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racas cabildo.[4]

The social position of the family is

illustrated by the fact that whenthe Caracas Cathedralwas built in1594, the Bolvar family had one ofthe first dedicated side chapels. Themajority of the wealth of Simn de

Bolvar's descendants came from theestates. The most important of theseestates was a sugar plantation withanencomiendathat provided the laborneeded to run the estate.

[5]Another

portion of Bolvar wealth came fromthe silver, gold, and more importantly,copper mines in Venezuela. In 1632,small gold deposits first were mined inVenezuela, leading to further

discoveries of much more extensivecopper deposits. From his mother'sside, the Palacios family, Bolvarinherited the copper mines

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at Cocorote. Native American andAfrican slaves provided the majority of

the labor in these mines.[6]

Toward the end of the seventeenthcentury, copper exploitation becameso prominent in Venezuela that itbecame known as Cobre

Caracas("Caracas copper"). Many ofthe mines became the property of theBolvar family. Bolvar's grandfather,Juan de Bolvar y Martnez deVillegas, paid 22,000 ducatsto the

monastery at Santa Maria deMontserratin 1728 for a title of nobilitythat had been granted by theking, Philip V of Spain, for itsmaintenance. The crown never issued

the patent of nobility, and so thepurchase became the subjectof lawsuitsthat were still going onduring Bolvar's lifetime, when

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independence from Spain made thepoint moot. (If successful, Bolvar's

older brother, Juan Vicente, wouldhave become the Marqusde SanLuisandVizcondede Cocorote.)Bolvar gave away his personalfortune to the revolution.

[7]:6

Early life[edit]

Birthplace of Simn BolvarinCaracas, Venezuela(now a museum)

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sisters and a brother: Mara Antonia,Juana, and Juan Vicente. Another

sister, Mara del Carmen, died atbirth.

[8]

Bolvar's parents found themselves ina circumstance that forced them toentrust the baby Simn Bolvar to the

care of Doa Ines Manceba deMiyares and the family's slave lanegra Hipolita. A couple of years laterBolvar returned to the love and careof his parents, but this traumatic

experience would have a severeeffect on Bolvar's life. Before his thirdbirthday, his father Juan Vicente haddied.

[8]

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Bolvar, circa 1800

Bolvar's father died in his sleep whenBolvar was two and a half years old.Bolvar's mother, Maria Concepcinde Palacios y Blanco, died when hewas approaching nine years of age.He then was placed in the custody ofa severe instructor, Miguel Jos Sanz,but this relationship did not work outand he was sent back to his home. Inan effort to give Bolvar the besteducation possible, he received

private lessons from the renownedprofessorsAndrs Bello, GuillermoPelgrn, Jose Antonio Negrete,

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Fernando Vides, Father Andjar, andthe most influential of all, DonSimn

Rodrguez, formerly known as SimnCarreo. Don Simn Rodriguez waslater to become Bolvar's friend andmentor, and he instilled in the youngman the ideas of liberty,

enlightenment, and freedom.

[9]

In the meantime, he was mostly caredfor by his nurse, a black slave womannamed Hiplita, whom he later called"the only mother I have known."

[10]His

instructor Don Simn understood theyoung Bolvar's personality andinclinations, and tried from the verybeginning to be an empathetic friend.They took long walks through the

countryside and climbed mountains.Don Simn taught Bolvar how toswim and ride horses, and, in theprocess, taught him about liberty,

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human rights, politics, history, andsociology.

[9]

Military career[edit]When Bolvar was fourteen, hisprivate instructor and mentor SimnRodrguez had to abandon thecountry, as he was accused of being

involved in a conspiracy against theSpanish government in Caracas.Thus, Bolvar entered the militaryacademy of theMilicias de Veraguas,which his father had sought out as

colonel years earlier. Through theseyears of military training, hedeveloped his fervent passion forarmaments and military strategy,which he later would employ on the

battlefields of the wars ofindependence.

[9]A few years later,

while in Paris, Bolvar witnessed thecoronation ofNapoleonin Notre

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Dame, and this majestic event left aprofound impression upon him. From

that moment he wished that he couldemulate similar triumphant glory forthe people of his native land.

