Planning to fail, failing to plan? A most different systems comparison of urban planning in Portugal and Iran Mona Jabbari (U. Minho) Carlos Jalali (U. Aveiro) Frederico Moura e Sá (U. Aveiro)
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Planning to fail, failing to plan?
A most different systems comparison
of urban planning in Portugal and Iran
Mona Jabbari (U. Minho)
Carlos Jalali (U. Aveiro)
Frederico Moura e Sá (U. Aveiro)
1. TERRITORY: FUNCTIONS AND USES
• LAND FUNCTIONS (ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE) :
• ENVIRONMENTAL (ECOLOGICAL BALANCE)
• PRODUCTIVE (PRIMARY SECTOR)
• SUPPORT (INFRASTRUCTURE, BUILDING, …)
• EVOLUTION OF LAND USE
DOMINANT BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ORDER
CONFLICT / CLASH
REFLECTION / MIRROR
E.G. IN PORTUGAL MUCH OF THE LAND IS PRIVATE PROPER TY ���� BASIC RIGHT (LIBERAL FRAMEWORK)
EACH OWNER LEGITIMATELY DEMANDS THE MAXIMUM ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE OF THEIR "GOOD"
CARVALHO, J. (2010). MERCADO, IDEOLOGIA E ORDENAMEN TO DO TERRITÓRIO. AVEIRO, UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO.
2. LAND USE: CURRENT DYNAMICS
URBAN(CITY)
RURAL(FIELD)VS.
CLASSICAL DICHOTOMY(CONCENTRATED OCCUPATION)
STEAM ENGINE, AUTOMOBILE AND INFRASTRUCTURE EXPANSI ON
SCATTERED / FRAGMENTED OCCUPATION (URBAN SPRAWL)
MODEL (BASED ON CAR USE AND UNTIL NOW IN CHEAP ENERGY) THAT MULTIPLIES ITSELF BY:
• THE PERMANENT EXTENSION OF INFRASTRUCTURES(IRRATIONALITY ���� WITHOUT ASSESSING LEVELS OF SERVICE)
• LAND OWNERS ACTION:
• ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION
• PRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
• SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
(WITHOUT ECONOMIC RETURN)
RELENTLESS PURSUIT OF BUILDING ON HIS PROPERTY
CARVALHO, J. (2010). MERCADO, IDEOLOGIA E ORDENAMEN TO DO TERRITÓRIO. AVEIRO, UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO.DOMINGUES, Á. (2008). URBANIZAÇÃO EXTENSIVA – UMA NO VA ESCALA PARA O PLANEAMENTO. CITTA 1ST ANNUAL CONF ERENCE ON PLANNING RESEARCH. PORTO, FEUP.
4. SPRAWL IN PORTUGAL…
Tehran province: Different Grain size of heterogeneo us tissue
GROWTH RATES OF HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES IN PORTUGAL ,1970-81, 1981-91 AND 1991-2001
GROWTH OF HOUSING HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY ABOVE 20%, ALWAYS WELL ABOVE
THE INCREASE OF THE FAMILY NUMBERS.
A EVOLUÇÃO DO PARQUE HABITACIONAL PORTUGUÊS: REFLEX ÕES PARA O FUTURO
4. SPRAWL IN PORTUGAL… THREE DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES
CONTINUOUS LINEAR BUILDING (EX: CARVALHEIRA – AVEIRO)
4. SPRAWL IN PORTUGAL… THREE DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES
OCCASIONAL PATCHES OF URBANIZATIONS (EX: SÃO JOSÉ DA PONTE – ÉVORA)
4. SPRAWL IN PORTUGAL… THREE DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES
UNIFORM PUNCTUAL BUILDING (EX: AZURVA – AVEIRO)
3. SPRAWL IN IRAN…
Tehran is the economic and political centre of the country. This helps explain sprawling settlements in the Tehran province. The province has a population of around 11 million.
Statistical Center of Iran(2013) at : www.amar.org. ir
Iran
Tehran province
3. SPRAWL IN IRAN… TWO DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES
TEHRAN PROVINCE: PUNCTUAL BUILDING, HETEROGENEOUS P LOT SIZES
3. SPRAWL IN IRAN… TWO DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES
North of Iran
Statistical Center of Iran(2013) at : www.amar.org. ir
3. SPRAWL IN IRAN… TWO DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES
NORTH OF IRAN: CONTINUOUS LINEAR SPRAWL, HOMOGENEOU S PLOT SIZES
3. SPRAWL IN IRAN…
GROWTH RATES OF HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES IN IRAN,1996-2000, 2001-2005 AND 2006-2010
Statistical Center of Iran(2013) at : www.amar.org. ir
GROWTH OF FAMILIES HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY ABOVE DOUB LE AND HALF, ALWAYS
WELL ABOVE THE INCREASE OF THE RATE HOUSE NUMBERS.
5. THE RESEARCH QUESTION
WHY?WHAT FACTORS EXPLAIN
INEFFICIENT LAND USE AND SPRAWL?
EXPLANATIONS OF INEFFICIENT LAND USE AND SPRAWL GENERALLY BASED ON CASE STUDIES. E.G.:CARVALHO, J. (COORDENAÇÃO GERAL) (NO PRELO). CUSTOS E BENEFÍCIOS, À ESCALA LOCAL, DE UMA OCUPAÇÃO DISPERSA. UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO, UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA, DGOTDU. (CASOS DE AVEIRO E ÉVORA).
