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Colonial Era
COLONIZATION Malaysia was once a colonized land.
Was subjugated by other powers for total period of 446 years since 1511 until 1957.
COLONIZATION Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese and
British had colonized the country before.
But only British and Japanese colonized the whole country and left impact on the people
COLONIZATION Important impacts on administration
system, economy, education and ethnics relations
COLONIZATION
Colonists and the Features of Domination
EUROPEAN PENETRTION & COLONIALISM
1511 – Malacca conquered by Portuguese. Malay Sultanate re-established in Johore.
1699 – Sultan Mahmud murdered, ending Malaccan dynasty.
EUROPEAN PENETRTION & COLONIALISM
1786 – Francis Light founds British trading settlement on Penang.
1824 – British acquired Malacca from the Dutch in exchange for Bencoolen in Sumatra.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
Lukisan menggambarkan kedatangan orang Portugis ke Negeri Melaka pada tahun 1509. Bangsa Portugis merupakan orang
Eropah pertama menjejakkan kaki ke Melaka.
Pemandangan Bandar Melaka oleh pelukis Portugis pada tahun 1511
Reasons for Portuguese to go East
Control the spice trade
Control important trade route to the East
Discover the sea route to the east through Cape of Good Hope
Reasons for Portuguese to go East
Process superior sea power and naval expertise
Spread Christianity
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Lopez de Sequeira was defeated by Tun
Mutahir in 1509.
Rivalry between local Malays and Muslim Tamils in Malacca
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Sultan Mahmud executed Tun Mutahir for
refusing to marry Tun Fatimah to him.
Chinese and Javanese were not happy with treatment and high customs taxes.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
In 1511, the Vice Roy of India, Alfonso de Albuquerque, organized an expedition to attack Malacca.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Albuquerque captured Malacca on 24
August 1511 with superior artillery.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Muar,
Pahang, Bentan and died in Kampar, Sumatra.
Portuguese settlers married the locals, Malays indifferent to Christianity, Islam taken roots
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION A fortress, A Famosa, was built in
November 1511 to defend Malacca from any attacks.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Fall of Melaka signified disunity, disloyalty,
struggle for power and influence and administrative inefficiency render a country weak and helpless
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Melaka’s fall gave Portugal the control over
the main Asiatic main trade routes
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
Introduced own system to strengthen political and economic position in the East
Posts of Bendahara, Temenggung and Syahbandar were retained – but limited jurisdictions
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Portuguese mercantile policy displayed
extreme greed
Traders had to pay high tax, sell goods at low price and obtain special permit before conducting business
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION In their greed to control spice trade –
Muslims traders were treated poorly – they later turned to other ports like Johor, Acheh and Demak.
Tripartite struggle (Acheh, Portuguese and Johor), trade suffered and shifted to Pasai.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Missionary work began
Johor and Acheh were main enemies and there were threatening Malacca’s security
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION With assistance from Johor, Dutch defeated
Portuguese
After 130 years of occupation, Portuguese fell to the Dutch
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Dutch Colonization
Dutch Colonization The Dutch were successful in establishing
their presence in the East Indies and Spice Islands.
Started trading in the 17th century at Betawi (Batavia) in Java.
Dutch Colonization Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1602 –
to control spice trade and tin mining
They too wanted to dominate commerce in the Malay Peninsula.
Dutch Colonization The Dutch wanted to conquer Malacca to
ensure their monopoly of the entire intra-Asia trade in the Malay-Indonesia Archipelago.
Dutch Colonization Betawi would become the trading centre.
Malacca, on the other hand, would serve as a city for the Dutch to regulate tin-rich states in the Malay Peninsula.
Dutch Colonization Dutch defeated Portuguese with the help of
Johor. Johor at that time was under the rule of
sultan Abdul Jalil
Dutch Colonization 1639 – signed a treaty granted the nobles
of Johor free access to trade in the Malacca Straits
Dutch Colonization In 1650 Dutch, attempted to monopolize tin
trade in Perak – foiled by opposition from the local people.
Dutch had to give up their desire for tin monopoly following an attack by Panglima Kulup Ali in 1690
Dutch Colonization In 1795, during the Napoleonic wars, Dutch
surrendered Malacca to the British.
