12. Arhitektura Lokalnih Racunarskih Mreza

8/2/2019 12. Arhitektura Lokalnih Racunarskih Mreza

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1

12.

(ISO, IEEE, ANSI,..), . , :

() ,

,

.

12.1

() , . : (FDM1 TDM2) (ALOHA3, CSMA4,...).

() . N N. .

. FDM .

, FDM . , ., . 5. 1000:1.

1 FDM - (8. )

2 TDM - (8. )3 ALOHA (a) - .4 CSMA (Carrrier Sense Multiple Access) - , .5Bursty


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2

FDM- [1].

1, , Cb/s.,

/. 1/ /.

, () C. :

= 1/(C-) (12.1)

C=100b/s, 1/ 10000 ,

5000 /., =200s. 10000 100b/s

() 100s. .

N (). C/Nb/s. ()

/N. :

FDM = 1/[(C/N) - (/N)] = N/(C - ) = NT (12.2)

N N .

. N- () N-. . . , 100b/s 10 10b/s,

, 200s 2ms.

.

, , . .

, : 2 3. . ( 12.2).

12 Polling, token passing3 Contention


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3

ALOHA. . , . () . 1 . 2 ALOHA. ALOHA3 4.

CSMA5 ( o) . () j (). , . .

, . () ()6 .

CSMA/CD7 (o , ) . MAC8. 12.1.

12.1 CSMA/CD

1 .2 18%.3SlotterdALOHA4 37%.

5Carrier Sense Multiple Access6Vulnerable time7Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collission Detection8 -Medium Access Control.


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4

:

1. , , 2. ;

2. ,;

3. , 1;

4. 2. ..

12.2 CSMA/CD

12.2 . . . t0

1 Jamming2Backoff


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5

D. t1. () . . ,

t2, . t3.

, 4. 1.. . . . .

J CSMA/CD . ( ) , , .

, () . .

2. : . . 100% . 12.3:

1. : 24- T3 1 0 (); ; DA4 D; 5.

2. : ;

D ; 6

.3. ;

7.

4. D: ; ; .

5. : ; (=1)

1 Binary exponential backoff2Token passing3Busy status -

4 DA (Destination Address), SA (Source Address)5Transmit mode6Listen mode7Bypass mode


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6

(=1); ; 1 (); .

12.3

1, 16Mb/s, . , . . .

, ().

. a (CSMA/CD) 2 . . , . 12.4 () .

1 Token ring2verhead


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7

, . 1:1.

45.

.

12.4 CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD , . 60% , . , o .

. , 100% . ( ) CSMA/CD . .12.4 .

(), , . .

CSMA/CD

50 %0 % 100 %

(%)

100 %

50 %

0 %


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8

, ( 12.5), (). .

, .

12.5

1 ( 12.6) , . . . , . . .

1Broadcast


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9

12.6.

? . - . , .

. .

1( 12.7). / (). .

1 Bus


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10

12.7

1( 12.8).

, . () , . .

12.8.

2

1 Ring2 Star


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11

( 12.9). 1, 2, MAU3.

12.9

, . , (. ) , .

. . .

4.

(5) . . 3 4m, . 6, () .

1 Switch2 Hub

3 Multiple Access Unit4 MAC Medium Access Control5 Access point6Cell


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MACA1 . ,

, . MACA 12.13.

B. RTS2B (. 12.10(). (30 ) . B CTS3 . CTS ( RTS). CTS,.

RTS CTS ? RTS CTS . CTS B , CTS.

12.10 MACA . () A RTS B. () B CTS A.

12.10 C . ,

RTS A CTS . CTS, . D . RTS CTS. CTS , . , D .

. C RTS . (). RTS ( - CTS

1Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance2Request To Send3Clear To Send

C A RTS

E

B DC A CTS

E

B D

B


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13

) .1.

MACAW2 . , . ACK . je CSMA RTS .

12.2 IEEE 802

I 8023 . . 4, , . , .

Ca 12.11 LAN&MAN/R5 OSI/RM6.

I802 OSI . I802 ( ) OSI

1 IEEE 802.32 MACW - MACA for Wireless

3 I 802 .4AN - Metropolitan Area Network5Local Area Network & Metropolitan Area Network /Reference Model6Open System Interconnection /Reference Model


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. . I802 OSI

. I802 , MAC . 12.11 LAN&MAN/R OSI/RM. I 1 I802. :

I802.1Q - 2.

I802.2 - 3.

I802.3 - CSMA/CD .

I802.4 - 4

.

I802.5 - 5.

I802.11 - .

I802.15 - 6.

I802.16 - 7.

12.3

I 802.3 , 802.3. . CSMA/CD. :

: CSMA/CD,

: (),

: , .

