12345 Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms 1.are going extinct. 2.are very numerous and diverse. 3.are too.

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Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms

1. are going extinct.

2. are very numerous and diverse.

3. are too much alike.

4. share too many derived characters.

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The study of organisms requires the use of

1. only large, general categories of organisms.

2. only small, specific categories of organisms.

3. both large and small categories of organisms.

4. no categories of organisms.

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Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted name in the system

known as1. traditional

classification.

2. the three domains.

3. binomial nomenclature.

4. cladistics.

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For many species, there are often regional differences in their

1. common names.

2. scientific names.

3. taxa.

4. binomial nomenclature.

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In taxonomy, a group at any level of organization is referred to as a

1. cladogram.

2. binomial.

3. taxon.

4. system.

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Scientists have identified and named

1. all living species.

2. all living and extinct species.

3. all extinct species.

4. a fraction of all species.

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In the scientific version of a species name, which of the terms is capitalized?

1. the first term only

2. the second term only

3. both the first and second terms

4. neither the first nor the second term

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Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio

cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same1. class.

2. family.

3. genus.

4. species.

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How do binomial, or two-part, names compare with early versions of scientific

names?1. They are longer.

2. They are shorter.

3. They are completely descriptive.

4. They are in English.

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The second part of a scientific name is unique to each

1. order in its class.

2. family in its order.

3. genus in its family.

4. species in its genus.

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Often, the second part of a scientific name is

1. a Latinized description of a particular trait.

2. the same as for other members of the same genus.

3. capitalized if it derives from a proper name.

4. different in different locations.

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Before Linnaeus, scientific names were problematic because they were

1. too brief to be descriptive.

2. very long and difficult to standardize.

3. written only in Greek.

4. written only in Latin.

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In Linnaeus’s system of classification, how many taxonomic categories were there?

1. one

2. three

3. five

4. seven

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A genus is composed of a number of related

1. kingdoms.

2. phyla.

3. orders.

4. species.

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Several different classes make up a

1. kingdom.

2. phylum.

3. family.

4. genus.

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Which two kingdoms did Linnaeus recognize?

1. bacteria and animals

2. plants and fungi

3. plants and animals

4. protists and animals

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Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are

grouped in the class1. Amphibia.

2. Mammalia.

3. Aves.

4. Reptilia.

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The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system is

1. the phylum.

2. the kingdom.

3. the genus.

4. the domain.

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Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily

1. extinct organisms.

2. RNA similarities.

3. DNA similarities.

4. general similarities in appearance.

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Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because of

1. convergent evolution.

2. molecular clocks.

3. mutations.

4. reclassification.

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The procedure of grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history is called

1. traditional classification.

2. binomial nomenclature.

3. derived characters.

4. evolutionary classification.

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In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should

1. be more similar to each other than they are to other species.

2. not be similar in appearance.

3. be limited to species that can interbreed.

4. have identical genes.

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What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derived characters appeared in

organisms?1. cladistic analysis

2. traditional classification

3. taxonomy

4. anatomy

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In biology, an evolutionary innovation is also referred to as a

1. derived character.

2. taxonomic group.

3. molecular clock.

4. physical similarity.

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What do scientists consider when they perform a cladistic analysis?

1. only the DNA of organisms

2. all traits of organisms

3. derived characters

4. only physical similarities

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An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a1. family tree based on

external appearance.

2. family tree based on DNA structure.

3. cladogram.

4. traditional classification system.

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What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms?

1. the relative importance of each derived character

2. the order in which derived characters evolved

3. the general fitness of the organisms analyzed

4. all traits of each organism analyzed

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Similar genes are evidence of

1. binomial nomenclature.

2. mutations.

3. common ancestry.

4. different anatomy.

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What do all organisms have in common?

1. They use DNA and RNA to pass on information.

2. They are all prokaryotes.

3. They are all eukaryotes.

4. They are genetically identical.

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What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and a yeast?

1. They are not related at all.

2. Their degree of relatedness cannot be evaluated.

3. Their degree of relatedness can be determined from their genes.

4. They can interbreed and thus are the same species.

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Scientists have found that humans and yeasts

1. have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins.

2. share all aspects of cellular structure.

3. have nothing in common.

4. cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness.

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What does the presence of similar genes in very dissimilar organisms imply?

1. The genes were produced by different selection pressures.

2. The organisms share a common ancestor.

3. The organisms do not share a common ancestor.

4. The genes became identical through mutation.

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What is the main idea behind the model of a molecular clock?

1. that neutral mutations accumulate at a steady rate

2. that certain traits are under the pressure of natural selection

3. that segments of DNA can be compared with segments of RNA

4. that phenotypes, not genotypes, are affected by natural selection

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All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are

1. multicellular organisms.

2. photosynthetic organisms.

3. eukaryotes.

4. prokaryotes.

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Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?

1. Protista

2. Fungi

3. Plantae

4. Animalia

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What kingdoms composed the three-kingdom classification system used by

scientists in the late 1800s?1. animals, plants,

fungi

2. animals, plants, bacteria

3. animals, fungi, protists

4. animals, plants, protists

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Which of the kingdoms in the six-kingdom system of classification was once grouped

with plants?1. Animalia

2. Carnivores

3. Fungi

4. Protista

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Some scientists propose that the kingdom Protista should be broken up into several kingdoms. Which of these statements accurately supports this idea?

1. Protists are all very similar and easy to confuse.

2. Protista contains very diverse organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.

3. Protists are the most numerous organisms on Earth.

4. Protista evolved before any other kingdom.

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The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria is

1. Archaea.

2. Bacteria.

3. Eukarya.

4. Fungi.

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The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments

is1. Eubacteria.