In 1818, after the wars, under the Treaty of Vienna, Malacca was restored to Dutch.
Dutch Colonization Johor-Dutch friendship was severely tested
by commercial rivalry between the two parties
Situation reached its peak in 1782 – Dutch laid siege to Riau
Dutch Colonization Meanwhile in Selangor, Sultan Ibrahim
whom the Dutch accused for not wanting to sell the tin and for favoring the English East India Company.
Sultan Ibrahim (with help from Rembau and Raja Haji) attacked the Dutch
Dutch Colonization Attack failed– conflict between Selangor
and Dutch dragged on to 1786
Dutch tried its best to stifle Johor’s power
1784 agreement – Sultan Mahmud (the third) was forced to surrender Riau
Dutch Colonization The Sultan’s disenchantment was
intensified when the Dutch sent a Resident to Riau.
1787 – Johor launched a military attack on Dutch in Riau – later Dutch recaptured Riau in the same year
BRITISH COLONIZATION OF PENANG, SINGAPORE
AND MELAKA
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Established British East India Company in 1600 to facilitate trade with China.
Began interested in Malay Archipelago after trade with China became not very successful and wanted to find a pirate-free port.
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Britain’s colonization of Penang was achieved through deception and aggressiveness by Francis Light
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Penang was considered strategically located to serve as a military as well as commercial base.
Penang was part of the territory of Kedah.
Back then…
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Kedah was facing threats from Siam and Burma
Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British to set up settlements for protection – in case of an attack
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Offer was not taken – reoffered by Sultan Abdullah (due to threats in the palace and external factors)
Sultan Muhammad Jiwa laid out several conditions:
BRITISH COLONIZATION
British would protect the waters of Kedah
Enemies of Kedah considered enemies of British too
Expenses incurred in war would be borne by East India company
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Ships could trade freely in Kedah or Penang
Compensation of $30 000 peso paid to Sultan
British would protect Kedah from enemy attack
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Francis Light signed the agreement without obtaining permission form his superiors in India.
Later, East India Company turned down Kedah’s conditions to safeguard their interests with Siam and Selangor
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Sultan Abdullah ordered British to leave Penang
The situation become tense when British refused to leave.
British attacked Seberang Perai – before Kedah could take any action
BRITISH COLONIZATION
serious defeat on Kedah
Sultan was forced to accept British’s conditions imposed by the British in 1791
BRITISH COLONIZATION
British’s conditions:
acknowledging British’s right to occupy Penang with annual payment of $6000 peso as compensation
With this agreement, British colonial rule of Penang began
BRITISH COLONIZATION
British in Penang had difficulty in obtaining food supplies as Penang depended for the supply of food.
Kedah tried to obstruct the supply of food to Penang
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Being weak Kedah was in no position to resist British pressure.
handing over Seberang Perai in 1800.
Under this agreement, Sultan will receive Annual compensation of $10 000 peso paid
No indication of protection given for Kedah
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE British realized that Penang’s geographical position
was too far to the north.
Began to look for new base elsewhere in the region close to the Straits of Malacca
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE Task was given to Stamford Raffles
Stanford Raffles found Singapore and considered it suitable
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Raffles found out that there was a succession dispute between two sons of the Johor ruler Sultan Mahmud III
Raffles recognized Tengku Husin (the elder son) as the Sultan of Johor
BRITISH COLONIZATION
In gratitude of Raffles support, Tengku Husin allowed British to set up a settlement in Singapore through an agreement signed in 1819
Conditions of the agreement:
BRITISH COLONIZATION
British would protect Tengku Husin
Annual compensation of $3000 paid
Stipulated not to have relationship with any other European power
Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Was signed on 17 March 1824 with the main aim of
ending all rivalry between the British and the Dutch.
A number of terms had been agreed :
Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Territories to the North and east of Straits of
Malacca were given to British
Those to the west and south of the Straits came under Dutch influence
Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu)
Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 With this exchange, three important ports in the
Malay Peninsula-Penang, Singapore and Malacca-were now under control of the British.
In 1826 three territories become known as the Straits Settlement
Questions List the lessons that we learnt from
colonization.
State mistakes made by our people that resulted in foreign colonization.