Introduction to Job Hazard Analysis This course is designed to introduce you to the steps in a basic Job Hazard Analysis (also called Job Safety Analysis). This course covers risk assessment, prioritizing jobs, writing the steps, determining hazards, including safety precautions, and tips on writing safe job procedures.
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Introduction to Job Hazard Analysis
This course is designed to introduce you to the steps in a basic Job Hazard Analysis (also called Job Safety Analysis). This course covers risk assessment, prioritizing jobs, writing the steps, determining hazards, including safety precautions, and tips on writing safe job procedures.
No portion of this text may be reprinted for other than personal use. Any commercial use of this document is strictly forbidden.
Contact OSHAcademy to arrange for use as a training document.
This study guide is designed to be reviewed off-line as a tool for preparation to successfully complete OSHAcademy Course 123.
Read each module, answer the quiz questions, and submit the quiz questions online through the course webpage. You can print the post-quiz response screen which will contain the correct answers to the questions.
The final exam will consist of questions developed from the course content and module quizzes.
We hope you enjoy the course and if you have any questions, feel free to email or call:
3. Which of the following is used to determine the risk of a job?
a. Common sense, severity, and history b. Number of employees, severity, and best guess c. History, likelihood, and anticipation d. Probability, severity, and exposure
The Risk Assessment Matrix
Another simple technique to help determine the overall risk of the jobs for which you'll be
conducting a JHA, is called the Risk Assessment Matrix. It's a simple process to determine the
risk level of each job:
1. List all of the jobs that you are analyzing.
2. Estimate the probability and severity of each job.
3. Next, place the job in the appropriate section of the risk matrix.
Once you've entered all jobs, you can easily prioritize each job to determine which jobs to
analyze first.
Prioritize Jobs - Worst First
Now that you have some idea how much risk is involved in each job, you can prioritize them. As
mentioned earlier, a common strategy is to prioritize the most hazardous job first. If a JHA is
required for many jobs in your workplace, priority should go to the following types of jobs, in
order of priority:
1. Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates;
2. Jobs with the potential to cause injuries or illnesses, even if there is no history of
previous accidents;
3. Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or injury;
4. Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes and
procedures; and
5. Jobs complex enough to require written instructions.
OSHAcademy Student Opinion: According to William I., it's important to understand that all the
(potentially) "severe events" should be addressed first, then down to critical, etc. He has seen
many cases where customers and safety professionals have focused on frequency issues
because there is data to review and success to demonstrate. Meanwhile they ignore large loss
potential events until they occur. In his opinion, as you address the large loss potential events,
there is corollary benefit to the "less severe but more frequent" incidents.
4. Which of the following job categories would be considered the highest priority for a JHA?
a. Jobs that are new b. Jobs that have undergone changes in processes c. Jobs that could cause serious injury or illness d. Jobs that have the highest injury or illness rates
Develop the Steps
The process of "analysis" in the context of a JHA includes breaking the "whole" job down into its
basic steps. The idea is to carefully describe actions and hazards within each step, and finally
how to mitigate those hazards through preventive measures.
Every Step Has an Actor and Action(s)
Each step of a procedure describes what the worker (actor) does (action), so let's take a look at
each of these two components:
1. Actor: The actor is the person accomplishing the action. The actor may perform or NOT
perform a particular action in a step.
2. Action: An action is "the something" that is done by an actor. Actions may or may not be
observable. Actions may describe an activity that is accomplished or not accomplished.
If two or more employees are performing the job, identify the employee (actor) first and then
the action(s). If only one employee is performing the job, there's no need to identify the actor.
Write the step in active tense. See the example of active and passive tense below:
• Active tense: "Place the lockout device on the hasp."
• Passive tense: "The lockout device is to be placed on the hasp."
7. What is TRUE about most accidents in the workplace?
a. Accidents are the result of isolated events b. Many contributing events ultimately cause accidents c. Accidents are usually caused by a lack of common sense d. Accidents cannot be anticipated due to many variables
Common Hazards and Descriptions
Chemical (Flammable): A chemical that, when exposed to a heat ignition source, results in
combustion. Typically, the lower a chemical's flash point and boiling point, the more flammable
the chemical.
Chemical (Corrosive): A chemical that, when it comes into contact with skin, metal, or other
materials, damages the materials. Acids and bases are examples of corrosives.
Explosion (Chemical Reaction): Self-explanatory.
Explosion (Over-Pressure): Sudden and violent release of a large amount of gas/energy due to
a significant pressure difference, such as rupture in a boiler or compressed gas cylinder.
Electrical (Shock/Short Circuit): Contact with exposed conductors or a device that is incorrectly
or inadvertently grounded. Example: a metal ladder comes into contact with power lines.
Electrical (Fire): Use of electrical power that results in electrical overheating or arcing to the
point of combustion or ignition of flammables, or electrical component damage.