1 12.3 2 Virtual Bridged Local Area Network3Logical Link Control

4 Token Bus5 Token Ring6 Bluetooth7 Standard Air Interface for F ixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems


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802.3 . ALOHA . 100 1Km

CSMA/CD 2,94b/s. 1. .

XRX Ethernet XEROX, DEC, INTEL 10b/s I. 1982. II.

802.3 ( 12.12) CSMA/CD 1 100b/s . , (802.3 ).

10b/s 50. .

12.12 IEEE 802.3

II :

8 ,

( 6 ) MAC . ROM . IEEE.,

1Ethernet


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. IPX/SPX1, 813716 TCP/IP ,

080016. IEEE. .

() , . 46 1500 ,

FCS2 . (32) CRC3, , . , . . 32 31 100% .

12.4 IEEE 802.3

IEEE 802.3 12.13. 4 10101010. 10Hz 5.6s . 5, 10101011 .

, 6 7. , 10b/s . 0 1 . . 8. 1

9. .

1 Novell2Frame Check Sequence3 Cicluce Redundancy Code4 Preamble5Start of frame

6Destination7Source8Multicast-.9Broadcast-


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12.13 IEEE 802.3

46. ( ) . . I. 461 7x1013 .

46-. .

a2, 0 1500. 0 , , , . , 802.3 64 . 46 3 .

. 12.14:

) ;

) 4 ( )

-;

) ;

) .

2

. 2.

1 48-2 = 462Length3 (ad)4


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12.14

() . 2500m 1Gb/s, 6400 . 640 250m. .

802.3 1. 32- . (), , .

12.5

IEEE 802.3

() 12.1.

10Base5 (50)

500m 100 2

10Base2 (50)

200m 30

1Checksum2 (backbone)


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10Base

100m 1024

10BaseF

2000m 1024

12.1 IEEE 802.3

, 10Base5 , 1 . . . 10Base5 10b/s, 100 500m.

je 10Base2 . BNC . BNC . 200m 30 .

, , . . ( 12.15). - ()2. , , . () 10Base.

10Base () . ( ). . 3. () . 10Base

100m.

1 Thick Ethernet2Hub.3 (ultiport repeater)


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12.15 -

. ( 12.16). - 1.

12.16. a

- 10BaseF . .

1 (switch). 14.


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12.6 I 802.3u

( ). 1992.. I 802.3 . I802.3 , . I 1995. I802.3u. 1 100BaseT. (. ). I802.122

O I802.3u: , . . 100ms 10ns. 10Base . ( ).

. 10Mb/s 100Mb/s.

( 12.17).

12.17.

100BaseTX 100BaseFX ( 100BaseX) FDDI3. : . 12.2 .

100BaseT4 100BaseTX 100BaseSX

4 UTP 3, 4 5

2 : UTP 5 STP

2

8B/6T, NRZ MLT-3 4B/5B, NRZI

100Mb/s 100Mb/s 100Mb/s

1Fast Ethernet, IEEE 802.3u2 100VG-AnyLAN. 100Mb/s 3

(Voice Grade). 802.3 802.5 (Any).3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface. ANSI X3-T9. : , 802.5. 100Mb/s. 200km .

- MAC

100BaseT4 100BaseTX 100BaseSX


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100m 100m 100m

200m 200m 400m

12.2 I802.3u

3. : 4 3 100m. , 3 . 3 200Bd1 100m (10Base). . . : 33,3Mb/s. . 8B/6B: 8 6.

100BaseFX . . . 4B/5B-NRZI: 4 5 NRZI .

4B/5B-NRZI . 100BaseX MLT-32.

12. 7 1Gb/s

1Gb/s ( )

3, IEEE 1998. . :IEEE802.3z STP IEEE802.3ab UTP e 5.:

1000BaseSX , 850nm4. . (62,5 50) 200m 500m.

1000BaseLX , 1310nm5. (10)

1 100b/s

2 MLT-3, 4B/5B 8B/6B [Tanenbaum], [Stallings], [Sajt]3Fast Ethernet 100Mb/s4 S (Short)5 L (Long)


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(50 62,5). 12. 5000m.

1000BaseCX () 25m. . 1000BaseT 1000BaseCX.

1000BaseT UTP 5. 100m.

12.18 100b/s 1Gb/s. 1Gb/s 3 100b/s. 1Gb/s 100b/s .

12.18

1 - backbone23


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. CSMA/CD IEEE802.3 10b/s 100b/s. 10BaseT 100BaseT .

CSMA/CD :

4096 1,

2 () CSMA/CD

8B/10B . 10 . 10243:

,

().

. .

UTP 5 (1000BaseT) 4D/PAM5. 4 250Mb/s. 5 : +1, -1, 0, +0,5, -0,5V. 4.

