12th Science Chemistry Gujarati Chapter_2

01

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

Max Theodore Felix von Laue (October 9, 1879 in Pfaffendorf, near Koblenz –

April 24, 1960 in Berlin) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in

Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. He

was staunchly and openly in opposition to National Socialism. In addition to

his scientific endeavors with contributions in optics, crystallography,

quantum theory, superconductivity, and the theory of relativity, he held a

number of administrative positions which advanced and guided German

scientific research and development over four decades.

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V[S S|lDS 5]GZFJTL" EFtDF\ UM9JFI[,F CMI K[P di.t. NaCl

HIFZ[ V:Ol8SDI 3G 5NFYM"DF\ T[GF G8SvS6M IFNlrKS ZLT[ UM9JFI[,F CMJFYL T[VMDF\ SM.

jIl:YT EFt HMJF D/T) GYLP NFPTP ZAZP

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v ;BT4 AZ0

v UPlAP p\RF

v W|]JLI ãFJSMDF\ ãFjI

v pQDF4 lJn]TGF D\NJFCS

NaCl, KBr,

MgCl2, KNO3

;C;\IMHS 3G 5ZDF6]VM JrR[

;C;\IMHS A\W

v ;BT

v UPlAP p\RF

C slCZM4 U|[OF.8f

SiO2, SiCsSJF8"hf

VF^JLI 3G V6]- V6] JrR[

H – A\W VYJF

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S[ JFg0ZJF<s A/

v GZD

v GLRF4 UPlAP

v lJn]T v pQDFGF

VJFCS

CH4, P4,

CO2, S8

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JrR[ WFltJS A\W

v GZDYL ;BT

v UPlAP ,F\AF UF/FG]\

v pQDF VG[ lJn]TGF

;]JFCS

Na, Zn,

Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni,

W

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m

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02

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

.P ;P 1912 DF\ D[S; JMG ,M (Laue) nimni (vXin)k[ k[Tlik Gn pdiYi[<ni a¿yis prY) jNiÄy&> k[

:Ol8SvHF/L ZRGFDF> S6M ;DT,M sPlanesf mi> gi[qviy[li hi[y C[.

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TZ\U,\AF.GL DF+FGF S|DF\S D]HA CMI K[P

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pdiY<ni VF 5|SFZG[ ,M 5|SFZ (Laue pattern) SC[ K[P

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an[ ai JWFZFG]\ kipv&> pDt&> V\TZ TZ\U,\AF. GL 5]6F"S {g&Ni>k} ;\bIF H[8,]\ CMJ]\ HM.V[P

VFS'lTDF\ NXF"jIF 5|DF6[ Af(Tkmi> 1FvlSZ6 5]\HGM VF5FTSM6 T[GF 5ZFJTL" SM6 K*Ni[ BAC

H[8,M CMI K[P

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Q:-04 1FvlSZ6MGM 5]\H :Ol8S äFZF lJJT"G XF DF8[ 5FDL XS[ K[ m

Q:-05 A|[UG]\ ;DLSZ6 D[/JMP

03

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

aiY) 1FvlSZ6 5]\H[ kipv&> pDt&> vFirin&> a>tr BC + CD V\TZ j[Tl&> CMJ]\ HM.V[P j[ TZ\U,\AF.

GF 5]6F"S {g&Ni>k} H[8,]\ hS[.

VFYL n = BC + CD

n = 2BC (aikZ(t prY))

CJ[ (#iki[N ABC mi> K*Ni[ B SF8B}6M CMJFYL

sin =

BC = AC sin

A\n[ ;DT, JrR[G]\ V\TZ d V[ AC H[8,]\ YX[P

BC = d sin TYF n = 2BC CMJFYL

VF ;DLSZ6G[ A|[UG]\ ;DLSZ6 SC[ K[P

T[GF äFZF HF6LTL TZ\U,\AF. I]ST 1FvlSZ6

5]\H äFZF :Ol8SMGF :TZM JrR[ ZC[,F V\TZG[

5ZFJT"G SM6GL DNNYL DF5L XSFI K[P

BC

AC

n = 2d sin

Bragg was born in North Adelaide, South Australia. He was an

impressionable boy and showed an early interest in science and

mathematics. His father, William Henry Bragg, was Professor of

Mathematics and Physics at the University of Adelaide. Shortly after

starting school aged 5, William Lawrence Bragg fell from his tricycle

and broke his arm. His father had recently read about Röntgen's

experiments in Europe and used the newly discovered X-rays to examine

the broken arm. This is the first recorded surgical use of X-rays in

Australia.

Prizes Nobel Prize (1915) Matteucci Medal (1915) Royal Medal (1946) Copley Medal (1966)

Henry Bragg

Sir William Lawrence Bragg, (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian

physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 with his father Sir

William Henry Bragg. He was the director of the Cavendish Laboratory,

Cambridge when the epochal discovery of the structure of DNA was made by

James Watson and Francis Crick in February 1953.

Youngest person to ever receive a Nobel Prize. He is the son of W.H. Bragg. Note

that the PhD did not exist at Cambridge until 1919, and so J.J. Thompson and

W.H. Bragg were his Master's advisors. Lawrence Bragg

aikZ(t di[ri[:

04

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

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Q:-06 ;JUF"\SGL jIFbIF VF5MP

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Q:-08 S,Mh v 5[S ZRGF V[8,[ X]\

m

Q:-09 V[SD SMQF (Unit cell) V[8,[ X] m

Q:-10 V[SD SMQF miT[ ;FNL 3G ZRGF (SCC)

“sfL Yniri k>e nv&> kiy< nY) krti pN a[j kiy< nv) r)t[ kr[ C[.”

05

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

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UM/FVMGF\ ;\5S"DF VFJX[P

+LHM :TZ c, ALHF :TZ b 5Z 5|YD :TZ a GL H[D gi[qviy C[.

H[DF b :TZDF\GF UM/FVM 5|YD :TZ a DF\GF UM/FVM JrR[ ZCL UI[,F

UT" sKLN=f DF\ A\W A[;Ti Y. HX[P

VF ZRGF a—b—a—b—a—b 5|SFZYL YX[P

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VFDFGF a--b :TZM QF8SM6LI

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CMI K[4 5Z\T] +LH] :TZ "a"

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c GF UF/FVM 5|YD :TZ a

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Q:-11 V[SD SMQF miT[ V\TS[lgN=T 3G ZRGF (BCC)

Q:-12 V[SD SMQF miT[ O,S S[lgãT SI]lAS S,Mhv5[S ZRGF (FCC)

ky&b)k a(t kli[zp[k rcni {Gn a(t s>k&l)t rcni}

06

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

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:TZGF K 5F0MXL UM/FVM4 3 p5ZGF :TZGF

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vo UM/FVMGL RFZ 5|SFZGL 5[lS\U ZRGF ov

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12

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s3G GYL CMTMf

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12

74

O,SS[lgN=T 3G

Q:-13 V[SD SMQF miT[ QF8ŸSM6LI S,Mh5[S ZRGF (HCP)

Q:-14 V[SD SMQF miT[ VlT S,Mhv5[S ZRGF

a

“cN[l) emirt a[ni nkSimi> nY) hi[t),

n[ sfLti J>dg)n) hAtr[Kimi> nY) hi[t).”

07

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

H[ 5NFYM" V[S H 5|SFZGL HF/L ZRGFYL V[S ;DFG 5ZDF^JLI ZRGFJF/F :Ol8S AGFJ[ TM4 T[G[

;DFS'lTS (Isomorphous) SC[ K[P

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;FNF 3G V[SD SMQFDF\4 (SCC),

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ai dr[k prmiN&>ni[ a[k a[km ki[Pmi> fiLi[ prmiN& j[Tli[ YS[.

sidi Gnn) rcnimi> aivi aiq K*Niprni

aiq[y prmiN&ai[ni[ k&l fiLi[ = x 8

= 1 prmiN&

V\ToS[lgN=T 3G V[SD SMQFDF\4(BCC)

a>t:k[IºWt Gnmi> sidiGnn) j[m T]<I~5 S6M 3G V[SD SMQFGF VF9 B]6[ UM9JFI[,F CMI K[P

ah)> K*Nini aiq prmiN&ai[ni[ fiLi[ = x 8

= 1 prmiN&

upri>t Gnnik[ºWmi> rh[li[ a[k prmiN& a[km

ki[Pni[ pi[tini[ j hi[viY) t[ni[ fiLi[ = 1 prmiN&

aim BCC mi> a[kmki[P d)q k&l prmiN& = 1 + 1 = 2 prmiN& YS[.