Electrical (Static/ESD): The moving or rubbing of wool, nylon, other synthetic fibers, and even
flowing liquids can generate static electricity on the surface of material that can ignite
flammables, damage electronics, or body's nervous system.
8. What kind of hazards can result in sudden and the violent release of a large amount of gas/energy?
a. Explosion (over-pressure) b. Physical biohazards c. Ergonomic hazards d. Toxic substances
Electrical (Loss of Power): Safety-critical equipment failure as a result of loss of power.
9. Which hazard type causes more injuries in the workplace?
a. Mechanical hazards in general industry b. Fall hazards on construction sites c. Ergonomic hazards – overexertion d. Chemical reactions - acid/basic burns
Struck By (Mass Acceleration): Accelerated mass that strikes the body causing injury or death
(Examples are falling objects and projectiles).
Struck Against: Injury to a body part as a result of coming into contact of a surface in which
action was initiated by the person. (An example is when a screwdriver slips.)
Temperature (Heat/Cold): Temperatures that result in heat stress, extreme exhaustion, or
metabolic slow down such as hypothermia.
Toxin: A chemical that exposes a person by absorption through the skin, inhalation, or through
the blood stream that causes illness, disease, or death.
Vibration: Segmental or whole-body vibration can cause damage to nerve endings, and organs.
Visibility: Lack of lighting or obstructed vision that results in an error or other hazard.
6. Personal protective equipment: If we use PPE correctly, it can be effective in reducing
exposure to hazards.
The idea behind this hierarchy is that the control methods at the top of the list are potentially
more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following the hierarchy normally leads
to the implementation of inherently safer systems, ones where the risk of illness or injury has
been substantially reduced.
1. What is the primary strategy to reduce the risk of injury?
a. Train and educate employees b. Eliminate/reduce hazards and exposure to hazards c. Reduce the type of exposure to hazards d. Engineer exposure to reduce hazards
Elimination and Substitution
Elimination and substitution, while most effective at reducing hazards, also tend to be the most
difficult to implement in an existing process. These strategies are considered first because they
have the potential of eliminating the hazard, thus greatly reducing the probability of an
accident. Redesigning or replacing equipment or machinery may be expensive, but remember
the average direct and indirect cost of a lost-work injury can be more than $50,000 and easily
more than $1 million to close a fatality claim.
Engineering Controls
Engineering controls are built into the design of a facility, equipment or process to minimize the
hazard. Engineering controls are a very reliable way to control worker exposures as long as the
controls are properly designed, used and maintained.
If, during the JHA, you discover a hazard that can be engineered out, be sure to do it. One of the
important goals of a JHA is to turn the dangerous step into a safe step that doesn't require
safety precautions. Engineering controls may include:
• Enclosing the hazard using enclosed cabs, enclosures for noisy equipment, or other
means;
• Isolating the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast shields, welding curtains, or
other means; and
• Removing or redirecting the hazard such as with local exhaust ventilation.
For instance, you would continue the warning by saying, "Grasp the breaker switch and move it
from the on to the off position (down). To prevent a possible serious burn injury if an arc flash
occurs, be sure you turn your head and look away as you flip the breaker switch."
4. What is an important benefit if your safe job procedure is well-written?
a. The procedures will be performed faster b. You don't have to rely on common sense c. The JHA will be great for training d. It doesn't have to pass the "dummy test"
More Points to Remember
• Paint a word picture - concrete vs. abstract. The idea is to write the procedure in such a
way that someone who is not familiar with the job can actually "see" each step occur.
When writing safe job procedures, we tend to write in a technical style because it seems
to be more "efficient." However, if you are going to use the safe job procedure as a
lesson plan for conducting safety training, it's probably a good idea to write in a more
interesting conversational style.
• Write in the second person. For example, say "Be sure you...". Try to avoid writing in the
third person such as, "Be sure the worker...". In most steps you won't have to worry
about this because the person you are writing to is implied.
• Write in the present tense. Say "take" rather than "should be taken." This helps to
create the word picture and streamline the safe job procedure.
• Write as clearly as possible. Say "use" rather than "utilize." Replacing more complex
words with simple words helps to make sure your employees comprehend the material.
• If you use acronyms or jargon, make sure the meaning of the acronym is spelled out
when first used. Make sure jargon is explained on first use.
5. Which of the following is an example of best practice when writing a safe job procedure (SJP)?
a. Write "the worker should," rather than "you should" b. Say "take," rather than "should be taken" c. Write "SJP," rather than "Safe Job Procedure (SJP)" d. Say "utilize," rather than "use"
Still More Points to Remember
• Remind the worker why it is important to do the step safely. Unfortunately, OSHA rules
do not emphasize this important part of the training. Nevertheless, you should always
discuss the consequences of the employee's personal behavior.
• Include notes, cautions, warnings. Tell the employee about the dangers and safety
precautions to reduce the dangers in each step. Doing this also helps to emphasize the
costs (injury, illness) and benefits (health) of using safety precautions.
