12PDHPE: A Year in Review

12PDHPEYear in review

Core 1Health of Australians

EpidemiologyTells us: major illnesses and causes of death,

identify areas of need, determine priority areas, monitor use of health service

Does not tell us: explain why inequities exist, sociocultural impact on health, provide a holistic approach, does not focus on all components of health

Healt

h C

are

Resp

onsi

bili

ty

MedicareProvides access to free treatment as a public

patient in public hospital

Subsidised treatment by medical practitioners e.g. GP’s

Increases equity and access to services for people of low SES

Broad range of high quality health care provided including emergency health care

Availability of bulk billing

BEN

EFI

TS

Private Health InsuranceChoice of hospital services

Health cover while overseas

Private rooms in hospital where available

Subsidised ancillary cover e.g. physiotherapy, chiropractic care

Shorter waiting lists for surgery

Decreased demand on public facilities

Peace of mind

BEN

EFI

TS

Priority AreasAre selected according to:

• principles of social justice

• priority population groups

• prevalence of condition

• potential for prevention and early intervention

• costs to individuals and the community

SPP PIC

Health Priority AreasCardiovascular disease

Cancer (Lung, Skin, Breast)

Injury

Mental health

Diabetes mellitus

Respiratory Disease: Asthma

Health PromotionCardiovascular disease: Swap it, don’t stop it

Cancer (Lung, Skin, Breast): Daffodil Day

Injury (Motor Vehicle) Don’t Rush campaign

Mental health R U OK? Day September 11th

Diabetes mellitus: National Diabetes Week: July 10-16

Respiratory Disease: Asthma: World Asthma Day May 1

WHY? Raise awareness. Teach skills. Encourage medical check ups. Individuals make better decisions

Need to knowWhy they have been selected?

Risk factors

Protective factors Balanced dietRegular exerciseNo smokingLimit drinkingRegular check ups

Health Priority PopulationsAboriginal & Torres Strait Islanders

Socioeconomically Disadvantaged

Rural & Remote

Overseas Born People

Elderly

People with disabilties

Need to be ablesociocultural determinants of health,

including family, peers, media, religion and culture

socioeconomic determinants of health, including employment, education and income

environmental determinants of health, including geographical location, and access to health services and technology.

Major issues – illness & diseases

Health promotion

INEQUITIES THEY

EXPERIENCE

Ottawa CharterBuild healthy public policy

Create supportive environments for health

Strengthen community action for health

Develop personal skills, and

Reorient health services.

Used as a checklist for health promotion to evaluate and monitor

Be able to relate to ANY HP

Jarkarta Declaration?

Growing & Ageing PopulationGrowing = migration

Ageing = less children, living longer

Need to evaluate and adapt service to meet needs

RETRAIN, INCREASE INFRASTRUCTURE, VOLUNTEERS

EXAMPLES??

Core 2Factors Affecting Performance

Energy SystemsATP-PC

LACTIC ACID SYSTEM

AEROBIC WITH OXYGEN

• Duration• Fuel Source• Cause of Fatigue• By-Product• Recovery• Example of activity

NRG ExtrasPyruvic Acid: Glycolysis breakdowns

carbohydrates into pyruvic acid and results in a the production of two ATP molecules.

Krebs Cycle: 2nd phase of aerobic metabolism. That further breakdown pyruvic acid into acetyl Cozyme A – a cataylst which produce 2 ATP molecules and by products C02 (exhaled by lungs) and Hydrogen which…

Eletctron Transport System a series of chemical reactions that combines H molecules & produced sufficient energy to power resynthesis of ATP.

Types of training4 types of training (and training methods)

• Aerobic (continuous, fartlek, aerobic interval, circuit)

• Anaerobic (anaerobic interval)

• Flexibility (static, ballistic, PNF, Dynamic)

• Strength (isometric, isotonic, isokinetic)

Principles of Training

Principles of Training

Progressive OverloadThe principle of progressive

overload implies that a training effect is produced when the system or tissue is worked at a greater level

that it is normally accustomed to working

ReversibilityPrincipal of

training states that

the effects of training are reversible

Warm up & Cool downWarming up and cooling down

are important components of all training and performance

sessions. The warm up aims to prepare the body in readiness

for the activity

VarietyThe principle of variety

states that athletes need to be challenged by not only the activity

but also by the implementation of the

activities

Training ThresholdThe principle of training

thresholds relates to levels of exercise intensity that are

sufficient to produce a training effect.