12.8 10Gb/s

10Gb/s. IEEE 2002. . IEEE 802.3 : MAC , ,

802.3 .

10Gb/s ( 12.18). ISP , MAN WAN ( 12.19). 5.

1 10 100 512 64 . 1Gb/s.2Frame bursting3 210 28.44 Dimension 8 State Trellis Forward Error Correction5Asynchronous Transfer Mode


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10Gb/s 300m 40km. (SONET, SDH) ( 2.20).

. :

10GBaseS - 850nm. 300m.

10GBaseL - 1310nm. 10km.

10GBaseE - 1550nm. 40km.

10GBaseLX4 - 1310nm. 10km. WDM1.

2.19 10Gb/s MAN

1Wavelength division Multiplexing - (8. )


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2.20 10Gb/s WAN

12.9 I 802.4 -

I 802.4:

: ,

: ,

: , .

I802.3 , I802 . . I802.3 , 1, .

. n, n. 2, I802 ,, , . , . , , I802.3 -.

1Real time2General motors 802.4.


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12.21

o je IEEE 802.4 1. ( 12.21), ( - ). . - . ,. .

. .

. , , . 75. , . 12.22.

1Token bus


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12.22 I802.4

12.10 I 802.5 -

.:

: ,

: ,

: , .

(- ) : , . , I802.3 .

. , IBM I I 802.5. 12.23.

I802.5 ( 12.24).

. .

, . 0, . , , 0 1 . 1 I802.5 . , . 1,

.


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12.23.

. . .

RIF1 2. I802.5.

I802.2 I 802.3. I802.2 SNAP I 802.5.

. . 10ms 4500 4b/s 16000 18000 16Mb/s.

FCS3 32 (o 802.3).

1 Routing Information Field2 Sourrce Routing Bridge3 Frame Check Sequence


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12.24 IEEE 802.5

. .

3

1

1

3

1 .

1

1 .

24

8

RIF*

18

IEEE 802.2 LLC

DSAP

1

SSAP

1

.

1 2

.

FCS

4

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2


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. 1 1.

2 1. .

IEEE802.5 1997. . : DTR3. . . , 12.3.

[Mb/s]

4 16 100 100 1000

UTP, STP,

UTP, STP,

UTP, STP

MLT-3 4B/5B,NRZI 8B/10B

4550 18200 18200 18200 18200

TP4 DTR TP5 DTR DTR DTR DTR

12.3 IEEE802.5

12.12 IEEE802.2

11.6. HDLC . aj ( ) (

).

. IEEE 802.3, 4, 5... IP 6 .

. IEEE LLC 802 ( 12.13). , HDLC. LLC :

1 Adress recognized2 Frame Copied

3Dedicated Token Ring4Token passing5Token passing6 Best effort


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LLC LLC . LLC 802 . ( 12.25).

12.25 LLC

LLC : , . 12.26 LLC .

12.22 LLC


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- DSAP1 SSAP2. 3 . SAP-,

IEEE. , SAP 0 Novell, 06 TCP/IP . Netware4Netware 802.2 (I802.2 I802.3).

IEEE, SNAP5. SNAP, IEEE802.2 .

IEEE 802.1 , , , (Internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs, link security, network mangement ,

protocol layers above the MAC& LLC layers)IEEE 802.1D (MAC Bridges)

IEEE 802.1Q (VirtualLANs)

IEEE 802.1X (Port Based Network Access Control)

IEEE 802.1 6 (Station and Media Access ControlConnectivity Discovery)

IEEE 802.2 (Logical link control)

IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD)

IEEE 802.4 (Token bus) -

IEEE 802.5 (Token ring)

IEEE 802.6 (Metropolitan Area Network) -

IEEE 802.7 (Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cabel) -

IEEE 802.8 e e (Fibre optic Technical Advisory Group) - IEEE 802.9 (Integrated Service LAN) -

IEEE 802.10 (Interoperalbe LAN Security) -

IEEE 802.11 7 (Wireless LAN)

IEEE 802.12 (Demand priority)

IEEE 802.13

IEEE 802.14 (Cable modems)

IEEE 802.15 (Wireless PAN)

1 Destination Service Access Point2 Source Service Access Point3 Type4Novell

5 Subnetwork Access Protocol6 LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) .7 WI Fi.


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IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth1

IEEE 802.16 2 (Broadband Wireless Access)

IEEE 802.16e (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)

IEEE 802.17 (Resilient packet ring)IEEE 802.18 EEE 802 (Radio Regulatory Technical

Advisory Group)

IEEE 802.19 EEE 802 (Coexistence TAG)IEEE 802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)

IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handoff)IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Network)

12. 4 IEEE

1Bluetooth.2WiMAX.

12. Arhitektura Lokalnih Racunarskih Mreza

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