1/26/2009 Building Energy - C. Span os 1 Building Energy Systems EE290N3 Costas J. Spanos Monday 1/26/2008 Issu es
Jan 13, 2016
1/26/2009 Building Energy - C. Spanos 1
Building Energy Systems
EE290N3
Costas J. Spanos
Monday 1/26/2008
Issu
es
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Outline
• Why Energy in Buildings Matters• Residential Open Problems• Commercial Open Problems
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Oceans
absematm CCdt
dC
Equilibrium Between Atmospheric and Ocean CO2
K CatmCocean
ematm C
K
K
dt
dC
1
Global Energy & Carbon Balance
2007
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1950 2000 2050 2100
Atm
os
ph
eri
c C
O2
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n [
pp
m]
Year
2007
380
2057
Double of Preindustrial Level
Carbon in Atmosphere
?
Courtesy A. Majumdar, ME, UCB
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Source: Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Summary for Policy Makers, February 2007.
Emissions Trajectories for atmospheric CO2
concentration ceilings
2007
Courtesy A. Majumdar, ME, UCB
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The “stabilization triangle”Stephen Pacala; Robert Socolow (2004-08-13). "Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies". Science. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
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If warming exceeds 2°C, negative effects increase and catastrophic changes become more likely
7
Today
0°C
Feedback Abrupt climate change
Water Rising seasWater shortagesGlaciers melt
Weather Storms, droughts, fires, heat waves
Ecosystems
Reefs damaged
Species extinction
Food Crop yields fall
3°C2°C1°C
Global temperature change (relative to pre-industrial era)
4°C 5°C
Courtesy: Hal Harvey (Climate Works)
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The European Community has decided that 2oC warming is a reasonable Target.
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Source: Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies, January 2007-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
CEC Data
Business as Usual
AB 32 Scenario
% Change from 1990 levels
California Assembly Bill 32 Emissions Reductions
Provided by Prof. Daniel M. Kammen
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Supply DemandFigure Courtesy Professor Arun Majumdar, UCB,
LBNL
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BUILDINGS CONSUME SIGNIFICANT ENERGY
Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007
The Numbers Tell the Story
$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs
200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990
40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings
72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings
55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings
The Numbers Tell the Story
$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs
200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990
40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings
72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings
55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings
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Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs
approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.
Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.
Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.
Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007
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Outline
• Why Energy in Buildings Matters• Residential Open Problems• Commercial Open Problems
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The Cost/Benefit Equation
• Anything we do to improve the energy/emissions balance must pay for itself
• “Zero net cost” means that any improvements must be paid by energy savings.– Environmental cost is largely not captured in today’s
energy prices, so• Energy related improvements can be either be mandated
(such as in “title 24” in CA)• Energy related improvements can be subsidized (PV
incentives, etc.)
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Perspectives on “Zero Cost”
• Annual cost of ownership (mortgage + energy bill) must be kept constant
• Zero net cost highly unlikely/not currently possible
• Current state-of-the-art: about $50k extra
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Setting the Bar
Florida Solar Energy Center summary for National Academy of Sciences
•Zero (30 year @6.7%) cost for average home energy bill of $1600/year allows for $20k up front spending, half of current best practice
•Still hard to get zero energy, at any price
•Occupant behavior important to both heating/cooling and plug loads
Best practice for ZEH requires $40k to $50k up front cost
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State of the Art Today
• Germany• Close to zero net cost• Heat/cool/hot water only – not
lighting or plug loads – still used as much energy as 70% savings homes in FSEC study
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State of the Art Today
• Japan• Net zero energy• Saves $2800/yr (allows spending $38.8k
up front to achieve zero cost)• Cost $65k extra
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State of the Art Today
• Austria• Cost extra $150k• 80% savings
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Costs of energy savings / generation Energy Savings• Geothermal heat pump $3.5k• Triple-pane windows $9k• Upgrade to R19 from R11 $500• CFL replace incandescent $35• LED replace incandescent $1800• Solar hot water $3k
Solar or wind for 3 kW installation• PV $24k• Wind $9k• Other technologies not well developed for residential applications
with large range in potential cost: Solar collectors, biomass fuel for turbines, wood pellet burners (heat or steam for electricity), etc.
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Why is it challenging?• Home construction is HIGHLY
standardized.