[9]

El Libertador[edit]

Main article: Military career of Simn

Bolvar

Simon Bolivar

Bolvar returned to Venezuela in1807. After the coup on April 19,1810, Venezuela achieved defactoindependence whenthe Supreme Junta of Caracaswas

established and the colonialadministrators deposed. The Juntasent a delegation to Great Britain to

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get British recognition and aid. Thisdelegation, which included Simn

Bolvar and future VenezuelannotablesAndrs Belloand Luis LopezMendez, met with andpersuaded Francisco de Mirandatoreturn to his native land. In 1811 a

delegation from the Supreme Junta,among them Bolvar, and a crowd ofcommon people enthusiasticallyreceived Miranda in LaGuaira.

[11]During civil war conducted

by Miranda, Bolvar was promoted tocolonel and made commandantof Puerto Cabellothe following in1812. At the same time that royalistFrigate Captain Domingo deMonteverdewas making fast and vastadvances into republican territoryfrom the west, Bolvar lost controlof San Felipe Fortalong with its

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ammunition stores on June 30 of1812. Deciding that the situation was

lost, Bolvar effectively abandoned hispost and retreated to his estate in SanMateo. Miranda also saw therepublican cause as lost and signed inSan Mateo town a capitulation with

Monteverde on July 25. Then ColonelBolvar and other revolutionaryofficers claimed his actionsas treasonous. In one of Bolvar'smost morally dubious acts, Bolvar

and others arrested and handedMiranda over to the Spanish RoyalArmy in La Guairaport.

[12]For his

apparent services to the royalistcause, Monteverde granted Bolvar apassport, and Bolvar leftfor Curaaoon August 27. In 1813 hewas given a military commandin Tunja, New Granada(modern

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day Colombia), under the direction ofthe Congress of United Provinces of

New Granada, which had formed outof thejuntasestablished in 1810.

Bolvar in 1816, during his stayin Haiti

This was the beginning of thefamousAdmirable Campaign. Heentered Mridaon 24 May, where hewas proclaimed asEl Libertador(TheLiberator).

[13]That event was followed

by the occupation of Trujilloon 9

June. Six days later, on 15 June, hedictated his famous Decree of War tothe Death, allowing the killing of any

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Spaniard not actively supportingindependence. Caracas was retaken

on 6 August 1813 and Bolvar wasratified as "El Libertador", thusproclaiming therestoration of theVenezuelan republic. Due to therebellion of Jos Toms Bovesin

1814 and the fall of the republic, hereturned to New Granada, where hethen commanded a force for theUnited Provinces andentered Bogotin 1814, recapturing

the city from the dissenting republicanforces of Cundinamarca. He intendedto march intoCartagenaand enlist theaid of local forces in order to captureRoyalist Santa Marta. In 1815, after anumber of political and militarydisputes with the government ofCartagena, however, Bolvar fledto Jamaica, where he was denied

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support and an attempt was made onhis life,

[14]after which he fled to Haiti,

where he was granted sanctuary andprotection. He befriendedAlexandrePtion, the leader of the newlyindependent country, and petitionedhim for aid.

[13]

Bolvar andFrancisco de PaulaSantanderduring theCongress ofCcuta, October 1821

In 1816, with Haitian soldiers and vital

material support, Bolvar landed inVenezuela and fulfilled his promisetoAlexandre Petionto free SpanishAmerica's slaves on 2 June

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1816.[7]:186

In January 1817, on asecond expedition, Bolivar

capturedAngosturain July(now Ciudad Bolvar),

[7]:192-201after

defeating the counter-attack of Miguelde la Torre. However, Venezuelaremained a captaincy of Spain after

the victory in 1818 by Pablo Morillointhe second battle of LaPuerta.

[7]:212Yet, Bolivar was able to

open the Second National Congressin Angostura on 15 Feb. 1819, in

which Bolivar was elected presidentand Francisco Antonio Zeavicepresident.

[7]:222-225Bolvar then

decided that he would first fight for theindependence of New Granada, togain resources of the vice royalty,intending later to consolidate theindependence of Venezuela.

[15]

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The campaign for the independenceof New Granada was consolidated

with the victory at the Battle ofBoyacon 7 Aug. 1819.