GRAHAM, S., MARVIN, S. (2001). SPLINTERING URBANISM: NETWORKED INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGICAL MOBILITIES AND THE URBAN CONDITION. LONDON, NEW YORK, ROUTLEDGE.
SIEVERTS, T. (2003). CITIES WITHOUT CITIES: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE ZWISCHENSTADT. LONDON, NEW YORK, SPON PRESS.
SOARES, L. B. (2002). A REALIDADE INCONTORNÁVEL DA DISPERSÃO. SOCIEDADE E TERRITÓRIO, N. 33, FEVEREIRO, P. 123-129.
6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
LIJPHART (1971): SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION CONSISTS OF TWO BASIC ELEMENTS: (1) THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TWO OR MORE VARIABLES, WHILE (2) ALL OTHER VARIABLES ARE CONTROLLED THAT IS, HELD CONSTANT
COMPARATIVE METHOD: “METHOD OF DISCOVERING EMPIRICA L RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIABLES” (LIJPHART, 1971: 683)
SYSTEMATIC COMPARISON OF SMALL N; DELIBERATE AND CA REFUL SELECTION OF CASES; IDENTIFYING CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP S BY ANALYSING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CASES
TWO MAIN STRATEGIES:1. MOST SIMILAR SYSTEMS DESIGN (MSSD): minimise variance in the
independent (control) variables and maximise differ ence in the dependent variable
2. MOST DIFFERENT SYSTEMS DESIGN (MDSD): maximise variance in the independent variables and minimise difference in th e dependent variable
6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
THE LOGIC OF MDSD
6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
PORTUGAL IRANDEMOCRACY NOT DEMOCRACY
MARKET ECONOMY TRANSITION ECONOMY
10 MILLION POP’N; HIGH DENSITY (115/KM2); LOW
GROWTH (0.18%)
76 MILLION POP’N; LOW DENSITY (47/KM2); FAST
GROWTH (1.25%)
PIECEMEAL PLANNING SYSTEM
CENTRALISED PLANNING
PREPONDERANCE OF PRIVATE INITIATIVE
PUBLIC CONTROL OF CONSTRUCTION
BUT BOTH WITH INEFFICIENT LAND USE (SPRAWL)
PORTUGAL AND IRAN AS A MOST DIFFERENT SYSTEMS DESIG N COMPARISON
7. THE PORTUGUESE CASE: FACTORS
REASONS FOR DISORGANIZED OCCUPATION OF THE TERRITORY:
PUBLIC ACTION ONLY USES PLANS (GENERALLY TOO PERMISSIVE) AND LICENSING (WITH CASE BY CASE APPROACH AND DEPENDENT ON THE INITIATI VE OF EACH OWNER - EVEN IF THE LICENSEE COMPLIES WITH THE PLAN, DISORDER REMAINS)
WHAT IS MISSING:
• ANOTHER REAL ESTATE TAX SYSTEM (THE PRESENT ONE REWARDS INACTION AND INHIBITS OPERATION OF THE MARKET)
• AND ABOVE ALL, MORE PUBLIC INITIATIVE (DIRECT ACTIONS OR PROMOTION OF EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS - IN STRATEGIC TERRITORIALLY INTERVENTIONS)
CARVALHO, J. (2010). MERCADO, IDEOLOGIA E ORDENAMEN TO DO TERRITÓRIO. AVEIRO, UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO.
8. THE IRANIAN CASE: FACTORS
REASONS FOR DISORGANIZED OCCUPATION OF THE TERRITORY:
1990s-2000s: CONSTRUCTION AS THE ONLY LUCRATIVE USE OF LAND, AND PARTICULARLY PROFITABLE IN THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE, GIVEN HIGH DEMAND. PRIVATE CAPITAL CHANNELLED TO CONSTRUCTION.
Since 2000s: DIRECT GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TO INCREASE HOUSING. HOWEVER, HAS SERVED TO FURTHER INCREASE VALUE OF LA ND (PRIVATE) FOR CONSTRUCTION, AND LITTLE PLANNING STRUCTURE.
WHAT IS MISSING:
• ANOTHER REAL ESTATE TAX SYSTEM (NO TAXATION ON CONSTRUCTION PROFITS)
• AND ABOVE ALL, MORE PUBLIC INITIATIVE (DIRECT ACTIONS OR PROMOTION OF EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS - IN STRATEGIC TERRITORIALLY INTERVENTIONS)
8. THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
WHAT FACTORS EXPLAIN INEFFICIENT LAND USE AND SPRAWL?
DESPITE DIFFERENT URBAN PLANNING REGULATIONS AND CO NTEXTUAL FACTORS, IRAN AND PORTUGAL WITH SIMILAR OUTCOMES.
THE COMMON FACTOR:
ABUNDANCE OF CHEAP CREDIT FOR CONSTRUCTION
IN PORTUGAL, CREDIT PROVIDED BY FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSIN IRAN, CREDIT PROVIDED GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
IN BOTH CASES, SIMILAR IMPACT: ECONOMIC LOGIC OVERRIDES SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL LOGICS
THANK YOU
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