O,S S[lgN=T 3G V[SD SMQFDF\4(FCC)

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a[k a[k prmiN& aiv[l hi[y C[.ai dr[k prmiN& b[ a[km

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Q:-16 SCC, BCC, FCC 3G :Ol8SMDF\ 5|tI[S V[SD SMQFDF\ ZC[,F 5ZDF6]VMGL

;\bIFGL U6TZL ;DHFJMP

1

8

1

8

1

8

1

8

Q:-15 ;DFS'lTS VG[ AC]S'lTS pdi[

smjivi[.

08

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

ki[Pmi> fiLi[ prmiN& YS[.

Aivi C a[ prmiN&ai[ni[ k&l fiLi[ = x 6

= 3 prmiN& YS[.

aim FCC mi> a[kmki[P d)q k&l prmiN& = 1 + 3 = 4 prmiN& YS[.

5|lT V[SD SMQFDF\ 5ZDF6]VMGL ;\bIF

SMQFGM 5|SFZ B}6[ ZC[,L

5ZDF6]v;\bIF

O,SDF\GL

5ZDF6]v;\bIF

V\ToS[lgN=T

5ZDF6] ;\bIF

S],

;FNM 3G (scc) 8 x 1/8 = 1 0 0 1

V\ToS[lgN=T (bcc) 8 x 1/8 = 1 0 1 2

O,SoS[lgN=T (fcc) 8 x 1/8 = 1 6 x ½ = 3 0 4

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:Ol8SM SC[ K[P pNFP o NaCl, CsCl, ZnS ljFU[Z[PPP

NaCl GF :Ol8SDF Na+, 6Cl

-- VFIGMYL lJ\8/FI[,M CMI K[P H[YL Na

+ GM ;JU"VF\S 6 K[P

CsCl GF :Ol8SDF Cs+ VFIG 8Cl

-- VFIGMYL lJ\8/FI[,M CMI K[P H[YL Cs

+ GM ;JU"VF\S 8 K[P

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TiO2 DF\ Ti+4

GM ;JU"VF\S 6 K[P

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Q:-17 MX TYF MX2 5|SFZGF :Ol8S A\WFZ6 5Z GM\W ,BMP

1

2 1

2

“(vwi (vnini[[ nr pS& smin C[.”

09

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

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3 2

1

3 2

1

6

5 4

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Q:-22 l+HIF U]6MtTZ V[8,[ X] m

010

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

:Ol8S ZRGFDF\ H]NL H]NL ZRGFVM ;DHJF DF8[ VFIMlGS l+HIF lJX[G]\ 7FG VtI\T DCtJG]\ K[P

;FDFgI ZLT[ FG VFIG SZTF\ k6 VFIGMGL l+HIF DM8L CMI K[P

WG VFIG (r+) VG[ k6 VFIG (r

-) GL l+HIFGM U]6MtTZ r

+ / r

— H[D JWFZ[ T[D WG aiynn&> kd

pN vFir[ hi[y C[. aiY) Fn VFIGGM ;JU" VF\S JWFZ[ CMI K[P

H[D H[D WG VFIGGL l+HIF 38TL HFI TM VFIMlGS l+HIFGM U]6MtTZ (r+

/ r--f 38[ K[P 5lZ6FD[

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j[ n)c[ni ki[OTk prY) smJ Skiy C[.

l+HIFGM U]6MtTZ r+ / r

— ;JU" VF\S udihrN

0.933 8 CsCl

0.524 6 NaCl

0.402 4 ZnS

o lJlJW ;JU"VF\S VG[ l+HIF U]6MtTZ o

3G VFIG (c) GM

;JU"VF\S

l+HIF U]6MtTZ

re / ra VYJF r+

/ r--

k6 VFIGM (a) GL

UM9J6L

3 0.15 YL 0.22 l+SM6LI

4 0.22 YL 0.41 ;DRT]QO,SLI (ZnS)

6 0.41 YL 0.73 VQ8O,SLI O,S S[lgN=T

3G (NaCl)

8 0.73 YL JW] VQ8O,SLI V\ToS[lgN=T

3G (CsCl)

Q:-23 AfT)k jiL) rcnimi> aiyni[ni kd an[ (#ijyi g&Ni[trn) mih)t) aipi[.

011

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

VFS'lTDF\ NXF"J[,L ;DRT]QO,SLI ZRGFDF\ V[S ;DFG SNGF 3 UM/FVMsl+HIF r--f V[SALHFGF

;\5S"DF\ V[S H ;DT,DF\ UM9JFI[,F K[P +6 UM/FVM JrR[ AGTF ;DRT]QO,SLI KLN=DF\ V[S 3G

VFIG~5L GFGM UM/M sl+HIF r+f UM9JFI[,M K[P

VF FG VFIG~5L UM/M +6 k6 VFIGMG[ V0SLG[ ZC[ T[8,M GFGM K[P A, B, C k6 VFIGM~5L

UM/FVMGF DwIlA\N]VM K[ VG[ WG VFIGG]\ DwIlA\N] O K[P

A TYF C lA\N]n[ HM0T]\ lA\N] D VF UM/FVM A TYF C G]\ ;\5S"lA\N] K[P VFS'lTDF\ NXF"jIF VG];FZ o

r = WG VFIGGL l+HIF (r+)

R = k6 VFIGGL l+HIF (r--) K[P

CJ[ AOD TYF COD l+SM6 AGFJMP VF A\G[ ;DE]H l+SM6M K[P VF l+SM6GM VFWFZSM6 (base-

angle) 300 K[ TYF 5|tI[S SF8SM6 l+SM6M K[P

VF ZRGF p5ZYL

VFD4 l+HIF v U]6MtTZ

HM VF l+HIF v U]6MtTZ _P155 YL VMKM CMI4 TM :Ol8S ZRGF V:YFIL CMI K[P

VQ8O,SLI ZRGFDF\4 5|tI[S WG VFIG OZT[ RFZ k6

VFIGM V[S H ;DT,DF\ ZC[,F CMI K[P VF p5ZF\T4 V[S

k6 VFIG p5Z VG[ V[S GLR[GF EFU[ CMI K[P VFD4

5|tI[S WG VFIG K k6 VFIGMYL JL\8/FI[,M CMI K[P

VFS'lTDF NXF"J[ K[ S[4 WG VFIG V[S H ;DT,DF\ RFZ

k6 VFIGMYL JL\8/FI[,M K[P RFZ k6 VFIG~5L UM/F

A, B, C VG[ D DwIlA\N]VM K[ HIFZ[ WG VFIG~5L

UM/FG]\ DwIlA\N] S K[P

30AD R

CosAO R r

1.155 (0.155)cos30 0.8660

R Rr R R R R R

0.155r

R

0.155r

r

B A

C D

R

R

S r

Q:-24 ;DRT]QO,SLI ZRGF DF8[ l+HIFG U]6MtTZ n&> m*Ãy tirvi[.

B

O

A C

R D

R R

Q:-25 VQ8O,SLI ZRGF DF8[ l+HIFGM U]6MtTZ n&> m*Ãy tirvi[.

