12 2

Reaction & Revolution

12-2

What/Who are they

Reacting to?

Europe under Napoleon, 1812

The Congress of Vienna

& The Concert of Europe

(1815-1816)

The Big Players

Clockwise: Russia’s Tsar Alexander I, Austria’s Metternich, Britain’s Lord Castlereagh, France’s Talleyrand,

Prussia’s King Frederick William III

Their Goal

No More War!

The Main Issues

France?

Austrian Netherlands?

Poland?Saxony?

German States?

Finland & Sweden?

General Principles

Balance of Power

Nationalism

Conservatism

Legitimacy

Compensation

Liberalism

• After Nap, EU rulers – tried to restore the old order

• Goal of – Great Powers– Incl- GB, Aust, PR, RU

• Met @- Congress of Vienna

• To- arrange final peace settlement

• Led by- Prince Metternich– Claimed guided by – principle of ligitimacy

• Meant- restore rightful pre-Napoleon monarchs

The Conservative Order

• Conservatism, based on- trad & soc. Stability– Favored- obed to pol auth– Hated- revolutions– Unwilling- to accept demands (ind. rights, rep. gov’t)

• To maintain bal of power- GB, PR, RU (later FR)– Agreed to- meet reg. to make steps to maintain peace

in EU– Meeting known as- concert of EU– Adopted- principle of intervention

• Great powers- right to send armies to stop revolutions• BR- refused principle

Liberalism• Based on– Enlightenment principles• Believe ppl should- be safe as possible from gov’t

restraint• Common set- of pol beliefs

– Incl- protection of civil liberties

• Believe should be guaranteed- by written document (Bill of Rights, etc)

• Most wanted- religious toleration• Right to- peacefully oppose gov’t• Laws should be made- by rep. assembly• Favored gov’t ruled- by constitution• Did not believe- in democracy

– Right to vote- only men of property

• Tied to- middle class men

Nationalism• Arose out of- ppl’s awareness of being part of

community (common lang, etc.)– Community- called a nation– Ppl owe- pol. loyalty to nation not dynasty/empire

• Nat’list believe- each nationality has own nation– German wanted- German nation state– Hungarians wanted- own gov’t

• Rather- than be subject of Aust. Emp.

• Threat to- existing pol. order

Outcomes

France

Bourbons restored with Louis XVIII

frontiers pushed back to those of 1790

3-5 year occupation

indemnity of 700 million francs

German Confederation

Poland

Saxony, and other Prussian

gains

Austrian Netherlands

Finland & Sweden

Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815

Forces of Change• 1. liberalism• 2. nationalism• Began to- break conser. Domination of EU• FR- libs overthrew Bourbon monarch Charles X

– Est- constitutional monarchy– New monarch- Louis Philippe (cousin of Charles X)

• Supported by- upper middle class

– Nationalism’s chief force- 3 Revs• In 1. Belgium 2. Poland 3. Italy

Revolutions of 1848France• Severe- economic problems• Middle class- want right to vote• Louis-Phillippe- refused to make changes

– Opposition- grew

• Monarchy- overthrown 1848• Group of Rep- set up provisional (temp) gov’t

– Called for- election of reps to a Const. Assembly – new const.– Election- by universal male suffrage– Set up- nat’l workshop for unemployed– Emptied- treasuries

• June 21- closed workshops

– Workers- refused to accept decision to – rebelled in streets– Gov’t forces- crushed working class revolts

• Nov 4 – 1848- set up 2nd Republic– Had a- single legislature

• Elected by- universal male suffrage

– President- chosen by male voters• Served- 4 yr term

– Dec 1848- Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected (Nap’s nephew)

German States• Congress of Vienna- recog. 38 indep. German

states– Called- German Confederation

• Frankfort Assembly- all German Parliament– Held to- fulfill liberal & nat’list dream– Prepared- of a const for a unified Germany– Deputies- elected by universal male suffrage– Ultimately- Failed– No means- of forcing German rulers to accept it

Austrian Empire• Multinat’l state- collection of different ppl

– Incl- Ger, Czechs, Hungarians, Pols– Only- bonded by Hapsburg Empire– Germans- ¼ pop – leading role in gov’t

• March 1848- protests in major cities– Led to- Metternich’s dismissal– Rev forces- took capital demand liberal const– Gov’t gave- Hungary own leg.

•By Oct- rebels in Vienna defeated•W/RU- Hungary subdued•Revolution- in Aust Emp failed

Italy• Congress of Vienna- set up 9 states in IT

• Lombardy & Venetia- part of Aust. Emp

• 1848- revolt against Aust in Lombardy & Venetia

• Sought to- create liberal const & unified IT

• By 1849- Aust. re-est control of Lombardy

• Old order- prevailed