12.1 – Visual Displays of Data In statistics: A population includes all of the items of interest. A sample includes some of the items in the population. The study of statistics is usually divided into two main areas. Descriptive statistics: has to do with collecting, organizing, summarizing, and presenting data (information). Inferential statistics: has to do with drawing inferences or conclusions about populations based on information from samples.
15
Embed
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data In statistics: A population includes all of the items of interest. A sample includes some of the items in the population.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
In statistics:
A population includes all of the items of interest.
A sample includes some of the items in the population.
The study of statistics is usually divided into two main areas.
Descriptive statistics: has to do with collecting, organizing, summarizing, and presenting data (information).
Inferential statistics: has to do with drawing inferences or conclusions about populations based on information from samples.
Information that has been collected but not yet organized or processed is called raw data.
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
Raw data are often quantitative (or numerical), but can also be qualitative (or non-numerical).
Quantitative data: The number of siblings in ten different families: 3, 1, 2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 3, 8, 2
Quantitative data can be sorted in mathematical order. The number siblings can appear as 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 8
Qualitative data: The makes of five different automobiles: Toyota, Ford, Nissan, Chevrolet, Honda
Frequency Distributions
Frequency Distribution is a method to organize data that includes many repeated items.
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
It lists the distinct values (x) along with their frequencies (f ).
The relative frequency of each distinct item is the fraction, or percentage, of the data set represented by each item.
Example:
Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their families {3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 2}. Construct a frequency distribution and a relative frequency distribution for the data.
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
Number x Frequency f Relative Frequency f /n
1
2
3
4
1
3
4
2
1/10 = 0.1
2/10 = 0.2
4/10 = 0.4
3/10 = 0.3
Sum = 10 Sum of f/n = 1
Grouped Frequency Distributions
A Grouped Frequency Distribution is used when data sets contain a large numbers of items.
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
All data items are assigned to their appropriate classes, and displayed in a table.
The data are arranged into groups, or classes.
1. Make sure each data item will fit into one and only one, class.
2. Make all the classes the same width.3. Make sure that the classes do not overlap.4. Use from 5 to 12 classes.
Guidelines for the Classes of a Grouped Frequency Distribution
Example:Twenty students, selected randomly were asked to estimate the number of hours that they had spent studying in the past week (in and out of class). The responses are below.
Tabulate a grouped frequency distribution and a relative frequency distribution.
The data from the frequency distribution or a grouped frequency distribution can be graphically display using a histogram.
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4
Siblings
Fre
quen
cy
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
A series of rectangles, whose lengths represent the frequencies, are placed next to each other.
Number x
Frequency f
Relative Frequency f /n
1
2
3
4
1
3
4
2
1/10 = 0.1
2/10 = 0.2
4/10 = 0.43/10 = 0.3
Sum = 10 Sum of f/n = 1
Example: Histogram of a Grouped Frequency Distribution
Fre
quen
cy
Hours
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
Hours Frequency f
10 – 19
20 – 29
30 – 39
40 – 49
50 – 59
1
5
3
5
6
In the table, the numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 are called the lower class limits.
The numbers 19, 29, 39, 49, and 59 are called the upper class limits.
The class width for the distribution is the difference of any two successive lower (or upper) class limits. The class width is 10.
Frequency Polygon
Data can also be displayed by a frequency polygon.
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4
Fre
quen
cy
Siblings
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
Plot a single point at the appropriate height for each frequency, connect the points with a series of connected line segments and complete the polygon with segments that trail down to the axis.
Line Graph
A line graph is used when it is important to show how data changes with respect to another variable, such as time.
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
Example: Line Graph
The line graph below shows the stock price of company PCWP over a 6-month span.
Pri
ce in
dol
lars
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Month
Line Graph
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
Stem-and-Leaf Displays
The digits to the left of the vertical line (blue region), are the “stems,”
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
The stem and leaf display is another method to present data.
The corresponding ones digits (green region) are the “leaves.”
Bar Graphs
A frequency distribution of non-numerical data can be presented in the form of a bar graph.
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
It is similar to a histogram except that the rectangles (bars) usually are not touching each other and sometimes are arranged horizontally rather than vertically.
Example: Bar Graph
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A bar graph is given for the occurrence of vowels in this sentence.
Fre
quen
cy
A E I O U
Vowel
Circle Graphs or Pie ChartA graphical alternative to the bar graph is the circle graph, or pie chart. Each sector or wedge, shows the relative magnitude of the categories. The entire circle measures 360°. The measure of each sector angle should correspond to the percentage of the data being represented.
12.1 – Visual Displays of Data
Example: Expenses
A general estimate of Amy’s monthly expenses are illustrated in the circle graph below.