012

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

;DRMZ;GF\ A[ lJS6M" AD VG[ BC V[SALHFG[ SF8B]6[ CMI K[P

5lZ6FD[ RFZ SF8SM6 l+SM6M AG[ K[P

VFDF\GF SM. 56 DF8[ S6" = 2 R TYF 5|tI[S AFH] DF8[ R + r YX[P

5F.YFUMZ; 5|D[I D]HA (R + r)2 + (R + r)

2 = (2R)

2

sSFZ6 S[ RMZ;GL AFH] = 2R)

T[YL 2(R + r)2 = 4R

2 VYJF (R + r)

2 = 2R

2

VFG]]\ JU"D]/ SF-TF\ R + r = . R

r = ( --1) R

CJ[ l+HIFvU]6MtTZ r

R DF\ p5ZG]\ r G]\ D]<I pD[ZTF\

HM VF l+HIF v U]6MtTZ _P414 YL VMKM CMI4 TM :Ol8S ZRGF V:YFIL CMI K[P

NaCl VG[ CsCl A\G[ :Ol8SDF\ WG VFIG VG[ k6 VFIGGL ;\bIF 1 o 1 K[P VFYL A\G[ MX

5|SFZGF :Ol8S K[ T[D SCL XSFIP

:Ol8SGL HF/L ZRGFGM VFWFZ WG VFIGGF ;JU" VF\S 5Z ZC[,M K[P NaCl GF :Ol8SDF\ rNa+ / rCI

--

= 0.524 K[P VFYL WG VFIG Na+ GM ;JU"VF\S K K[P H[YL NaCl GF :Ol8SDF V[S Na

+ GL

VF;5F; K Cl—VFIGM UM9JFI[,F CMI K[ H[ K O,SGF S[gN=DF\ UM9JFI[,F K[P V[ H ZLT[ NZ[S Cl

—

VFIGGL VF;5F; K Na+ VFIGM UM9JFI[,F CMI K[P

NaCl GM :Ol8S O,SS[lgN=T SI]lAS S,Mh5[S ZRGF NXF"J[ K[P AWF Na+ VFIGM VQ8O,lSI KLN=MGF

:YFG[ UM9JFI[,F CMI K[P

2

2

( 2 1)2 1 1.414 1 0.414

0.414

r R

R R

r

r

Q:-26 NaCl VG[ CsCl A\G[ MX 5|SFZGF :Ol8S K[ 56 A\G[GL :Ol8S HF/L ZRGF H]NL K[ ;DHFJMP

013

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

CsCl DF\ Cs+ VFIGM Na

+ VFIG SZTF DM8M K[ VFYL CsCl DF\ rCs

+ / rCI

-- = 0.933 K[P DF8[ Cs

+ GM

;JU"VF\S VF9 K[P 5lZ6FD[ CsCl GF :Ol8SDF Cs+ GL VF;5F; VF9 Cl

—VFIGM UM9JFI[,F CMI K[P

V[ H ZLT[ NZ[S Cl—VFIGGL VF;5F; VF9 Cs

+ VFIGM UM9JFI[,F CMI K[P VFYL CsCl DF\ V\To

S[lgN=T 3G ZRGF HMJF D/[ K[P

HM S[ VF ZRGFDF\ 3GGF\ S[gN=DF\ VG[ B}6FVM 5Z V[S H 5|SFZGF VFIGM UM9JFI[,F CMTF GYL 5Z\T]

lEgG 5|SFZGF CMI K[P

VF p5ZYL V[D Ol,T YFI K[ S[ VFIGMGL ;F5[1F ;\bIF VG[ T[GF SN :Ol8S HF/L ZRGFGF 5|SFZ

DF8[ HJFANFZ CMI K[P

lh\S ;<OF.0 (ZnS) ;\IMHGGF\ A[ :Ol8S~5 D/[ K[P

s!f lh\S a,[g0 sZf J]thF".8

ZRGF o

H[D CLZFDF\ SFA"G 5ZDF6]VM ;DRT]QO,SLI ZRGFDF\ HM0FI[,F CMI K[ T[ H 5|DF6[ lh\S ;<OF0.GF

A\G[ :Ol8S~5MDF\ Zn+2

VG[ S--2

VFIGM T[GL 5F;[GF\ ALHF RFZ VFIGM ;FY[ ;DRT]QO,SLI ZRGFDF\

HM0FI[,F CMI K[P

lh\S a,[g0DF\ S--2

VFIGM O,S S[lgN=T ZRGF (FCC) WZFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ J]thF".8DF\ Zn+2

VFIGM

QF8ŸSM6LI (HCP) ZRGF WZFJ[ K[P

VFD4 Zn+2

VFIGGL VF;5F; RFZ S--2

VFIGM VG[ S--2

VFIGGL VF;5F; RFZ Zn+2

VFIGM

;C;\IMHS A\W J0[ HM0FI[,F\ CMI K[P 5Z\T] ;C;\IMHS A\WGF VF9 .,[S8=MG Zn+2

VG[ S--2

VFIGM

5F;[YL ;ZB[ EFU[ VFJ[,F CMTF GYLP Zn+2

GF A[ ;\IMHSTF .,[S8=MG VG[ S--2

GF K ;\IMHSTF

.,[S8=MG V[D S], VF9 .,[S8=MG YFI K[4 H[ RFZ ;C;\IMHS A\W AGFJ[ K[P VFYL VF ZRGFVMDF\

NZ[S VFIGGM ;JU"VF\S RFZ YFI K[P

s!f lh\S a,[g0 sZf J]thF".8

Q:-27 ZnS slh\S ;<OF.0f GF A[ Av$pi[ni GFD VF5L T[GL :Ol8S HF/L ZRGF

lJUTJFZ ;DHFJMP

014

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

5'yJLGF 5M50FGM ,UEU 90@ EFU l;l,S[8 VFIMlGS ;\IMHGMGM AG[,M K[P

VF VFIGMDF\ l;l,S[8 VMShM v k6 VFIG sVMlS;HGI]ST k6 VFIGf T[DH Na+, K

+, Mg

+2,

Ca+2

H[JF WG VFIGM VF k6 VFIGMGF JLHEFZ ;DWFlZT SZJF HM0FI[,F CMI K[P

l;l,S[8GM D]/E]T A\WFZ6LI V[SD SiO4—4

;DRT]QO,S aiyn K[P

l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGMGF 5|SFZ GLR[ D]HA K[ o

s!fsidi k[ VFYM"l;l,S[8 o j[ (sl)k[T s>yijni[mi> a[k j (SiO4)—4

VFIG

aiv[li[ hi[y t[n[ VMYM"l;l,S[8 s>yi[jni[ kh[ C[.

NFPTP lhSM"G (ZrSiO4), VMl,lJG (MgFe)2 SiO4

sZf Diy k[ 5FIZMl;l,S[8 o j[ (sl)k[T s>yi[jni[mi> b[ (sl)k[T (SiO4)—4

aiyni[ a[k sh)yiri

ai[Iksjn prmiN&> Y) ji[Diy[li hi[y t[n[ Diy k[ piyri[ (sl)k[[T kh[ C[.

5FIZMl;l,S[8DF\ 0FI l;l,S[8 k6 VFIG (Si2O7—6

) VFIG WZFJTF BGLHM CMI K[P

NFPTP o YM8"J[VF.8F.8 (Sc2 Si2O7)

A[ZLU;L,F.8 (Pb3 Si2O7)

(Si2O7—6

) GL ZRGF

s#f D[8F S[ J,I sRlS|If l;l,S[8 o j[ (sl)k[T s>yi[jni[mi> a[k (sl)k[T aiynni b[ ai[Iksjn

prmiN&> b)ji b[ (sl)k[T aiyni[ni a[k-a[k ai[Iksjn siY[ sh)yiri ji[Diyn[ c(k|y rcni bniv[

t[n[ m[Ti k[ vly (sl)k[T kh[ C[. VF l;l,S[8DF\ (SiO3) n2n—

VFIGM RlS|I ZRGF WZFJ[ K[P

NFPTP A[lZ, Be3 Al2 [Si6O18]

JM,F:8MGF.8 o Ca3Si3O9

5gGF GFDGF ZtGDF\ 56 VFJL

ZRGF CMI K[P

s$f X'\B,F l;l,S[8 o j[ (sl)k[T s>yi[jni[mi> a[k (sl)k[T aiynni b[ ai[Iksjn prmiN&> b)ji

b[ (sl)k[T aiyni[ni a[k-a[k ai[Iksjn siY[ sh)yiri ji[Diyn[ li>b) SZ>Klimy rcni bniv[ ti[

t[n[ SZ>Kli (sl)k[T kh[ C[.