• Even minor changes disrupt construction and increase cost.
• Local (micro) climate makes tremendous difference.
• There is no universally accepted definition of “comfort”.
• The behavioral patterns of the residents often make more difference than the features of the house. Source:
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Many opportunities to innovate
• Local (micro) climate makes tremendous difference.• A virtual home can be simulated in several climate variants and
energy options.
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Other Opportunities – Passivhaus in Germany (and in Berkeley!)
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Passivhaus
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Berkeley Passive House
2440 Grant Street, Berkeley, CA
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Open Research Questions for Home Energy
• Lets view the home as part of a system• First, preserve!• Then, optimize!• View both aspects as a systems problem where
the home is just a part.• Local and grid generation, local and grid storage
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Wireless Sensor Networks for Demand Response
• Summer heat creates over-demand for AC• Avoid brown-outs (level the demand) during peak usage with enabling
technology:– Meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes:
In ad hoc self-organizing wireless networks
• Demand Response scenario:– Smart Thermostat receives
price signals every ¼ hour(or, emergency signals ASAP)
– Users’ responses to pricepoints lower energy costs
Cal ISO Daily Peak LoadsJanuary 1, 2000 - December 31, 2000
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
GW
Peak Day August 16 - 43.5 GW
Commercial AC
Residential AC
Source: Professor Paul Wright, CITRIS/ME UCB
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New thermostat shows price of electricity in ¢/kWhr + expected monthly bill.
New meter conveys real-timeusage, back to service provider.
Wireless beacons (smart dust) allow for fine-tuned comfort/control.
Incoming price signals
Appliance lights show price level & appliances powered-down
Demand-Response in a “Smart House”
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Going many steps further: What if the Energy Infrastructure were Designed like the
Internet?
• Energy: the limited resource of the 21st Century• Needed: Information Age approach to the Machine Age
infrastructure• Lower cost, more incremental deployment, suitable for developing
economies• Enhanced reliability and resilience to wide-area outages, such as
after natural disasters
• Packetized Energy: discrete units of energy locally generated, stored, and forwarded to where it is needed; enabling a market for energy exchange
Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB
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Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)
Energy Network
PowerComm Interface
EnergyStorage
PowerGeneration
Host Load
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorage
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorageEnergyStorage
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorage
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorageEnergyStorage
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorage
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorageEnergyStorage
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorage
Intelligent Power Switch
(IPS)EnergyStorageEnergyStorage
Host LoadHost Load
energy flows
information flows
Intelligent Power Switch
• PowerComm Interface: Network + Power connector• Scale Down, Scale Out
Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB
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TheGrid
LocalGeneration
Local Load
Grid TieInverter
LocalStorage
Energy Markets
• Typical home solar system configuration• Run meter backwards• Optional local storage for off-grid operation
– Vast majority of home systems do NOT have storage
Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB
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EnergyInterconnect
LocalGeneration
Local Load
IPS
LocalStorage
IPS
IPS
IPS
IPS
IPS
Energy Markets
• Hierarchical aggregates of loads and IPSs• Overlay on existing Energy Grid
Energy InterconnectCommunications Interconnect
Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB
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PVs - Calculating the Optimal Subsidy
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Motivating the Optimal Subsidy
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A “Moore’s Law” for PV?
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PV Manufacturing vs. Semiconductor Manufacturing
• Tremendous cost advances have been driven into semiconductor manufacturing through SPC/APC, real-time equipment diagnostics, etc.
• Data mining, model development, performance optimization, production malfunction diagnosis is also possible in PV manufacturing, where cost rather than fidelity becomes the objective.
• Issues such as predictive binning and performance matching are similar to problems faced in high volume memory production.
• Cost-saving measures such as virtual metrology can accelerate adoption.
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Energy Storage at Home – ideas?
Plug-in (two way) hybrid?
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Another Opportunity - Occupant Behavior…
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Also of Interest:Statistical Modeling of Grid behavior
• “Smart” Grids involve distributed instrumentation monitoring status at very high data rates
• A grid is an inherently statistical entity
• Statistical / machine learning model of loading under D/R will allow intelligent data mining and drive dynamic pricing and Demand / Response strategies.
Explanation of demand response effects on a quantity (Q) - price (P) graph. Under inelastic demand (D1) extremely high price (P1) may result on a strained electricity market.If demand response measures are employed the demand becomes more elastic (D2). A much lower price will result in the market (P2).