[7]:233Bolivar

returned to Angostura, wherecongress passed a law forming theRepublic of Greater Colombia on 17

Dec., making Bolivar president andZea vice president, with Santandervice president on the New Granadaside, and Juan German Rosciovicepresident on the Venezuela side.

[7]:246-

247

Morillo was left in control ofCaracas and the coastalhighlands.

[7]:248After the restoration of

the Cadiz Constitution, Morillo ratifiedtwo treaties with Bolivar on 25 Nov.1820, calling for a six-month armisticeand recognizing Bolivar as presidentof the republic.

[7]:254-255Bolivar and

Morilla met in San Fernando de

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Apureon 27 Nov., after which Morillaleft Venezuela for Spain, leaving La

Torre in command.[7]:255-257

From his newly consolidated base ofpower, Bolvar launched outrightindependence campaigns inVenezuela and Ecuador, and these

campaigns were concluded with thevictory at the Battle of Carabobo, afterwhich he triumphantly enteredCaracas on 29 June 1821.

[7]:267On 7

September 1821 the Gran

Colombia(a state covering much ofmodern Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, northern Peru, andnorthwest of Brazil) was created, withBolvar as president and Francisco de

Paula Santanderas vice president.Bolivar followed with the Battle ofBombona and the Battle of Pichincha,

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after which Bolivar entered Quito on16 June 1822.

[7]:287

On 26 and 27 July 1822, Bolvar heldthe Guayaquil conferencewiththeArgentinianGeneral Jos de SanMartn, who had received the titleof Protector of Peruvian Freedomin

August 1821 after having partiallyliberated Peru from theSpanish.

[7]:295Thereafter, Bolvar took

over the task of fully liberating Peru.The Peruvian congress named him

dictator of Peru on 10 February 1824,which allowed Bolvar to reorganizecompletely the political and militaryadministration. Assisted byAntonioJos de Sucre, Bolvar decisively

defeated the Spanish cavalryatthe Battle of Junnon 6 August 1824.Sucre destroyed the still numericallysuperior remnants of the Spanish

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forces atAyacuchoon 9 December1824.

On 6 August 1825, at the Congress ofUpper Peru, the "Republic of Bolivia"was created, and voted Bolivarpresident.

[7]:346Bolvar is thus one of

the few men to have a country named

after him.Bolivar returned to Caracas on 12Jan. 1827, but returned to Bogota on10 Sept. 1827 to assume absolutepower, setting the date of the

constituent congress, 2 Jan. 1830, asthe day he would surrenderpower.

[7]:369,378,408

Proclamation of presidency[edit]

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Battle of Carabobo, 24 June 1821

Battle of Junn, August 1824

Bolvar had great difficulties

maintaining control of the vast GranColombia. In 1826, internal divisionshad sparked dissent throughout thenation, and regional uprisings eruptedin Venezuela. The new South

American union had revealed itsfragility and appeared to be on theverge of collapse. To preserve theunion, an amnesty was declared andan arrangement was reached with the

Venezuelan rebels, but this increasedthe political dissent in neighboringNew Granada. In an attempt to keepthe nation together as a single entity,

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Bolvar called for a constitutionalconvention at Ocaain March

1828.[16]

Bolvar's dream was freedom for allraces in the Americas, but felt thefederation found in the US wasunworkable.

[7]:106,166For this reason,

and to prevent a break-up, Bolvarsought to implement a more centralistmodel of government in GranColombia, including some or all of theelements of the Bolivian

constitutionhe had written, whichincluded a lifetime presidencywith theability to select a successor (althoughtheoretically, this presidency was heldin check by an intricate system of

balances).

[7]:351

This move wasconsidered controversial in NewGranada and was one of the reasonsfor the deliberations, which met from 9

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April to 10 June 1828. The conventionalmost ended up drafting a document

which would have implemented aradically federalist form ofgovernment, which would havegreatly reduced the powers of acentral administration. The federalist

faction was able to command amajority for the draft of a newconstitution which has definite federalcharacteristics despite its ostensiblycentralist outline. Unhappy with what

would be the ensuing result, pro-Bolvar delegates withdrew from theconvention, leaving it moribund.