t[mi> (SiO3) n2n—

k6 VFIG X'\B,F :J~5[ CMI K[P

(SiO4) —4

Q:-28 8}\SGM\W ,BM o l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGM o

(SiO3) n2n—

(SiO3) n2n—

015

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

NFPTP 0FIM%;F.0 CaMg [Si2O6] BGLHDF k6 VFIGM X'\B,F :J~5[ CMI K[P

V[:A[:8M; BlGHDF\ JWFZFGF VMlS;HG 5ZDF6]VM äFZF lävZ[lBI k6 VFIGM (Si40116-

) X'\B,F

:J~5[ CMI K[P

V[dOLAM<;DF\ 56 VFJT"lGI V[SD [Si4O11]n-6n

K[P

NFPTP 8=MDM,F.8 Ca2 Mg5 (OH)2 [Si8O22]

s5f läv5lZDF6FtDS VYJF :TZ l;l,S[8 o (SiO3) n2n—

k6 VFIG WZFJTM l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGM

:TZ l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGM TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P

H[DF\ NZ[S SiO4—4

RT]QO,SGF k6 VMlS;HG 5ZDF6]VM AFH]GF\ +6 Si 5ZDF6]VM ;FY[

;CLIFZFDF\ HM0FI[,F CMI K[P

NFPTP olRGF. DF8L4

X\BHL~ (Talc) : Mg3 (OH)2 [Si4O10],

D:SMZF.8 o KAL3(OH)2 [AlSi3O10]

s&f l+v5lZDF6FtDS l;l,S[8 o VF 5|SFZGF l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGDF\ SiO4--4

RT]QO,SGF RFZ[I

VMlS;HG 5ZDF6]VM VgI RFZ l;l,SMG 5ZDF6]VM JrR[ ;CLIFZFDF\ HM0FI[,F CMI K[ tIFZ[

l+v5lZ6FtDS l;l,S[8 AG[ K[P

VF ZLT[ D/TF l;l,S[8G]\ ;FDFgI ;]+ (SiO2) n K[P

SiO2 GF VG[S :Ol8SL :J~5MDF SJF8h"4 8=FI0FIDF.8 VG[ lS|:8MA[,F.8 K[P

SiO2 GF\ Si+4

G]\ Al+3

äFZF VF\lXS {Yi[Dik aiyni[n&>} lJ:YF5G SZJFYL V[<I]lDGM l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGM

AG[ K[PP T[GF A[ 5|SFZ K[ o s!f O[<0:5FZ sZf lhIM,F.8;

s!f O[<0:5FZ o T[DF\ [AlSi3O8] VYJF [Al2Si2O8]--2

k6 VFIG CMI K[ T[ AWF H BGLHM SZTF

;F{YL JW] D/L VFJ[ K[P

VMYM"S,[h v K[Al Si3O8]

V[GMYF".8 v Ca2 [Al2Si2O8]

(Si4011)6-

(Si2O5)n-2n

k6 VFIG

Q:-29 V[<I]lDGM l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGM ;DHFJMP

VMYM"S,[h

016

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

sZf lhIM,F.8; o

H[DF [Al2Si3O8 (H2O2)2]–-2

k6 VFIG CMI K[P

lhIM,F.8;DF\ SiO4 TYF AlO4 RT]QO,SLI :J~5M

V[SALHF ;FY[ ;Z/ ZLT[ HM0F.G[ l+v5lZDF6FtDS

G[8JS" AGFJ[ K[4 H[DF ZC[,L KLN=M~5L JFlCSF sR[G,f

äFZF V[SALHF ;FY[ ;\S/FI[, CMI K[P

VF JFlCSF sR[G,f DF\ DF+ GFGF GFGF V6]VM H

5|J[XL XSTF CMJFG[ SFZ6[ lhIM,F.8GM p5IMU

VF^JLI RF/6L (Molecular Sieve) TZLS[ DM8F V6]VM DF\YL GFGF V6]VMG[ H]NF 5F0JF DF8[ Yiy K[P

VF p5ZF\T T[GM p5IMU U[;M,LG pnMUDF\ pNL5S TZLS[ 56 YFI K[P

pNFCZ6 o GF.VM,F.8 Na2 [Si4O8 (H2O) 2] an[

ZSM-5

;FDFgI ZLT[ ;\5]6" ZLT[ X]wW 5NFY"GL :Ol8S ZRGFDF\ WG VFIGM VG[ k6 VFIGM JrR[GM U]6MtTZ

5]6F"S CMJM HM.V[ V[8,[ S[ lGl`RT 5|DF6GF lGIDG]\ 5F,G YJ]\ HM.V[P

lGZ5[1F X}gI TF5DFG[ :Ol8SDF\ 5ZDF6] S[ VFIGMGL ;\5]6" jIJl:YT UM9J6L CMI K[P

5Z\T] 5|6F,L 5MT[ DCtTD VjIJ:YF 5|F%T SZJFG]\ J,6 WZFJ[ K[P VFYL HIFZ[ TF5DFG lGZ5[1F X}gI

SZTF JW[ K[ tIFZ[ VFIGM S[ 5ZDF6]VMG]\ S\5G YTF :Ol8SGL UM9J6L VjIJl:YT AG[ K[P 5lZ6FD[

:Ol8S ZRGFDF\ WG VFIGM VG[ k6 VFIGMG[ T[GF IMuI :YFG 5ZYL Rl,T YJFGL TS JW[ K[ DF8[

:Ol8S ZRGFDF\ 1FlTVM pNEJ[ K[P

VF p5ZF\T :Ol8SDF\ S[8,LS VX]wWLVM NFB, YFI tIFZ[ 56 1FlTVM pNEJ[ K[P

:Ol8S ZRGFDF\ 1FlTVM pNEJJFG[ SFZ6[ 3G 5NFYM"GF 36F BZF U]6WDM" H[JF S[ lJn]TJFCSTF4

IF\l+SXlST VG[ R]\ASLI U]6WDM" V;Z 5FD[ K[ H[YL T[G[ :Ol8SGL V[S DF+ ZRGF p5ZYL ;DHFJL

XSFTF GYLP

:Ol8S ZRGFDF\ pNEJTL 1FlTVM :Ol8SGF U]6WDM"DF\ O[ZOFZ SZ[ K[ T[ p5ZF\T S[8,FS GJF

U]6WDM" 56 pt5gG SZ[ K[P

Q:-30 :Ol8S ZRGFDF\ 1FlTVM XFYL pt5gG YFI K[ m

BFDLG[ SFZ6[ 5NFYM"GF U]6WDM" p5Z XL V;Z YFI K[ m

017

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

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l;l,SMG S[ ;Ml0ID S,MZF.0 H[JF ;\5]6" ;C;\IMHS VYJF ;\5}6" VFIMlGS :Ol8SMDF\ lGZ5[1F X]gI