Specificity

The principle of specificity implies that the greatest

gains are made when activity in the training program

replicates the movements in the game or activity.

Physiological Adaptations/Response to Training Heart Rate

Resting Heart Rate

Stroke Volume

Cardiac Output

Oxygen Uptake

Lung Capacity

Haemoglobin Levels

Muscle Hypertrophy

Fast vs Slow Twitch Fibres

What you need to be able to do…

Relate

Types of Training

Principles of Training

Physiological

Adaptations

GIVE EXAMPLES OF ACTUAL ACTIVITIES

Motivation

Positive vs Negative

Internal vs External

Know examples, definitions

Anxiety & ArousalTrait Anxiety is a person’s general level of anxiety linked to

daily living.

State Anxiety is situational, it relates to how a person responds to a certain situation.

Arousal is a specific level of anxiety and can be experienced prior to and during performance.

Inverted UA Under-arousedPerformance may suffer from factors such as lack of

motivation, disinterest, poor concentration and inability to cope with distractions.

B Optimal arousalBalance between level of motivation and ability to

control muscular tension, which could be increasing as a result of the desire to perform well.

C Over-arousalFeelings characterised by anxiousness and

apprehension, resulting in excessive concern about performance. Increased muscle tension, possible mental confusion as individual tries to process messages during skill execution, resulting in poor performance.

‘Easier’ activities or activities using more muscle groups require a higher arousal level that needs to be sustained for length of activity

Factors that impact arousalFactors that impact arousal:• Self-expectation: how the individual expects to perform• Expectation by others: how a person perceives others,

such as their coach or parents, expects them to perform• Experience: which determines how the individual

handles the increased pressure at higher levels of competition

• Financial pressures: such as whether the individual's livelihood depends on their performance

• Level of competition: whether the individual is playing a round or a final

• Degree of difficulty: with higher levels of arousal generally being associated with more difficult tasks

• Skills finesse: fine motor skills (for example, shooting and balancing) generating higher levels of arousal than produced by gross motor skills (for example, running).

Managing Anxiety Techniques Relaxation

Concentration

Visualisation

Self-Talk

Know examples & how they work

NutritionPRE

•Balanced diet

•Hydration

•Carb loading

•Tapering

DURING

•Hydrate

•Light meals

•Carbs – glycogen

•Avoid salt/high fat

POST• Proactive

recovery• Refuel• Rehydrate• Active rest

KNOW AMOUNTS & EXAMPLES OF FOODS

SupplementsSufficient amount from a balanced and varied

diet but can IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

Vitamins/Minerals eg. Iron/Calcium – maximises haemoglobin (energy)/ strengthen bones

Protein – assists recovery/ builds muscle

Creatine – maximises energy for power movements, improves resynthesises of ATP

Caffeine – increase concentration, metabolises fat. Improves aerobic & anaerobic function

Recovery The ability to recover after competition and

training is essential in ensuring that optimal performances can be maintained.

Physiological strategies: remove by-products eg. cool-down, refuel

Neural Strategies replenish nervous system eg. hydrotherapy, massage

Tissue Damage Strategies aim to minmise tissue damage & promote healing eg. Crynotherapy (ice bath), hot/cold immersion

Psychological Strategies disengage the athlete from performance to reduce anxiety eg. relaxation, meditation

Skill AcquisitionCognitive

Associative

Autonomous

KNOW CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH & TYPES OF PRACTICE

Nature of SkillOpen vs Closed skills

Gross vs Fine

Discrete, serial, continuous

Self paced vs externally paced

Be able to classify specific sport skills

Practice MethodsMassed practice is preferable for:

• highly skilled performers

• highly motivated performers.

Distributed practice is preferable for:

• the novice

• in situations where energy demands are high

• when the task is difficult or boring.

FOR TRAINING SESSIONS

Practice MethodsWhole method

• practising a skill in its entirety

eg. softball serve

Part methodis preferable for:

• breaking the skill in to sub-skills and teaching parts individually before bringing it togethers eg. volleyball serve

FOR TEACHING

SKILLS

FEEDBACKFeedback provides information about the performance that allows the learner to adjust and improve or continue efficient performance.

PURPOSE

reinforcing the correct or desired response

motivating the performer to improve or maintain the performance

correcting the action as a result of information received about the errors.