2. Eukarya.

3. Archaea.

4. Bacteria.

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The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are

1. Eubacteria and Archaea.

2. Eukarya and Bacteria.

3. Archaea and Bacteria.

4. Archaea and Eukarya.

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The three-domain system arose when scientists grouped organisms according to

how long they have been1. alive in their

present forms.

2. going extinct.

3. evolving independently.

4. using DNA to store information.

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The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two

groups of1. prokaryotes.

2. eukaryotes.

3. protists.

4. multicellular organisms.

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Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a

kingdom called1. Animalia.

2. Fungi.

3. Monera.

4. Eukarya.

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What is thought to be true about the three domains of living things?

1. They diverged from a common ancestor fairly recently.

2. They diverged from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of eukaryotes.

3. They did not have a common ancestor.

4. Domains Bacteria and Archaea evolved after the main groups of eukaryotes.

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An organism may have different common names that vary from area to area and language to language. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Scientists try to organize living things into groups that have economic significance.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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In the name Ursus maritimus, the first term of the name refers to the species. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Linnaeus’s system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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An order is a broad taxonomic category composed of similar phyla.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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American vultures are now classified with storks instead of with African vultures because of evidence based on body

structure. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Biologists attempt to group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary

descent. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Cladistic analysis considers characteristics that have arisen as lineages have evolved over time. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Scientists often look for similar genes in very dissimilar organisms.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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Evidence shows that the same gene that codes for a particular protein in human muscle also codes for that

protein in yeasts, indicating common ancestry. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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The six kingdoms of life are Eubacteria, Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and

Animalia. _________________________1. True

2. False

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The older kingdom Monera contains the same organisms as the two domains Bacteria and

Archaea. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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The kingdom Eubacteria contains the same organisms as the domain Animalia.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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Archaea differ from Bacteria in that the cell walls of Archaea lack peptidoglycans.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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When scientists use a(an) _________________________ for an organism, they can be certain they are all discussing

the same organism.

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The animals Panthera leo (lion) and ____________________ tigris (tiger) belong

to the same genus.

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The use of a two-part scientific name for organisms is called

____________________ nomenclature.

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In taxonomy, different classes of organisms might be grouped into a ____________________, which

is the next (larger) category.

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In Linnaeus’s system of classification, the two smallest categories are genus and

____________________.

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In taxonomy, the class Mammalia is grouped with the classes Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, and several classes of

fishes into the phylum ____________________.

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Traditional classification is based on general similarities of _________________________

among organisms.

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In traditional classification, some similarities that were used to group organisms were based on

_________________________ instead of a shared evolutionary history.

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In cladistic analysis, a characteristic that arises as a lineage of organisms evolves over time is called

a(an) _________________________.

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DNA analyses show that the ____________________ of many dissimilar organisms show important similarities at

the molecular level.

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Evidence shows that very dissimilar organisms, such as yeasts and humans, have some genes in common,

indicating that they share a common ____________________.

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The six kingdoms of life include bacteria that have cell walls with peptidoglycan, bacteria that have cell walls without

peptidoglycan, protists, fungi, animals, and ____________________.

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Unlike the five-kingdom system of classification, the six-kingdom system breaks

____________________ into two groups.

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The domain ____________________ contains plants, fungi, protists, and animals

—which are all eukaryotes.

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The domain ____________________ is composed of the kingdom Eubacteria.

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Why might a particular kind of organism have more than one common name?

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How do you know that the species Ursus maritimus and Ursus arctos are closely

related?

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How many terms make up the scientific name of a species? How is that name distinguished in print

from the common name of a species?

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Why are such different animals as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

grouped into a single phylum?

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If you know nothing else about an organism except its scientific name, can you immediately determine

what genus and family it is in? Explain

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What is evolutionary classification? How does it differ from traditional biological

classification?

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How does analysis of DNA help scientists establish an evolutionary classification

scheme?

Figure 18–1

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Which grouping in Figure 18–1, A or B, shows the older, traditional, method of classifying the three animals shown?

What kind of evidence was used to support that classification?

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Which system of grouping in Figure 18–1, A or B, provides information about the evolution of the three animals? What is the name of the diagram used to show that information?

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According to the cladogram in Figure 18–1, what two characteristics do crabs and barnacles share that limpets do not?

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In Figure 18–1, what does diagram B, which is based on more recent evidence, show about the

classification of animals shown in diagram A?

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What recently developed technology allows scientists to compare the DNA of different kinds of

organisms to determine classification?

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How can scientists compare very dissimilar organisms such as yeasts and humans?

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What characteristic did biologists use to reclassify some organisms from the plant or

animal kingdom to the kingdom Protista?

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What characteristic is used to place an organism in the domain Eukarya?

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Identify the two parts of a scientific name, and explain what information can sometimes be

inferred from the scientific name of an organism.

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How is binomial nomenclature superior to the descriptive names used by early

scientists?

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What effect might the common use of the microscope by biologists have had on Linnaeus’s

original system of taxonomy? Explain

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How does traditional classification differ from evolutionary classification?

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How does cladistic analysis determine the order in which a set of related species

evolved?

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How are neutral mutations useful for estimating the relationship between two

species?

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Briefly explain the history of how microorganisms have been classified—beginning with the early systems of classification and leading to the modern six-kingdom

system.

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How has an increasing knowledge about organisms affected the number of kingdoms

now recognized by biologists? Explain

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Identify a major source of evidence used by scientists who advocate the adoption of the three-

domain system for classifying living things.

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Why might the three-domain system be a more valid reflection of evolutionary history

than the six-kingdom system?