TF5DFG[ ;F{YL GLRF pHF":TZM T[DGF .,[S8=MG äFZF EZFI[,F CMI K[P

;FDFgI ZLT[ ;C;\IMHS :Ol8SMDF .,[S8=MGG]\ lJTZ6 ZF;FIl6S A\WGF 5|SFZ 5Z VFWFlZT CMI K[P

VFIMlGS :Ol8SDF\ .,[S8=MG H[ 5ZDF6] JW] lJn]Tk6TF WZFJ[ K[ T[GL JW] GHLS ZC[ K[P

p\RF T5FDFG[ VFDFGF S[8,FS .,[S8=MG p\RL XlST ;5F8LDF\ HFI K[P VFYL :Ol8S lJn]TJFCS AG[ K[P

A\WDF\YL .,[S8=MG D]ST YTM CMJFYL H[ HuIF BF,L 50[ T[G[ lKN= VYJF lJJZ (hole) SC[ K[P

VF KLN=M :Ol8SDF\ D]ST 56[ OZJF ;1FD AG[ K[ H[YL :Ol8S JLH JFCS AG[ K[P

5Z\T] lJH1F[+DF KLN=MG]\ JCG .,[S8=MG JCGGL lNXFGL lJ~wW lNXFDF\ CMI K[P

VFJF D]ST .,[S8=MG VG[ lKN=MG[ 3GDF\ ZC[,L .,[S8=MlGS V5]6"TF SC[ K[P

l;l,SMG VG[ HD["lGIDGF :Ol8SMDF\ VX]lwW NFB, SZL

VF 5|SFZGF D]ST .,[S8=MG TYF KLN=M pt5gG YFI K[P

5lZ6FD[ VF 5|SFZGF :Ol8SMGM VW"JFCSM AGFJJFDF\

J5ZFI K[ VG[ T[ .,[S8=MlGS pnMUMDF\ B]A p5IMUL K[P

cc:Ol8S HF/L ZRGFDF lGIT :YFGMDF\ V[S IF JW] 5ZDF6] S[ VFIGM T[DGF\ :YFG AN,[ tIFZ[

:Ol8SDF pNEJTL V5]6"TFG[ lA\N]1FlT (Point defect) SC[ K[Pcc

VF 1FlT +6 5|SFZGL CMI K[P

s!f XM8 ŸSL 1FlT sZf O|[gS, 1FlT s#f lJ:YFl5T VjIJ:YF

s!f XM8ŸSL (Schottki) 1FlT ov

:Ol8S HF/L ZRGFDF\ VF KLN=M q lJJ[ZM I]uD TZLS[ CMI

K[P H[DF V[S WG TYF V[S k6 VFIG U[ZCFHZ CMI K[P

VF 5|SFZGL 1FlT D]bItJ[ 5|A/ VFIMlGS ;\IMHGMDF\ S[

H[VMGF WG TYF k6 VFIGM V[S;ZBF SN s5lZDF5f GF

CMI T[DF\ HMJF D/[ K[4 H[G[ SFZ6[ T[DGF\ ;JU"VF\S p\RF

CMI s6 VYJF 8f K[P

NFPTP NaCl, CsCl, KCl, KBr H[JF ;\IMHGMDF VF 1FlT

HMJF D/[ K[P

XM8ŸSL 1FlT 3G 5NFY"G] \ 3GtJ s3GTFf 38F0[ K[P sXM8ŸSL BFDLf

Q:-31 .,[S8=MlGS V5}6"TF ;DHFJMP

Q:-32 5ZDF^JLI V5}6"TF VYJF lA\N]1FTL V[8,[ X]\ m T[GF 5|SFZ ;DHFJMP

018

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

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NaCl :Ol8SDF\ ;FDFgI TF5DFG[ ,UEU 106 XM8 ŸSL I]uDM 5|lT 3G ;[DLP CMI K[P V[S 3G ;[DLP

SNDF\ VFXZ[ 1022

S], VFIGM CMI K[P VFD 5|lT 1016

VFIG[ V[S XM8 ŸSL 1FlT HMJF D/[ K[P

sZf O|[gS, (Frenkel) 1FlT ov

HIFZ[ 5ZDF6] S[ VFIG :Ol8S HF/L ZRGFDF\GF 5MTFGF

lGIT :YFG 5ZYL Rl,T Y.G[ VF\TZF,LI BF,L

:YFGDF\ B;L HFI VG[ 5MTFGF D]/ :YFG p5Z

KLN= q lJJZ pt5gG SZ[ TM VF 5|SFZGL 1FlTG[ O|[gS,

1FlT SC[ K[P

WFT]GF VFIGM k6 VFIGM SZTF\ 5|DF6DF\ GFGF CMI

K[P H[G[ 5lZ5FD[ WG VFIGM VF\TZF,IDF\ UM9JFI[,F

CMI K[P VF 5|SFZGL 1FlT WG TYF k6 VFIGGF\ SNDF\

DM8F TOFJTG[ ,LW[ pNŸEJ[ K[P 5lZ6FD[ T[DGM

;JU"VF\S GLRM s4 VYJF 6f CMI K[P

GFGF WG (+) VFIGM B]A W|]JLI CMJFYL TYF DM8F k6 O|[gS, BFDL

(--) VFIGM TZT H W|]JLI AGL HTF\ CMJFG[ ,LW[ VFJF ;\IMHGMDF\ V\XTo ;C;\IMHS ,1F6M CMI K[P

VFIGMGL VFJL ,F1Fl6STF T[DH ;FDFG JLHEFZM 5F;5F;[ CMJFG[ SFZ6[ T[DGF 0FI.,[S8=LS

VR/F\S (dielectric constant) p\RF CMI K[P

NFPTP o ZnS; AgCl; AgBr; AgI

O|[gS, 1FlTG[ SFZ6[ 3G 5NFY"GL 3GTFDF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP

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s#f lJ:YFl5T VjIJ:YF ov

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lJGLDI (exchange) SZ[ tIFZ[ lJ:YFl5T VjIJ:YF pEL YFI K[P

NFPTP o Cu -- Au lDz WFT]DF\ VF 5|SFZGL 1FlT HMJF D/[ K[P

BHADRA’S WAIT AND WATCH

019

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

lJn]TJFCSTFGF U]6WDM"GF VFWFZ[ 3G 5NFYM"G]\ JUL"SZ6 +6 ZLT[ SZ[,\] K[P

s!f lJn]T ;]JFCSM sZf lJn]T VW"JFCSM s#f lJn]T VJFCSM

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5|lT ;[DLP H[8,L CMI K[P

HIFZ[ VJFCSMGL lJHJFCSTF ,UEU 10v12 5|lT VMCD 5|lT ;[DLP CMI K[P

WFT]GL lJHJFCSTF T[GL :Ol8S HF/L ZRGFDF\ D]ST ZLT[ UlT SZTF .,[S8=MG VG[ KLN=MG[ SFZ6[ CMI

K[P VF 5|SFZGL JFCSTFG[ .,[S8=MlGS JFCSTF SC[ K[P

VFIMlGS 3G 5NFYM"GL lJHJFCSTF T[GL :Ol8S HF/L ZRGFDF\ VFIGMGF :YFGF\TZG[ SFZ6[ CMI K[P

VF 5|SFZGL JFCSTFG[ VFIMlGS JFCSTF SC[ K[P

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o S[8,FS WFT] H[8,L JFCSTF NXF"J[ K[P NFPTP TiO, CrO2

o AFSLGF DM8[ EFU[ VJFCSM K[P NFPTP TiO2, FeO, Fe2O3, CuO

o S[8,F VW"JFCS K[P NFPTP Ti2O3

o ReO3 GL JFCSTF VG[ N[BFJ SM5Z H[JF K[P

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VMKL TLJ|TF WZFJTF R]\ASLI 1F[+ TZO VFSQFF"I K[P NFPTP TiO2

H[ 5NFYM"DF\ 5ZDF6]VMGL AWL S1FSM .,[S8=MGYL 5]6" EZFI[,L CMI VYJF T[GF AWF H .,[S8=MG

I]luDT CMI T[ 5NFYM" 5|lTR]\ASLI U]6WD" WZFJ[ K[P

Q:-33 lJn]TJFCSTFGF U]6WD"G[ VFWFZ[ 3G 5NFYM"G]\ 3G 5NFYM"G]\ JUL"SZ6 SZM

VG[ T[GF U]6WDM"GL RRF" SZMP

Q:-34 5|lT R]\ASLI 5NFYM" smjivi[. {Diamagnetic}

020

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

Sir Joseph Larmor (11 July 1857 Magheragall, County Antrim, Ireland – 19

May 1942 Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland), a physicist and

mathematician who made innovations in the understanding of

electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of

matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a

theoretical physics book published in 1900.

NZ[S 5NFYM"GF 5ZDF6]VMGL .,[S8=MG EZ[,L S1FSM HIFZ[ AFCI R]\ASLI 1F[+GL V;Z GLR[ VFJ[ tIFZ[

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K[P S1FSMGF VF 5|SFZGF E|D6G[ ,FZDMZ E|D6 SC[ K[P

5|lT R]\ASLI 5NFYM"GL R]\ASLI U|FCITF k6 CMI K[P

VF 5NFYM" AFCI R]\ASLI 1F[+DF\ VFSQF"6 VG]EJ[ K[P

ALHL ZLT[ SCLV[ TM VF 5NFYM" p5Z HM ACFZYL R]\ASLI 1F[+ ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ TM T[ VMKL TLJ|TF

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VF 5|SFZGF 5NFYM"GF 5ZDF6]VM4 VFIGM S[ V6]VMDF VI]luDT .,[S8=MGG[ SFZ6[ VFJF 5NFYM"DF