TYPES OF FEEDBACK

Internal (come from individual) vs External (comes from external source)

Concurrent (during performance) vs Delayed (after performance)

Knowledge of Results (numbers) vs Knowledge of Performance (looks)

KNOW EXAMPLES, WHEN TO USE – MOST EFFECTIVE, TYPES OF LEARNERS

Characteristics of skilled performerKinesthetic Sense

Anticipation

Consistency

Technique

Mental Approach/Confidence

TACCK

Objective vs Subjective Performance methodsObjective performance measures are those

that involve an impartial measurement, that is, without bias or prejudice. Eg. stopwatch, criteria

Subjective performance measures are influenced by the observer's personal judgment of how the skill was performed eg. judges

High jump measurements are highly objective whereas appraising sports like karate require interpretation of special rules thus subjectiveRecognise tests/results/evaluations as

either subjective or objective

You can make them more objectivemeasurement systems - electronic timers or

touchpads

checklists - that list elements required in the performance e.g. style and technical components

rating scales - a degree-of-difficulty sheet that provides a marking scale for movements

established criteria - a set of rules, procedures or guidelines of how to assess the performance.

TESTS MUST BE…VALID AND RELIABLE

Validity refers to a test's ability to measure what it is meant to. The validity of a test can be reinforced by comparing the results with expected values or standards tables.

Reliability refers to the ability of a test to reproduce similar results when conducted in similar situations and conditions. Reliability in testing can be improved by the use of similar procedures, conditions and equipment as originally prescribed

KNOW TYPES OF TESTS & BE ABLE TO JUSTIFY

Personal vs Prescribed CriteriaA personal judging criterion involves the

judge using their ideas, feelings, opinions, expectations and experiences to make an assessment of a performance. The assessment is not based on data, but rather the judges' view and is frequently used such as when coaches select teams. This method of assessment is often totally subjective and is open to discrepancy and criticism.

Prescribed judging criteria uses a set of guidelines or checklist established by a governing body of that sport. The more rigorous the criteria, and the more competent the judges in applying the criteria, the more objective is the appraisal

Option 4Improving Performance

Training to improve performanceAerobic: uses aerobic system/enduranceAnaerobic: uses anaerobic system/powerStrength: increase muscle hypertrophyFlexibility: increase range of movement

Be able to compare TWOBenefits

How to apply

How to prescribe training?AEROBIC

FITT principle

85% of Max HR

Max HR = 220-age

STRENGTH

Reason for training: develop strength, tone or rehab

Heavy weight = less reps

Lighter weight = more reps

APPLY PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING

& SAFETY MEASURES

Training adaptationFormal testing can be used to determine actual

improvements. The multistage fitness test can be used to assess aerobic fitness. Also the coach will monitor the athlete in training sessions and compare with previous results.

The use of cards or charts to record each of the variables involved. It can be effective to use a heart rate monitor as the rest periods would allow the work intensity to be recorded.

KNOW SKILL RELATED TESTSHEALTH RELATED TESTS

HOW THEY WORK/DESCRIBE

Training YearPhases of competition (pre-season, season and off season

phases

Sub phases (macro and micro cycles)

Peaking

Tapering

Sport-specific sub phases (fitness, components, skill requirements)

• HOW TO APPLY

• BENEFITS• WHY DO IT

ELEMENTS WHEN DESIGNING A TRAINING SESSION/PROGRAMHealth & Safety Conditions: ensure safety of

athlete

Overview of session: Understanding the breakdown/ expectations

Warm up/cool down: Prevent injury

Skill instruction/practice: focus on specifics/game/strategy

Conditioning: fitness

Evaluation: feedback/ areas to work on

GIVE EXAMPLES

OvertrainingSession too long, too frequent

Too strenuous

Excess competition

Inadequate recovery HOW TO COMBAT THIS?

Physiological Symptoms of Overtraining:

elevated resting pulse/heart rate

frequent minor infections and increased susceptibility to colds and flu's

increases in minor injuries

chronic muscle soreness or joint pain

exhaustion

lethargy

weight loss and appetite loss

insatiable thirst or dehydration

intolerance to exercise

decreased performance

delayed recovery from exercise.

HOW TO COMBAT THIS?

Ethical Issues: Drugs

Benefits LimitationsDrug-testing procedures are highly sophisticated and reliable

People who manufacture and use banned substances or practices are often able to stay ahead of testing procedures by authorities

Drug testing involves the testing of urine of athletes. This can be done:• randomly• in bulk (large number of athletes at once)• according to their finishing positions

Athletes may suggest a test is unfair because the athletes themselves are responsible for knowing what is banned, despite the fact that additions are made almost daily to the list of banned substances.