It is estimated[1] that a 5% lowering of demand would result in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours of the California electricity crisis in 2000/2001. The market also becomes more resilient to intentional withdrawal of offers from the supply side.
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THE ENERGY FREE HOME CHALLENGESource: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation
The Goal: Build an Energy Free Home
Zero Net Cost
Costs no more to own and operate than a traditional home
Zero Net Cost
Costs no more to own and operate than a traditional home
Zero Net Energy
Produces enough renewable energy to cover all its energy use
Zero Net Energy
Produces enough renewable energy to cover all its energy use
Consumer Appealing
Requires no major changes in lifestyle. Consumers find it appealing
Can be replicated in many locations.
Consumer Appealing
Requires no major changes in lifestyle. Consumers find it appealing
Can be replicated in many locations.
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TWO-PHASE CHALLENGEREWARD BOTH COMPONENT AND WHOLE-HOME INNOVATION
04/21/23
Phase 2: Whole-Home Innovation
Phase 2: Whole-Home Innovation
Teams Develop Components of an Energy Free
Home
Teams Design an Energy Free
Home
10 Winning Home Designs
Built and Monitored
Phase 1: Enabling Technologies
Innovation
Phase 1: Enabling Technologies
Innovation
Prizes•10 --$500,000•10 --$250,000•50+ demo at EFHC Summit
10 Finalists$250,000 to
build a home
One $10,000,000 Grand Prize
100+ Energy Free Homes Built
Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation
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Phase 1: Enabling Technologies Innovation
Phase 1: Enabling Technologies Innovation
TIMELINEFIVE YEARS TO DRIVE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF
INNOVATION
04/21/23
100+ Energy Free Home Community100+ Energy Free Home Community
$7.5 Million in Prizes$7.5 Million in Prizes Ten Finalists $250,000 to build
Ten Finalists $250,000 to build
One $10,000,000 Grand Prize
One $10,000,000 Grand Prize
20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013
Phase 2: Whole-Home InnovationPhase 2: Whole-Home Innovation
Home DesignHome Design Home Build and MonitorHome Build and Monitor
20142014
Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation
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POST-CHALLENGE
• 100+ Energy Free Home Community
• Fundamentally change the energy equation
• Influence energy policy
• Change the way buildings are designed, built, and operated in the future
Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation
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Outline
• Why Energy in Buildings Matters• Residential Open Problems• Commercial Open Problems
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Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs
approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.
Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.
Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.
Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007
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Building Design Platform (BDP)Tool for Architects to Design New Buildings
With Embedded Energy Analysis
Windows & Lighting
HVAC
Onsite Power & Heat
Natural Ventilation, Indoor Environment
Building Operating Platform (BOP) Sensors, Communication, Controls,
Real-Time Optimization for Cost, Energy Use, CO2 Footprint
Building Materials
Appliances
Thermal & ElectricalStorage
System of Systems Integrated Whole Building Approach
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Performance by DesignSimulation / DOE-2
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We can simulate, but it is VERY difficult to measure the actual result.
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Prior Impacts of EETD’s Efficiency R&DPrior Impacts of EETD’s Efficiency R&DFrom National Academy of Sciences ReportFrom National Academy of Sciences Report
• Primary energy savings = 9% of 2025 residential energy use
• Carbon reductions in 2025= 132 million metric tons CO2/year
NAS estimate of economic benefits of EE R&D assigns $23 of $30 billion in savings to LBNL - derived technologies
Additional $48 billion in savings from energy efficiency standards for 9 residential products
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Of further Interest
• Materials, technology scaling, finance, marketing, energy-related psychology & physiology, etc.
• Localized Energy Storage• Interaction with other Energy segments (plug-in hybrids, etc.)• Lifecycle footprint• Climate “Navigator”
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Physical BiosciencesDivision
Materials Sciences Division
Environmental Energy Technology Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Biological Sciences
College of Chemistry
Physical Sciences
College of Engineering
University of California, Berkeley
Energy BiosciencesInstitute (EBI)
Biofuels
BP = $500MDOE = $125M
DOE = $120M
PhotovoltaicsPhotoelectro-chemical Devices
Helios Project - Supply SideHelios Project - Supply Side Demand SideDemand Side