SFIDL R]\ASLI lävW|]JM CMI K[P 5Z\T] AFCI R]\ASLI 1F[+GL U[ZCFHZLDF\ VF 5|SFZGF AWF H R]\ASLI

lävW|]JM VjIJl:YT ZLT[ ZC[,F CMJFYL VF 5NFYM" R]\AS AGTF GYL 5Z\T] HIFZ[ AFCI R]\ASLI 1F[+

,UFJ0JFDF\ VFJ[ tIFZ[ VF 5NFYM"GF R]\ASLI lävW|]JM V[S H

lNXFDF UM9JFI HFI K[ H[YL T[ 5NFY" R]\ASn) H[D JT"JF ,FU[ K[P

pr>t& AFCI R]\ASLI 1F[+ OZLYL d*rYti R]\ASLI lävW|]JM

VjIJl:YT YFI K[P VG[ 5NFY"DF R]\AStJ ZC[T]\ GYLP

HM 5NFY"DF V[S 56 VI]luDT .,[S8=MG CMI TM T[GM 5|EFJ AWF H I]luDT .,[S8=MGGF 5|EFJ SZTF

VG[S U6M JWFZ[ CMI K[P VFYL V6]4 5ZDF6] S[ VFIGGL 5F;[ UD[ T[8,L 5]6" S1FS CMI 5Z\T] V[S H

VI]luDT .,[S8=MG CMI TM T[ 5NFY" VG]R]\ASLI U]6WD" WZFJ[ K[P

VG]R]\ASLI 5NFYM"GL R]\ASLI U|FCITF WG CMI K[P

FeO, CuO lJU[Z[ VG]R]\ASLI 5NFYM" K[P

Q:-35 VG]R]\ASLI 5NFYM" smjivi[. {Paramagnetic}

021

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

(a) ,MC R]\ASLI 5NFYM" o v [Ferromagnetic]

S[8,FS 5NFYM" ljFlXQ8 R]\AStJ WZFJ[ K[ T[GF R]\ASLI lävW|]JMGL

R]\ASLI RFSDF+F V[S H lNXF TZO UM9JFI[,L CMI K[P VFYL HIFZ[

VFJF 5NFYM"G[ AFCI R]\ASLI 1F[+DF\ D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[ R\]AStJ

WFZ6 SZ[ K[ VG[ R]\AS TZO VFSQFF"I K[P AFCI R]\ASLI 1F[+ N]Z

SZJF KTF T[6[ D[/J[, R]\AStJ GQ8 YT]\ GYLP

VFJF 5NFYM"G[ ,MCR]\ASLI 5NFYM" SC[ K[P

VF 5|SFZGF 5NFYM" R]\AS AGFJJFDF\ J5ZFI K[P

NFPTP Fe, Ni, Co WFT]VM ;FDFgI TF5DFG[ R]\AStJ WZFJ[ K[P

CrO2 ,MCR]\ASLI 5NFY" D[uG[8LS 8[5 AGFJJFDF\ J5ZFI K[P

(b) 5|lT ,MR]\ASLI 5NFYM" ov [Antiferromagnetic]

H[D ,MCR]\ASLI 5NFYM"DF\ V6]4 5ZDF6] S[ VFIGM R]\ASLI lävW|]JM TZLS[ JT[" K[ VG[ R]\ASLI 1F[+DF\

R]\ASLI lävW|]JM V[S H lNXFDF\ UM9JFI[,F CMJFYL T[ R]\AS AG[ K[P

5Z\T] 5|lT ,MCR]\ASLI 5NFYM"GF VF R]\ASLI lävW|]JMGL UM9J6L V[ ZLT[ YI[,L CMI S[ H[YL AWF H

R]\ASLI lävW|]JMGL RFSDF+FVMGL 5lZ6FDL RFSDF+FG]\ D]<I X]gI AG[ K[P

NFPTP FeO JU[Z[P

(c) O[ZLD[uG[l8S 5NFYM" ov [Ferrimagnetic]

VFJF 5NFYM"DF\ AWF H R]\ASLI lävW|]JMGL RFSDF+F ;DF\TZ CMI K[ T[GL lNXFVM 5{SL S[8,FSGL

;DFG VG[ S[8,FSGL lJ~wW CMI K[P 5Z\T] ;DFG lNXF WZFJTL RFSDF+FVMGL ;\bIF VG[ lJ~wW lNXF

WZFJTL RFSDF+FVMGL ;\bIF ;ZBL CMTL GYL H[YL 5lZ6FDL RFSDF+FG]\ D]<I X]gI YT] GYLP

NFPTP Fe3O4 O[ZD[uG[l8S 5NFY" K[P

Q:-36 ,MCR]\ASLI4 5|lT ,MCR]\ASLI VG[ O[ZD[uG[l8S 5NFYM" 5Z GM\W ,BMP

jit[ t]yir kri[:- (1) tfivt lKi[: p\(tc&>bk)y pdiYi[<-an&>c&>bk)y pdiYi[<

(2) tfivt aipi[: li[hc&>bk)y pdiYi[<-p\(tli[hc&>bk)y pdiYi[<

(3) tfivt aipi[: Si[IRkKim)-f|[>klKim)

Home Work Date:-

022

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

H[ 3G 5NFYM"GL ZRGFDF\ V6]4 5ZDF6] S[ VFIGMGL jIJl:YT UM9J6L CMTL GYL

VG[ H[DF SM. lJlXQ8 :Ol8S ZRGF CMTL GYL T[JF 5NFYM"G[

V:Ol8SDI 3G 5NFYM" SC[JFI K[P

NFPTP SFR4 S[8,FS %,Fl:8S an[ rbr T[GF pNFCZ6 K[P

VG[S 5NFYM"G[ 5LUF/LG[ h05YL 9\0L 5F0L N[TF S[ T[DGL AFQ5G[ h05YL

9\0L 5F0TF V:Ol8SDI 3G D/[ K[P

VFJF 5NFYM"GF U,GlA\N] :5Q8 VG[ RMSS; CMTF GYLP

VFJF 5NFYM"G[ UZD SZL :Ol8SDI VJ:YFDF\ ,FJL XSFI K[P VF ZLT[

SFRGF VG[S 5|SFZ D[/JL T[GM lJlJW :TZ[ B]A p5IMU YFI K[P

H[ 5NFYM"DF\ 5ZDF6]VM V[SALHF ;FY[ ;C;\IMHS A\WYL HM0F.G[ RMSS; jIJl:YT ZLT[ HF/L

ZRGFDF\ UM9JFI[,F CMI K[P T[JF 5NFYM"G[ HF/LNFZ 3G 5NFYM" SC[ K[P

U|[OF.8 ov U|[OF.8 V[S HF/LNFZ 3G 5NFY" K[P T[GL ;ZRGFDF\ NZ[S SFA"G 5ZDF6] SP2 ;\SZ6

S1FSGM p5IMU SZL ALHF +6 SFA"G 5ZDF6]VM ;FY[ ;C;\IMHS A\WYL HM0FI[,F CMI K[P H[YL

;DT,LI QF8 ŸSM6LI :TZLI ZRGF pNEJ[ K[P H[YL VFS'lT A[lghG H[JL CMI K[P S|lDS A[ :TZMGF

SFA"G JrR[ SM. A\W CMTF GYLP 5Z\T] lGA"/ 5|SFZG]\ JFG0ŸZJF<; VFSQF"6A/ ZC[,]\ CMI K[P

:Ol8SDF\ A[ SFA"G 5ZDF6] JrR[G]\ V\TZ 1.42 A0 H[8,]\ CMI K[P H[ A[lghG J,IDF\ ZC[,F GHLSGF A[

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56 YFI K[P

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Q:-37 ccV:Ol8SDI 3G 5NFYM"cc 5Z GM\W ,BMP

Q:-38 8]\SGM\W ,BM v ccHF/LNFZ 3G 5NFYM"cc VYJF ccU|[OF.8GL :Ol8S ZRGFcc

1.42 Ao

3.35 Ao

023

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

5|P ! :Ol8SHF/L ZRGFGL jIFbIF VF5MP

HP :Ol8SHF/L ZRGF T[GF lA\N]VMGL V[S 5|SFZGL EFT CMI K[4 H[ :Ol8SDF S6MGL UM9J6L

NXF"J[ K[P 5|tI[S lA\N] NXF"JFI[,F S6GL DwIl:YlT ;]RJ[ K[P

5|P Z 3G 5NFYM"G]\ JUL"SZ6 S. S. AFATM p5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[ m