[17]

Two months after the failure of thiscongress to write a new constitution,

Bolvar was declared president-liberator in Colombia's "OrganicDecree".

[7]:394He considered this as a

temporary measure, as a means to

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reestablish his authority and save therepublic, although it increased

dissatisfaction and anger among hispolitical opponents.

[7]:408An

assassination attempt on 25September 1828 failed, thanks to thehelp of his lover,Manuela Senz.

[7]:399-

405

Bolvar afterward describedManuela as "Liberatrix of theLiberator".

[7]:403Although Bolvar

emerged safely from the attempt, thisnevertheless greatly affected him.

Dissent continued, and uprisingsoccurred in New Granada, Venezuela,and Ecuador during the next twoyears.

[17]Finally, Bolivar

recommended the republic be dividedinto three separate states: Venezuela,Colombia, and Ecuador, and he woulddepart after the constitutionalcongress in Jan. 1830.

[7]:427

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Death[edit]

Sketch of Bolvar at age 47 made

from life by Jos Mara Espinosa in1830

Saying, "All who served theRevolution have plowed thesea",

[7]:450Bolvar finally resigned his

presidency on 27 April 1830,intending to leave the country for exilein Europe.

[7]:435He already had sent

several crates (containing hisbelongings and writings, which he had

selected) ahead of him toEurope,

[18]but he died before setting

sail from Cartagena.

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On 17 December 1830, at the age of47, Simn Bolvar died

of tuberculosis[19]

in the Quinta de SanPedro AlejandrinoinSantaMarta, GranColombia(now Colombia). On hisdeathbed, Bolvar asked his aide-de-

camp, General Daniel F. O'Learytoburn the remaining, extensive archiveof his writings, letters, and speeches.O'Leary disobeyed the order and hiswritings survived, providing historians

with a wealth of information aboutBolvar's liberal philosophy andthought, as well as details of hispersonal life, such as his long loveaffair with Manuela Senz. Shortlybefore her own death in 1856, Senzaugmented this collection by givingO'Leary her own letters fromBolvar.

[18]

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Bolvar's death by VenezuelanpainterAntonio Herrera Toro

His remains were buried in thecathedral of Santa Marta. Twelveyears later, in 1842, at the request ofPresidentJos Antonio Pez, theywere moved from Santa Marta toCaracas, where a monument was set

up for his interment in the NationalPantheon of Venezuela. The 'Quinta'near Santa Marta has been preservedas a museum with numerousreferences to his life.

[20]In 2010,

symbolic remains of Bolvar'slover, Manuela Senz, were interredby his side during a national

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ceremony reuniting them andhonoring her role in the liberations.

[21]

On January 2008, then President ofVenezuelaHugo Chvezset up acommission

[22]to investigate theories

that Bolvar was the victim of anassassination. On several occasions,

Chavez has claimed that Bolvar wasin fact poisoned by "New Granadatraitors".

[23]In April 2010, infectious

diseases specialist Paul Auwaerterstudied records of Bolvar's symptoms

and concluded that he might havesuffered from chronicarsenicpoisoning, but that both acutepoisoning and murder wereunlikely.

[24][25]In July 2010, Bolvar's

body was ordered to be exhumed toadvance the investigations.[26]

In July2011, international forensics expertsreleased their report claiming that

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there was no proof of poisoning orother unnatural cause of death.

[27]

Private life[edit]

Manuela Senz, lover of Bolvar whorescued him from an assassinationattempt and whose remains have

recently been united with hisIn 1799, following the early deaths ofhis father Juan Vicente (died 1786)and his mother Concepcin (died1792), he traveled to Mexico, France,

and Spain, at age sixteen, tocomplete his education. Whilein Madridduring 1802 and after a two-year courtship, he married Mara

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Teresa Rodrguez del Toro y Alaiza,who was his only wife. She was

related to the aristocratic families ofthe Marqus del Toro of Caracas andthe Marqus de Inicio ofMadrid.

[9]Eight months after returning

to Venezuela with him, she died

from yellow fever. Devastated by hissudden loss and after having swornnever to marry again Bolvar returnedto Europe in 1804 where interest inpolitics became the best medicine

against his acute depression. Notsurprisingly many years later Bolivarwould refer to the death of his wife asthe turning point of his life. He livedin Napoleonic Francefor a while andundertook the Grand Tour.