• Keep sentences short. Grammar checker software can help you do this. Usually, a
sentence of 7-15 words is adequate.
• Remind the worker why it is important to do the step safely. Remember, there is no
successful safety management system without effective accountability.
Now let's take a look at what our sample JHA looks like now that we've identified some hazards
and their related preventive measures in each step, and written the safe job procedure.
BASIC JOB STEP HAZARDS-POSSIBLE
INJURIES
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
1. Spotter: Spot position of trailer as it nears loading dock.
Spotter could be caught
between trailer and dock.
Stay clear of the rear of the
trailer as it is being backed
into position.
Keep others away from the
area.
2. When the trailer is in position, turn engine off, set parking brake, and notify forklift operator.
Driver could be injured if
he/she jumps off the truck.
Never jump off the cab or
back of the trailer.
3. Driver: Set chocks. Driver could strike head on
trailer.
Driver could trip, slip, fall
while in the dock well.
Avoid striking the trailer
when setting the wheel
chocks.
Use handrails and use care
when walking on slippery
surfaces.
SAFE JOB PROCEDURE
Step 1. Spotter: Position the vehicle. Spot the position of the trailer as it nears the loading dock. Make sure the trailer is correctly positioned in the dock well. Warning: It's important to follow these procedures so you don't get caught between the trailer and dock when the trailer is backing up to the dock. Note: Be sure to keep others away from the area. Remove the awareness chain or bar from the front of the dock door once the trailer is properly positioned.
Step 2. Driver: When the trailer is in position, verify the vehicle has been turned off, set the parking brake, and notify the forklift operator. Warning: When exiting the truck, never jump. Many drivers are injured jumping from the cab of the truck or back of the trailer.
Last words: Make sure that workers are observed actually performing the entire job to make
sure the JHA you just developed has been developed effectively.
6. Which of the following should be part of the Safe Job Procedure (SJP) section of the JHA form?
a. A general summary with no step-by-step wording b. A list of hazards and exposure c. Notes, cautions, and warnings d. References to manufacturer manuals
Improve the JHA Process
Periodically reviewing your job hazard analysis ensures that it remains current and continues to
help reduce workplace accidents and injuries. Even if the job has not changed, it is possible that
during the review process you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial
analysis.
It is particularly important to review your job hazard analysis if an illness or injury occurs on a
specific job. Based on the circumstances, you may determine that you need to change the job
procedure to prevent similar incidents in the future. If an employee's failure to follow proper
job procedures results in a "close call," discuss the situation with all employees who perform
the job and remind them of proper procedures.
• It may also be possible that the problem is with the procedure. Maybe it needs to be
changed. Talk with employees about their reasons for the apparent unsafe behavior.
You might be surprised to learn they have been "trapped" into doing the job that way.
• On the other hand, discipline may be appropriate if the safety management system has
not failed the employee (the employer is meeting all safety obligations).
Any time you revise a job hazard analysis, it is important to train all employees affected by the
changes in the new job methods, procedures, or protective measures adopted.
Step 3. Driver: Set the chocks. After exiting the truck, chock the wheels. Warning: Be sure not to strike your head against the truck when setting the chocks. Caution: Be careful when walking on slippery surfaces and use handrails when using ramps or stairs.
7. Which of the following would most certainly trigger a review of a JHA?
a. The company is going to be inspected by OSHA b. It's been a while since the last review c. The safety inspector can't find the JHA form d. Worker is almost hurt using the procedure
Tips to Improve the JHA
To improve the JHAs and its related SJP, think about the "ergonomics" of the job. Find ways to
further reduce lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, carrying, throwing, holding, twisting, or jobs
using force. A SJP should remove any unnecessary actions and prevent the need to do things
more than once if possible. There should be as little heavy carrying as possible and also include
rest breaks if needed. If feasible, provide mechanical aids such as hoists, adjustable
workbenches, and hooks. Make sure tools and equipment are positioned so that they are in
easy reach.
A solid JHA improvement process will make good use of the experience and knowledge of:
• workers who have been using the JHA procedures,
• subject matter experts (SMEs) from various safety and health specialties, and
• OSHA consultants (they're free and confidential!).
Workers provide valuable experience in the procedure. SMEs provide a level of involvement as
experts in their field. They can effectively review the jobs and the hazards identified to
determine the proper set of controls required. Workers and SMEs can also help improve the
methods to communicate instructions or procedures.
Any time you revise a job hazard analysis, it is important to train all employees affected by the
changes in the new job methods, procedures, or protective measures adopted.
• recommending any changes required to facilitate personnel safety; including, but not
limited to, specific procedures, policies, equipment, training, etc., that may be involved;
and
• providing the appropriate manager with a completed copy of the JHA.
10. Each of the following is a key JHA team responsibility EXCEPT _____
a. recommending changes in the JHA procedure b. discipline for non-compliance with JHA procedures c. developing new JHAs and providing them to users d. conducting JHAs to analyze their effectiveness