1 TGD 1102 TGD 1102 Geologi Geologi 12. Sumberdaya Geologi 12. Sumberdaya Geologi Salahuddin Husein Salahuddin Husein Jurusan Teknik Geologi Jurusan Teknik Geologi Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada 2011 2011
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TGD 1102TGD 1102GeologiGeologi
12. Sumberdaya Geologi12. Sumberdaya Geologi
Salahuddin HuseinSalahuddin Husein
Jurusan Teknik GeologiJurusan Teknik GeologiFakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah MadaFakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada
dalam sistem tektonik dan hidrologi. Sebagian besar membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk terbentuk, sehingga bersifat terbatas dan tidakterperbaharui.
• Endapan mineral (ore deposits) dibentuk bersama proses pembentukan batuan beku, sedmen, metamorf, dan proses pelapukan. Banyak pula mineral logam yang melibatkan pergerakan fluida hidrotermal.
• Sumber energi yang bersifat tidak terperbaharui meliputi batubara, minyak dan gas bumi, dan energi nuklir. Sumber energi yang terperbaharui meliputi energi panas matahari, tenaga angin, tenaga air, tenaga pasang-surut, dan energi panasbumi. Saat ini energi terperbaharui hanya menyediakan sedikit dalam kebutuhan energi manusia.
• Lokasi dan kekayaan sumberdaya alam ditentukan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung oleh tektonika lempeng.
• Ada batas pertumbuhan populasi manusia yang ditentukan oleh keterbatasan sumberdaya alam.
Formasi Besi Berlapis (banded iron formations) terbentuk ketika mineral besi berselingan dengan rijang terendapkan di lingkungan laut dangal Pre-Kambrium.
The accumulation of oil and gas requires (1) a reservoir rock (a permeable formation, such as a porous sandstone) into which the petroleum can migrate and (2) a barrier (an impermeable cap rock) to trap the fluids.
Anticline. Oil, being lighter than water, migrates up the dip of permeable beds and can be trapped beneath a relatively impermeable shale bed in the crest of an anticline.
The accumulation of oil and gas requires (1) a reservoir rock (a permeable formation, such as a porous sandstone) into which the petroleum can migrate and (2) a barrier (an impermeable cap rock) to trap the fluids.
Fault trap. Impermeable beds can be displaced against a permeable stratum and then trap the oil as it migrates up dip.
The accumulation of oil and gas requires (1) a reservoir rock (a permeable formation, such as a porous sandstone) into which the petroleum can migrate and (2) a barrier (an impermeable cap rock) to trap the fluids.
Salt dome. Oil and gas may accumulate near the flanks of salt diapirs that pierce and arch up sedimentary layers.
The accumulation of oil and gas requires (1) a reservoir rock (a permeable formation, such as a porous sandstone) into which the petroleum can migrate and (2) a barrier (an impermeable cap rock) to trap the fluids.
Stratigraphic trap. Shale surrounding a sandstone lens can form and prevent the oil from escaping.
Major oil and gas fields and deposits of oil shale are found on all of the continents except Antarctica. Most form in thick sedimentary deposits on continental crust.The rifted margins of Africa, South America, and Europe are important oil-producing environments.Other important fields lie in the sedimentary basins of the platform and the flanks of folded mountain belts.
Methane hydrates consist of a methane molecule (CH4) trapped inside a crystalline “cage” of frozen water (left).They form on the deep seafloor as methane released by bacteria bubbles upward and is trapped in ice.They may be abundant enough to form an important source of natural gas and will burn if ignited with a match (right). However, they will be difficult to mine and pose environmental hazards because methane is a greenhouse gas.
A computer model of resource consumption and its influence on other variables assumes no major changes in the physical, economic, and social relationships that historically have governed the development of the world system.