HP 3G 5NFYM"GF JUL"SZ6GM VFWFZ4 :Ol8S AGFJGFZF S6MGF 5|SFZ TYF T[DGFDFGF A\W p5ZF\T

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SFZ6[ 1FvlSZ6MGM 5]\H :Ol8S äFZF lJJ"TG 5FDL XS[P

5|P $ ,M EFT (Laue Pattern) SMG[ SC[ K[P

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;]RG 5|FIMlUS ZLT[ ;FlAT YI]\P B]A H ;\DlDT lJJT"G EFT OM8MU|FOLS OL<D p5Z p5HFJL

XSFIP VF EFTG[ 5NFY"GL ,MvEFT SC[ K[P

5|P 5 A|[UG]\ ;DLSZ6 ,BM VG[ T[GL p5IMULTF ;DHFJMP

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5]\H äFZF :Ol8SMGF :TZM JrR[ ZC[,F V\TZ (d) G[ 5ZFJT"GSM6GL DNNYL DFpL XSFI K[P

5|P & ;FN]\ 3G ;\S],G DF\ Y%5LGL EFTGM 5|SFZ VG[ ;JU"vVF\S H6FJMP

HP ;FNF 3G ;\S],GDF\ Y%5LGL EFT a—a—a—a 5|SFZGL U6FIP

H[DF :Ol8S V[SD 5ZDF6] S[ VFIGGM ;JU"vVF\S 6 K[P

5|P * ;FNF 3G ;\S,GDF\ 5|F%I SNGF S[8,FS 8SF EFU UM/FVM äFZF J5ZFI K[ m

HP ;FNF 3G ;\S],G DF8[ 5|F%I SNGF DF+ 5Z@ VF UM/FVM äFZF J5ZFI K[P

5|P ( BCC ZRGFDF\ 5|tI[S UM/FGM ;JU"vVF\S H6FJM VG[ Y%5LGL EFTGM 5|SFZ H6FJMP

HP V\T o S[lgN=T SI]lAS S,Mh 5[S ZRGFDF\ 5|tI[S UM/FGM ;JU"vVF\S 8 K[P

TYF Y%5LGL EFT a—a—b—a—b 5|SFZGL U6FIP

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HP VF 5|SFZGL ZRGFDF\ 5|F%I SNGF 68@ VF UM/FVM äFZF J5ZFI K[P

