knoll District ! Oakville ! Rutherford ! St. Helena !
Spring Mountain ! Stags Leap ! Wild Horse Valley ! Yountville
Napa Appellations
San Diego
! 31 50 wineries ! 3 appellations
! San Pasqual Valley ! Ramona ! South Coast
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San Diego
Champagne
A region in France ! Treaty of Madrid in 1891 and
Treaty of Versailles 1919 ! No European county ! 70 countries
agree with EU laws
Sparkling wines
! Champagne Champagne ! Vins Moussex France ! Cremant France !
Spumante Italy ! Cava Spain ! Sekt Germany ! U.S. didnt sign treaty
! 2006 cant label new sparkling wines
producers Champagne
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Sparkling Wine
Methode Champenoise (May-TUD Shahm-pen WAHZ) ! Fermentation !
Settle ! Second fermentation in bottle ! Add sugar and yeast for
CO2 production
! Tilt bottles to collect yeast and sediment (riddling) ! Freeze
neck and remove plug (disgorgement)
Sparkling Wine
Ferment in large sealed vat ! Second fermentation
Bubble with CO2
Fortified Wine
! Fermented wines with distilled beverage added usually
brandy
! ~20% alcohol ! Sherry, port, Marsala, Maderia ! Vermouth and
Dubonnet
! Flavored with plants
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BEER
! "He was a wise man who invented beer. Plato ! The Government
will fall that raises the price of beer Czech proverb ! "When I
read about the evils of drinking, I gave up reading. ! Henny
Youngman ! "I would kill everyone in this room for a drop of sweet
beer."
-Homer Simpson ! Mind your ps and qs
Beer and Ale Types
! Ales ! Lagers or pilsners ! Specialty beers ! Craft beers
Lagers
! Sacccharomyces uuvarum ! Bottom fermenting ! Cool temperatures
! Less alcohol ! Lighter taste ! Major beer of US
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Ales
! Sacccharomyces cerevisiae ! Top fermenting ! Warmer
temperatures ! Higher alcohol content ! Fuller and more complex
flavors ! Pale ales - more hops ! Porters ! Stouts - highly roasted
malts
Beers and Ales - Brewing
Basics ! Malting ! Drying and crushing ! Mash - grains and water
added ! Brew kettle hops added and heated ! Hops removed !
Fermentation ! Aging ! Carbonation ! Bottling
Beers and Ales - Brewing
! Malt ! Sprouted barley 6 days ! Converts starch to sugar !
Converts proteins to amino acids
! Adjuncts ! Unmalted grains are added for starch ! Less
expensive that barley malt ! Malt liquors lighter flavors
! Hops ! Female flowers added for flavor and tartness
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Beers and Ales - Brewing
! Yeast added after mixture (wort) is strained
Beers and Ales - Brewing
! Fermentation continues 7-10 days ! Green beer ! Aged for three
weeks
! Insoluble proteins and polyphenols settle out
! Inactivation or removal of microbes ! Pasteurization ! Cold
filtered
! Carbonation
Beers and Ales - History
! 4000 B.C. ancient Sumerian recipe on clay tablets
! Egyptian culture ! Louis Pasteur 1876 pasteurized beer ! 19th
century lighter German pilsners ! 1900 1,880 breweries in America !
Small and local ! Saloons and Carrie Nation ! Prohibition
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Beers and Ales - History
! 1930 - 1980 fewer, larger breweries ! 44 brewing companies in
U.S. in 1980 ! Pilsner lager beers
! 2008 1,600 breweries in the U.S. ! Mostly microbreweries !
Greater variety of beers ! 23 in San Diego
Breweries
1. Anheuser-Busch InBev 2. MillerCoors Brewing Co. 3. Pabst
Brewing Co. 4. Boston Beer Co. 5. D. G. Yuengling and Son Inc. 6.
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. 7. Craft Brewers Alliance, Inc. 8. New
Belgium Brewing Co. 9. High Falls Brewing Co.
10. Spoetzl Brewery
Beers and Ales - History
! Saloons ! Bottled beer 1870s ! First canned beer 1935
! Krueger Cream Ale ! First aluminum beer can
! 1959 Primo
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Sake and Soju
! Fermented rice ! 2 microorganisms ! Fungus Aspergillus
oryzae
! Breaks down starch ! Sacccharomyces cerevisiae
! Ferments sugars ! 18% alcohol ! Served heated or cold
Distilled Spirits
! Distillation ! The boiling of beer or wine
! Alcohol lower boiling point than water ! Higher alcohol
content ! Proof = 2 times alcoholic percent
! 90 proof = 45%
Distilled Spirits - Aged ! Whiskeys
! Fermented grains ! Aged in oak or charred oak barrels
! Bourbon ! 51% corn
! Rye ! 51% rye
! Scotch ! 100% malted barley
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Whiskey Rebellion
! Treasurer Alexander Hamilton and federalist party passed
excise tax on whiskey
! Incensed Western frontier (OH & PA) ! No infrastructure !
Warring Indians in West ! Rebellion (separate from union)
! President Washington ! Mobilized army in 1794 to stop
rebellion
! Jefferson repealed tax in 1802
Distilled Spirits - Un-aged
! Gin ! Fermented malts and grains and
flavored with juniper berries and other flavors
! Vodka ! Fermented from malts, wheat, rye,
grapes, sorghum, sugar beet molasses, or potatoes
! Filtered for purity
Rum
! Fermented molasses or cane sugar ! No defined production
process ! Light rums ! Gold rums aged in oak ! Dark rums aged in
oak ! Spiced rums spices added ! Flavored rums fruit flavors
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Tequila Agave tequilana
! Fermented blue agave hearts ! Distilled ! Maybe aged
Tequila
! Blue agave in the state of Jalisco ! 2 categories
! Tequila 100% blue agave bottled at distillery
! Tequila 51% blue agave can be bottled elsewhere
Tequila
4 types ! Blanco or silver pure distillation ! Oro or gold -
caramel added ! Reposado - white oak casts 2-12
months ! Anejo - white oak > 12 months
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Tequila
Tequila
Mescal or mezcal
! Maguey or Agave americana ! Hand crafted ! Smokey flavor
compared to tequila ! Types similar to tequila ! Cusano rojo has a
worm in the bottle
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Distilled Spirits
! Brandies (Cognac) ! Distilled wine ! Aged many years
! Liqueurs ! Distilled wine ! Sugar or syrup added
Liqueurs
! Berry ! Chocolate ! Coffee ! Cream ! Flower ! Fruit
! Herbal ! Honey ! Nut ! Whiskey
Drug Damage ! Britain's Independent Scientific Committee on
Drugs
Dr. David Nutt 11/1/2010 ! Assessed damage ! Nine criteria on
harm to the user
! drug-related death ! damage to health ! drug dependence ! loss
of relationships
! Seven criteria on harm to others ! Crime ! Environmental and
international damage ! Family conflict ! Economic cost ! Damage to
community cohesion.
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Scale
! Alcohol was most harmful, with a score of 72 ! Heroin with 55
! Crack cocaine with 54, cocaine 27. ! Crystal methamphetamine 33 !
Tobacco 26 ! Amphetamine or speed 23 ! Cannabis 20 ! Valium 15 !
Ecstasy 9 ! Anabolic steroids 9 ! LSD 7 ! Magic mushrooms 5