The drug tests are designed to detect and deter abuse of performance enhancing drugs by competitors.

For many people, being observed while giving a urine sample is not a comfortable situation. The testing procedure can be further complicated if the athlete involved has been taking part in an endurance sport and is dehydrated and therefore unable to comply.

Benefits the athletes by promoting good health above the desire to win at all costs

Drug manufacturers are constantly researching new and improved drugs that are less detectable

Drug testing is no longer restricted to being done at competitions but is now carried out year round, with random tests occurring any time, any place

Other drugs occur as natural substances in the body and so tests for them may lack validity

Recent developments in terms of blood testing and the requirement that manufacturers place certain markers in drugs may prove to be of benefit to sporting authorities. Testing

Ethical Issues: Drugs

Know types of drugs and purpose

Be able to criticise

Give solutions

Ethical Issues: TechnologyUSES

Training innovation – can assist in performance at training, and also competition. Tackle suits in football training: decreased impact in tackles at training. Sprinting sleds: resistance behind the athlete, which helps to increase stride length (key component of sprinting).

Video analysis of performance – applied in a range of coaching, viewing, and performance appraisal situations. Video allows analysis of player movements, strategies, and techniques, which can be used to: improve performance, improve visualization, establish biomechanical efficiency, and analyses strategy.

Data gathering and analysis – increased professionalism has made this important to both performance and improvement. Biomechanical analysis

Ethical Issues: TechnologyCost – unfair playing field, access

Diminishes competition – is it the technology or the individual

Constantly developing – hard to keep up

Training for coaches to keep up-to-date, understand

Option 3Sports Medicine

Classify & ManageSoft Tissue Injuries

Tears, Sprains, Contusion,

Skin Abrasion, Lacerations, Blisters

Inflammatory Response

RICER: immediate treatment

Assessment of Injuries

TOTAPS

For both hard or soft tissue injury, the decided on action

Direct vs Indirect

Soft vs Hard

Overuse

Hard Tissue Injuries

Fractures

Dislocation

Immobilisation & DRABCD

ResponsesRICER

Reduce swelling, prevent further damage & ease pain

aka RICED

DRABCD

Immobilise area!!

first then follow DRABCD

Inflammatory response

Your body’s initial mechanism of tissue repair

Blood & fluid flood to the injured site, causing pain & inflammation but starts repair process

Managed by RICER

Specific AthletesChildren & Young Athletes

ASTHMA..diabetes, epilepsy

Overuse injury

Thermoregulation

Resistance training (strength training)

Aged Athletes

Heart Conditions

Fractures/Bone density

Flexibility/Joint Mobility

Female Athletes

Eating disorders

Iron deficiency

Bone density

Pregnancy

Know how to•Recognise signs & symptoms•Management strategies

IF YOU GO BLANK – SEEK MEDICAL CLEARANCE & MONITOR ATHLETE

Enhancing wellbeing of athleteEnvironmental Considerations

Temperature regulation (biological response & support methods)

Climatic considerations

Guidelines for fluid intake

Acclimatisation

Taping and Bandaging

Preventative taping

Taping for isolation of injury

Immediate treatment

Sports Policy & Environment

Rules

Modified rules

Matching opponents

Protective equipment

Safe grounds, facilities & equipment

Physical Preparation

Prescreening

Skill & Technique

Physical fitness

Warm up, stretching & cool down

Know how to apply/justify &

examples

Tape itPreventative taping

Reduce severity

Overuse injury

Thermoregulation

Resistance training (strength training)

Example:

Most common - knee

Isolation

Post Injury

Limit movement

Prevent further damage

Restrict swelling

Ease pain

Example: Most common – Thumb & wrist

Treatment

Reduce swelling

Support a joint/muscle

Restrict movement

Example:

Most common - ankle

Injury RehabilitationRehabilitation

Procedures Progressive mobilisation

Graduated exercise

Training

Use of heat and cold

Return to play Indicators (pain free,

mobility)

Monitoring (pre & post test)

Psychological readiness

Specific warm up

Ethical considerations

Be able to justify use & apply.

Ethical considerations

Pressure to participate Athlete as a commodity

Financial pressure

Team/Coach pressure

Take a huge risk to return before ready

Use of painkillers Only mask pain

Cause further damage

Use of drugs in sport