[28]During

this time in Europe, BolivarmetAlexander von Humboldtin Rome,Humboldt later writing, "I was wrong

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back then, when I judged him apuerile man, incapable of realizing so

grand an ambition.[7]:64

Ducoudray Holstein's description ofBolivar[edit]

In his Memoirs of SimonBolivar, Henri La Fayette Villaume

Ducoudray Holstein- who himself hasbeen called a "not-always-reliable andnever impartial witness"

[29]) -

described the young Bolivar as hewas attempting to seize power in

Venezuela and Bolivia in 1814-1816 .

Ducoudray Holstein joined Bolivar andserved on his staff as officer andBolivar's confident during this period.He describes Bolivar as a coward who

repeatedly abandoned his militarycommission in front of enemy, andalso as also a great lover of women,

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being accompanied at all times by 2or more of his mistresses during the

military operations. He would nothesitate to stop the fleet transportingthe whole army and bound for theMargarita island during 2 days inorder to wait for his mistress to join

his ship.According to DucoudrayHolsteinBolivar behaved essentiallyas an opportunist preferring intriguesand secret manipulation to open fight.

He was also incompetent in militarymatters, systematically avoiding anyrisks and permanently anxious for hisown safety.

As to Bolivar's opinion of Ducoudray,

when Louis Peru de Lacroixaskedwho had been Bolivar's aides-de-camp since he had been general, hementioned Charles Eloi

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Demarquetand Ducoudray; Bolivarconfirmed the first but denied the

second, saying that he had met him in1815 and accepted his services, evenadmitting him to his General Staff, but"I never trusted him enough to makehim my aide de camp; to the contrary

I had a very unfavorable idea of hisperson and his services", and thatDucoudray only stayed briefly withhim and that his departure had been a"real pleasure".

[30]

Relatives[edit]Bolvar had no children, havingcontracted measlesand mumpsas achild. His closest living relativesdescend from his sisters and brother.

One of his sisters died in infancy. Hissister Juana Bolvar y Palaciosmarried their maternal uncle, DionisioPalacios y Blanco, and had two

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children, Guillermo and Benigna.Guillermo Palacios died fighting

alongside his uncle Simn in thebattle of La Hogaza on 2 December1817. Benigna had two marriages, thefirst to Pedro Briceo Mndez and thesecond to Pedro Amestoy.

[31]Their

great-grandchildren, Bolvar's closestliving relatives, Pedro, and EduardoMendoza Goiticoalived in Caracas,as of 2009. The family still lives inCaracas today.

His eldest sister, Mara Antonia,married Pablo Clemente Francia andhad four children: Josefa, Anacleto,Valentina, and Pablo. Mara Antoniabecame Bolvar's agentto deal with

his properties while he served aspresident of Gran Colombia and shewas an executrix of his will. She

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retired to Bolvar's estate in Macarao,which she inherited from him.

[32]

His older brother, Juan Vicente, whodied in 1811 on a diplomatic missionto the United States, had threechildren born out of wedlock whom herecognized: Juan, Fernando Simn,

and Felicia Bolvar Tinoco. Bolvarprovided for the children and theirmother after his brother's death.Bolvar was especially close toFernando and in 1822 sent him to

study in the United States, where heattended the University of Virginia. Inhis long life, Fernando had minorparticipation in some of the majorpolitical events of Venezuelan history

and also traveled and livedextensively throughout Europe. Hehad three children, Benjamn BolvarGauthier, Santiago Hernndez

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Bolvar, and Claudio Bolvar Taraja.Fernando died in 1898 at the age of

88.[33]

Political beliefs[edit]

Simn Bolvar was an admirer of boththeAmericanand the FrenchRevolutions.

[7]:35,52-53Bolivar even

enrolled his nephew, FernandoBolivar, in a private school inPhiladelphia, and paid for hiseducation, including attendance atThomas Jefferson' University of

Virginia.[7]:71-72, 369Bolvar differed,however, in political philosophy fromthe leaders of the revolution in theUnited States on two importantmatters. First of all, he was staunchly

anti-slavery, despite coming from anarea of Spanish America, that reliedheavily on slave labor. Second, whilehe was an admirer of the American

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independence, he did not believe thatits governmental system could

function in Latin America.[34]

Thus, heclaimed that the governance ofheterogeneous societies likeVenezuela "will require an infinitelyfirm hand."

