12 Oct 2011 The Right Charging ModelPage 1 Since EVs are not electrified ICVs, what’s the right charging model? Spotlight on 240-volt (Level 2) charging.

12 Oct 2011 The Right Charging Model Page 1

Since EVs are not electrified ICVs,what’s the right charging model?

Spotlight on 240-volt (Level 2) charging

Plug-In EV Infrastructure Europe 2011, Frankfurt

Jacques de Selliers, Ir

Managing DirectorGoing-Electric, Association for Electric Vehicles and their users in Europe

www.going-electric.org, [email protected], tel: +32 475 55 20 26

Former importer of REVA electric cars in Belgium.

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Cars are NOT motorised horse carriages

But first cars were like motorised horse carriages:

Daimler Victoria taxi, 1897Driver sitting high up

to see above the horses?

Electric Construction Corporation 1896.Steered by reins!

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EVs are NOTelectrified ICVs

• The main difference is RANGE:– ICVs (Internal Combustion Vehicle) have a virtually unlimited range:

5 min to refill 700 km.

– EVs (Electric Vehicles) have a limited range:Ultrafast charging: ±30 min to refill 100km.

EVs cannot be used for long trips– Short trips (<60km) = ±80% of cars mileage, ±90% of cars trips.

– So it’s a good idea to design EVs for short trips.

• How should EVs be designed?– >90% of short trips = 1 occupant, urban and slow congested traffic.

– For such trips, large cars are not only unpractical (hard to handle and to park)they are also obnoxious: energy consumption, congestion, hazard to others.

For such trips, Micro-EVs are ideal: agile in traffic, easy to park, reduced congestion, low power consumption

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EVs of the future

Lumeneo Smera (car) 98 cm wide, 1+1 p, 100 km, 110 km/h

The fastest city car in the world!

REVA (quadricycle) 132 cm wide, 2+2 p, 60 km, 80 km/h

Perfect micro family-car for the city!

• Fast in traffic and easy to park objectively ideal for commuting & city-driving

• Minimal consumption & emissions very environmentally friendly

• Minimal congestion of traffic and parking very city-friendly

EVs are the opportunity to develop a fast and sustainable urban mobility

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What about long trips?

• EREVs are clean options for long trips:– EREVs: Extended Range EVs (such as Opel Ampera)

– When batteries are exhausted, an on-board generator switches on.

Clean for short trips (80%), polluting only for long trips (20%).

• FCVs are also clean options for long trips:– FCs (Fuel Cells) convert Hy to electricity.

– Hy from natural gas 70% less CO2 than equiv. ICVs

– But still in the pilot phase…

• Other clean options: public transport– Bullet train: about equiv 2 litre petrol/100km/passenger

– Plane: about equiv 3 litre petrol/100km/passenger.

– Regional train, busses: depends on occupancy rate…

EREVs, later FCVs, and/or public transport…

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Which EV charging?

• No-one will buy an EV if he cannot charge itBut about 50% of EU families don’t have a garage…

• Driving to a fast charging station is not convenient– Minimum 30 minutes per 100 km charge, plus driving time…– Inspired by the petrol car model: drive to a filling station…

• Low-power charging at or near home is convenient and inexpensive– Inspired by the mobile phone model: charge while sleeping…– 100 kerbside low-power charging poles (with cut-off during peak electricity)

cost no more than 1 fast charging station and charge 5-10 times more EVs.– Night charging uses off-peak electricity good for the grid (& renewables).– 220V @ 10A for 8 hours charges a micro-EV for 160km plentiful.

What is needed is inexpensive low-power charging poleson the kerbside in residential districts.

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How to implement kerbside residential

• Lease kerbside parking spots to EV owners – Great incentive to buy an EV (especially where parking is difficult)

– Lease can compensate for loss of petrol tax (EU: ±1000€/year/EV).

• Objections– Public space should remain public:

Reserved kerbside parking already feasible for handicapped and police cars.

– Unfair to favour EV owners:Authorities must favour what’s good for society.EVs benefit to society, not to their owner.

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What about other EV charging alternatives?

• Charging at the office– Great for users if free (or made cheaper than home charging).– But insufficient: useless during WE or holidays…– Also, uses daytime electricity (bad for the grid). Residential charging is still essential…

• Battery swapping (BS)– Daily usage: inconvenient – driving to a station, waiting (peak hours).– Long trips: mostly during specific days (holidays, sunny WE)– Each EV model will have its own specific battery. Maybe useful for some fleets; otherwise heavy investment rarely used…

• Fast charging– Some EVs will occasionally need to drive medium distance trips.– Useful in some places (remote shopping malls, freeways…)– Also useful in city centres against range anxiety (Tepco experience). Only to occasionally complement residential charging…

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How governments act?

• Most countries concentrate on fast charging:Only a few places (i.e. Netherlands) concentrate on residential charging.

• EU if focussed on charging standardisation:– Not needed for residential charging: domestic plugs at 10 Amps are best

and most convenient: 1 million times more domestic plugs than petrol stations!

– Mode 1 is as safe as Mode 2 (no need for heavy bulky ICCB).

– AC charging: war between a German and a French plug (& other continents)

– Fast charging stations are expensive can accommodate several sockets.

• War between 2 fast charging techniques:– AC charging: cost and weight in EVs, but cheaper charging stations.

– DC charging: expensive charging stations, low cost and weight in EVs.

– Since fast charging is exceptional, DC charging makes more sense!

– But the only DC charging standard (CHAdeMO) is Japanese…

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Other charging considerations

• EVs are no big deal for networks– If all cars were EVs, electricity consumption would increase by about 12%.

– Switch to 100% EVs will take at least 25 years consumption increase 0.5%/year = business as usual…

– Residential charging use off peak electricity (with simple control) little infrastructure increase needed (about 6 to 8%)

• Vehicle to Grid (V2G) is unlikely:– Charging/discharging decreases battery lifespan.

– The most expensive part of an EV is the battery.

– Users want their battery to charge when plugged – not the opposite!

– V2G is only possible with expensive fast charging stations(NOT with inexpensive residential charging).

– Energy storage is not needed when the load is balanced (which night charging will provide).

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Mid 80’s mobile phone:Room for thought…

25 years ago, mobile phones weighted 800g and cost 4000$.

– Customer surveys then forecasted a maximum 5% market share.– Their weight, size and cost plummeted rapidly with mass production of their

batteries and electronic components (= 50% of EV cost).– They spread because they brought unique benefits to customers…– Worldwide infrastructure was completed in 15 years…

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Thank you very much!

More info at www.going-electric.org