5|P !_ QF8ŸSM6LI S,Mh[:8 5[SL\U 3GDF\ Y%5LGL EFT VG[ ;JU"vVF\S H6FJMP

HP QF8ŸSM6LI S,Mh[:8 5[SL\U 3GDF\ Y%5L sU\HLf GL EFT a—b—a—b 5|SFZGL TYF ;JU"VF\S

12 CMI K[

8]\SF 5|`GM

024

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

5|P !! ;DFS'lTS (Isomorphous) SMG[ SC[ K[ m

HP V[SH 5|SFZGL HF/L ZRGFYL V[S ;DFG 5ZDFl^JI ZRGFJF/F :Ol8S AGFJTF H]NF H]NF

5NFYM"G[ ;DFS'lT SC[ K[P

5|P !Z AC]S'lTS (Polymorphous) SMG[ SC[ K[P

HP HIFZ[ V[S H 5NFY" V[SYL JW] 5|SFZGF :Ol8SM AGFJ[ TM T[G[ AC]S'lTS SC[ K[P

5|P !# MX 5|SFZGF :Ol8S SMG[ SC[ K[ m pNFCZ6 VF5MP

HP H[ :Ol8SMDF 3G VG[ k6 VFIGMG]\ 5|DF6 1 o 1 CMI T[DG[ MX 5|SFZGF\ :Ol8S SC[ K[P

NFPTP NaCl, CsCl, ZnS lJU[Z[P

5|P !$ MX2 5|SFZGF :Ol8S SMG[ SC[ K[ m pNFCZ6 VF5MP

HP H[ :Ol8SMDF 3G VFIG VG[ k6 VFIGMG]\ 5|DF6 1o2 CMI T[DG[ MX2 5|SFZGF :Ol8S SC[

K[P NFPTP CaF2, lJU[Z[P

5|P !5 NaCl DF\ Na+ TYF CsCl DF\ Cs

+ GM ;JU"vVF\S S[8,M K[ m XF DF8[ m

HP NaCI :Ol8SDF Na+ GM ;JU"vVF\S 6 CMI K[P SFZ6 S[ VF :Ol8SDF\ Na

+ VFIG K CI

--

VFIGMYL lJ\8/FI[,M K[P

CaCI :Ol8SDF Cs+ GM ;JU"vVF\S 8 CMI K[P SFZ6 S[ VF :Ol8SDF\ Cs

+ VFIG K CI

--

VFIGMYL lJ\8/FI[,M K[P

5|P !& ZnS GL A\G[ ZRGFVMDF Zn2+

GM ;JU" VF\S H6FJMP

HP ZnS GM A[ :Ol8S ZRGFVM lh\Sa,[g0 VG[ J]8ŸhF".8 K[P VF A\G[ ZRGFVMDF\ Zn2+

GM

;JU"vVF\S 4 K[P

5|P !* CaF2 VG[ TiO2 :Ol8S ZRGFVMDF 3G VFIGGF\ ;JU" VF\S H6FJMP

HP CaF2, DF\ Ca+2

GM ;JU" VF\S 4 K[P HIFZ[ TiO2 DF\ Ti+4

GM ;JU" VF\S 6 CMI K[P

5|P !( VFIlGS :Ol8SDF\ l+HIFvU]6MtTZGL p5ZGL X]\ DFlCTL D/[ K[ m

HP VFIMlGS :Ol8SDF r+ / r

-- l+HIF U]6MtTZ p5ZYL VFIMlGS WG :Ol8SGF 3G VFIGGM

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5|P !) lh\S a,[g0DF\ S--2

VFIGM VG[ J]8ŸhF".8DF\ Zn+2

VFIGM SIF 5|SFZGL :Ol8S ZRGF WZFJ[ K[ m

HP ZnS GF A[ :Ol8S :J~5MDF\ lh\Sa,[g0 VG[ J]8 ŸhF".8 K[P lh\Sa,[g0DF\ S—2

VFIGMGL ZRGF

O,S S[lgN=T (FCC) CMI K[P HIFZ[ J]8ŸhF\.8DF\ Zn+2

VFIGMGL QF8SM6LI ZRGF CMI K[P

5|P Z_ 5'yJLGF 5M50FGM ,UEU 90% EFU SIF ;\IMHGMGM AG[,M K[ m

HP 5'yJLGF 5M50FGM ,UEU 90% EFU l;l,S[8 VFIMlGS ;\IMHGMGM AG[,M K[P

5|P Z! A[lZ, BlGH RlS|I ZRGFDF\ SIM k6 VFIG CMI K[ m

HP A[lZ, BGLH (Be3 Al2 Si6 O18) GL RlS|I ZRGFDF\ Si6O1812--

k6 VFIG CMI K[P 5gGF\

GFDGF ZtGDF\ 56 VFJL ZRGF CMI K[P

025

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

5|P ZZ 0FIM%;F.0 BGLHDF\ k6 VFIGM SIF :J~5[ CMI K[ m

HP 0FIM%;F.0 BlGHDF\ k6 VFIGM X'\B,F :J~5[ CMI K[P

5|P Z# lRGF. DF8L (Clay) TYF X\BHL~ (Talc) H[JF V;LDLT56[ ,\AFI[,F läv5lZ6FtDDS

l;l,S[8 ;\IMHGMDF\ SIF k6 VFIG ;FDFgI CMI K[ m

HP läv5lZmi6FtDS :TZJF/F k6 VFIGM (Si4O104--

) n lRGF. DF8L TYF X\BHL~ Mg3 (OH)2

(Si4O10) DF\ HMJF D/[ K[P

5|P Z$ hLVM,F.8G]\ A\WFZ6 H6FJMP

HP hLVM,F.8; GFDGF V[<I]lDGM l;l,S[8DF\ SiO4 TYF AlO4 RT]QO,SLI :J~5M V[S ALHF ;FY[

;Z/ ZLT[ HM0F.G[ l+5lZ6FtDS G[8JS" AGFK[ K[P

5|P Z5 hLVM,F.8GM p5IMU H6FJMP

HP VF^JLI RF/6L TZLS[ DM8F V6]VMDF\YL GFGF V6]VMG[ H]NF 5F0JF DF8[ J5ZFI K[4 5F6LGL

S9LGTF N]Z SZJF T[DH U[;M,LG pnMUDF\ pNL5S TZLS[ YFI K[P

5|P Z& :Ol8S A\WFZ6DF\ 1FlTVM S[JL ZLT[ lG5H[ K[ m

HP B]A H GLRF TF5DFG[ ;\5]6" :Ol8 ZRGF YTL CMI K[P p\RF TF5DFG[ T[DF VjIJ:YF JW[ K[P :Ol8S

HF/LDFGF k6 TYF WG VFIGMGL T[DGF lGIT :YFGMYL lJ:YF5G YJFG[ SFZ6[ :Ol8S A\WFZ6DF\

1FlTVM lG5H[ K[P VF p5ZF\T :Ol8SDF\ S[8,LS VX]lwW pD[ZFTF VFJL 1FlTVM GL5H[ K[

5|P Z* A[lZ, BlGH RlS|I ZRGFDF\ SIM k6 VFIG CMI K[ m

HP A[lZ, BGLH (Be3 Al2 Si6 O18) GL RlS|I ZRGFDF\ Si6O1812--

k6 VFIG CMI K[P 5gGF\

GFDGF ZtGDF\ 56 VFJL ZRGF CMI K[P

5|P Z( XM8ŸSL 1FlT SIF 5|SFZGF :Ol8SMDF\ HMJF D/[ K[ m

HP VF 5|SFZGL 1FlT 5|A/ VFIMlGS ;\IMHGM H[VMGF WG TYF k6 VFIGM V[S ;ZBF SN q

5lZDF5GF CMI T[DF HMJF D/[ K[P T[VM VF ;JU"vVF\S p\RF s8 VYJF 6f K[P NFPTP VF<S,L

C[,F.0 H[JF S[ NaCl, KCl, KBr JU[Z[DF\ 1FlT CMI K[P

5|P Z) :Ol8SDF\ O[|gS, 1FlT SIFZ[ pt5gG YI[,L U6FI m

HP HIFZ[ 5ZDF6] S[ VFIG :Ol8S HF/L ZRGFDF\GF 5MTFGF lGIT :YFG 5ZYL Rl,T Y.G[

VF\TZF,LI BF,L :YFGDF\ B;L HFI VG[ 5MTFGF D]/ :YFG p5Z KLN= q lJJZ pt5gG SZ[ TM

VF 5|SFZGL BFDLG[ O|[gS, 1FlT SC[ K[P

5|P #_ S[JF 5|SFZGF :Ol8SMDF\ O|[gS, 1FlT HMJF D/[ K[ m

HP :Ol8SDF\ 3G VFIG VG[ k6 VFIGGF\ SNDF\ B}A DM8M TOFJT CMI 3G VFIGG]\ SN GFG]

;JU"vVF\S GLRM s$ VYJF &f CMI K[P ZnS, AgCI, AgBr, Agl JU[Z[ T[GF pNFCZ6 K[P

5|P #! SIF :Ol8SDF XM8 ŸSL TYF O|[gS, A\G[ 5|SFZGL 1FlT HMJF D/[ K[ m

HP AgBr GF :Ol8SDF\ XM8ŸSL TYF O|[gS, A\G[ 5|SFZGL 1FlTVM HMJF D/[ K[P

026

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

5|P #Z WFT]VMGL JLH JFCSTF ,UEU S[8,L CMI K[ m

HP WFT]VMGL lJHJFCSTF ,UEU 108 5|lTVMCD 5|lT ;[DLP H[8,L CMI [P

5|P ## VJFCSMGL JLH JFCSTF SMG[ SC[ K[ m

HP VJFCSMGL lJHJFCSTF ,UEU 10v12 5|lT VMCD 5|lT ;[DL H[8,L GCLJT CMI K[P

5|P #$ .,[S8=MGLI JFCSTF SMG[ SC[ K[ m

HP WFT]GL lJHJFCSTF T[GL :Ol8S HF/L ZRGFDF\ ;C[,F.YL UlT SZTF .,[S8=MG TYF KLN=

slJJZf G[ SFZ6[ CMI K[P H[G[ .,[S8=MGLI JFCSTF SC[JFI K[P

5|P #5 ;\S|F\lT WFT]VMGF SIF VMS;F.0 WFT] H[8,L JFCSTF NXF"J[ K[ m

HP TiO, CrO2, ReO3 WFT] H[8,L JFCSTF NXF"J[ K[P [ReO3 gFM N[BFJ VG[ JFCSTF Cu H[JF K[P

T[YL Cu H[8,L JFCSTF U6FIP

5|P #& Ti2O3 GL JFCSTF lJX[ DFlCTL VF5MP

HP Ti2O3 VW" JFCS K[P

5|P #* ;\S|F\lT WFT]VMGF VJFCS CMI T[JF VMS;F.0GF pNFCZ6 VF5MP

HP TiO2, FeO, Fe2O3, CuO lJU[[Z VJFCSM K[P

5|P #( ReO3 gFL VJFCSTF VG[ N[BFJ S. WFT] H[JM K[ m

HP ReO3 GL VJFCSTF VG[ N[BFJ SM5Z WFT] H[JM CMI K[P

5|P #) cc,FZDMZ E|D6cc V[8,[ X]\ m

5|P $_ VG]R]\ASLI 5NFYM"GF pNFCZ6 VF5M TYF T[DGL R]\ASLI U|FCITF lJX[ DFlCTL VF5MP

HP FeO, CuO JU[Z[ VG]R]\ASLI 5NFYM" K[P VG]R]\ASLI 5NFYM"GL R]\ASLI U|FCITF WG CMI K[P

5|P $! D[uG[l8S 8[5 AGFJJF SIF 5NFY"GM p5IMU YFI K[ m

HP CrO2 D[uG[8LS 8[5 AGFJJF J5ZFI K[P

5|P $Z O[lZD[uG[l8S 5NFY"G]\ pNFCZ6 VF5MP

HP Fe3O4 O[lZD[uG[l8S 5NFY" K[P

5|P $# NaCI GF :Ol8SDF\ ;FDFgI TF5DFG[ 5|lT3G ;[DLP DF\ HMJF D/TL XM8ŸSL 1FlTGL DFlCTL

VF5MP

HP NaCI :Ol8SDF\ ;FDFgI TF5DFG[ ,UEU !_&

XM8 ŸSL KLN= I]uDM 5|lT3G ;[DLP DF\ CMI K[P

V[S 3G ;[DLP SNDF\ VFXZ[ !_ZZ

S], VFIGM CMI K[P VFD 5|lT !_!&

VFIG[ V[S XM8SL 1FlT

HMJF D/[ K[P

027

GnavAYi p\krN - 2

5|P $$ ccO|[gS, 1FlT WZFJTF ;\IMHGMGF 0FI.,[lS8=S VR/F\S p\RF CMI K[cc ;DHFJMP

HP VFJF ;\IMHGM V\XTo ;C;\IMHS ,1F6M WZFJ[ K[P VFIGMG\] VFJ]\ lJ~56 slJS'lTf T[DH

;DFG lJHEFZMG]\ 5F;5F;[ CMJ]\ T[GF SFZ6[ T[DGF 0FI.,[lS8=S VR/F\S p\RF CMI K[P

5|P $5 :Ol8SDI 5NFYM" CMJF KTF\ T[DG[ V:Ol8SDI :J~5DF\ S[JL ZLT[ ,FJL XSFI K[ m

HP :Ol8SDI 5NFYM"G[ VMUF/LG[ h05YL 9\0F 5F0L N[TF S[ T[GL AFQ5G[ h05YL 9\0L 5F0TF

V:Ol8SDI 3G D/[ K[4 5Z\T] VF 5NFYM"G[ UZD SZL WLD[ WLD[ 9\0F 5F0JF N[TF OZLYL

:Il8SDI VJ:YFDF\ ,FJL XSFI K[P

States Of Matter :- Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Gaseous State:- Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion,

Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation , Kinetic

theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases,

deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants.

Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them

(qualitative treatment only).

Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids

(elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices),

voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.

AIEEE Syllabus Unit-2.