[35]

Bolvar felt that the US had beenestablished in land especially fertilefor democracy. By contrast, hereferred to Spanish America ashaving been subject to the "triple yoke

of ignorance, tyranny, andvice."

[7]:224If a republic could be

established in such a land, in hismind, it would have to make someconcessions in terms of liberty. This is

shown when Bolvar blamed the fall ofthe first republic on his subordinatestrying to imitate "some etherealrepublic" and in the process, not

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paying attention to the gritty politicalreality of South America.

[36]

Among the books accompanying himas he traveled were,AdamSmith's The Wealth ofNations, Voltaire's Letters, and whenhe was writing the Bolivian

Constitution,Montesquieu's Spirit ofthe Laws.

[37]His Bolivian constitution

placed him within the camp of whatwould become Latin Americanconservatism in the later nineteenth

century. The Bolivian Constitutionintended to establish a lifelongpresidencyand a hereditary senate,essentially recreating the Britishunwritten constitution, as it existed at

the time, without formally establishinga monarchy. It was his attempts toimplement a similar constitution in

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Gran Colombia that led to his downfalland rejection by 1830.

Freemasonry[edit]Similarly to some others in the historyof American Independence (GeorgeWashington, Miguel Hidalgo, Jos deSan Martn, Bernardo

O'Higginsand Francisco Miranda),Simn Bolvar was a Freemason. Hewas initiated in 1803 in theMasonicLodge Lautarowhichoperated in Cadiz, Spain.

[38]It was in

this lodge that he first met some of hisrevolutionary peers, such as Jos deSan Martn. In May 1806 he wasconferred the rank of Master Mason inthe "Scottish Mother of St. Alexander

of Scotland" in Paris. During his timein London, he frequented "The GreatAmerican Reunion" lodge in London,founded by Francisco de Miranda. In

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April 1824, Simn Bolvar was giventhe 33rd degree of Inspector General

Honorary.Legacy[edit]

Simn Bolvar Memorial Monument,standing in Santa Marta(Colombia) atthe Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino

Statue of Bolivar in Plaza Bolvar

in CaracasbyAdamo Tadolino

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Simn Bolvar's statue in Paris

A monument in honor of SimonBolivar in Sofia,Bulgaria

Political legacy[edit]

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Due the historical relevance of Bolivaras a key element during the process

of independence inHispanic America,his memory has been stronglyattached to sentiments of nationalismand patriotism, being a recurrenttheme of rhetoric in politics, more

notably in Venezuela. For instance,the nationalist government ledby Marcos Perez Jimenez, the right-wing candidate Renny Ottolinaandthe left-wing political movement

ledby Hugo Chvezin Venezuelamakes the memory, image and writinglegacy of Bolvar an important part ofits political message and agenda froma socialist perspective, .

[39][40]Since

the image of Bolvar became animportant part to the national identitiesof Venezuela, Colombia, Panama,Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, his mantle

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is often claimed by Hispanic Americanpoliticians all across the political

spectrum.[41][b]

Bolivia and Venezuela(the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela) are both named afterBolvar.

Monuments and physical

legacy[edit]The nations of Boliviaand theBolivarian Republic of Venezuela(Venezuela) are named after Bolvar.

Most cities and towns in Venezuela

and Colombiahave a bust or statue ofBolvar. The capital citiesinEcuador, Peru, Panama, the UnitedStates, Canada,Cubaand Bolivia alsohave busts and/or statues of Bolvar.

In Venezuela, nearly every city ortown has a main square known asPlaza Bolvar.

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Bilbao(Basque Country, Spain),"Simn Bolvar Street", a street in

Bilbao city center to honour Bolvarand his Basque ancestry and amonument at Venezuela square.

The main squarein Bogot, Colombiais calledplaza

de Bolvar(Bolivar Square), aroundthis square rise the Colombiannational capitol, the Colombianpalace of justice, the palace ofLievano (w