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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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Industrial Revolution

The IR is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making stuff in factories.

• Began – 1780’s in GB

• Took – decades to spread

Why Great Britain? Circle the

advantages on this map and

explain your answer.

• Why GB?

– Ag practices change (wealthy landowners experimented with new farming techniques in order to increase their harvest)

• Inc food supply b/c new tech., good weather, new crops, inc transportation

– Parl passed laws allowing large landowners to fence off common lands

• B/c enclosure mov’t – many ppl were forced to move to town in search of work

– Ready supply of $ capital to invest (wealthy class of ship owners and merchants that were able to further industrial growth with their extra profits)

– Natural Resources plentiful in BR• Rivers – provided water to power factories• Also – coal & iron ore

– Supply of markets (colonial empire)

Cotton Production

• Pre-Indust Rev (2 step process)– 1. spinners make thread– 2. weavers – wove– Known as cottage industry

– Tech adv made cottage industry inefficient

Necessity, is the mother of invention.

-Plato

What does that mean to you?

• 1st – Flying shuttle made weaving faster (John Kay)

• 1764 – J. Hargreaves invents spinning jenny

• Edmund Cartwright – inv. Water powered loom became more efficient to build factories

• Streams & rivers powered early machines• James Watt – improved steam engine

– Steam power spun & wove cotton– Did not need to be near a river

1760- 2.5 million lbs

1787- 22 million lbs

1840- 366 million lbs $$$$ GB most valuable export

Cotton gin - 1794• His cotton gin

removed the seeds out of raw cotton.

Steam engine

Do you know what this is?

Coal & Iron Industries

Steam Engine• The steam engine

was not just a transportation device. It ran entire factories the way rivers used to.

• Success of steam engine crucial to BR’s IR, needed coal– Led to exp. in coal

production

*remember the map?

• Henry Cort developed puddling process– Produced better quality iron ore– Coke used to burn away impurities in ore– Produced high quality iron (stronger and

cheaper than importing from Swedes)

BR Iron Industry• 1740 – 17,000 tons

• 1780s – 70,000 tons

• 1852 – 3 million tons

• Used to build new machines, esp transportation

Railroads

•1804 – 1st steam powered train in BR

•Pulled 10 tons of ore & 70 ppl

•At 5 mph

•Rocket – 1st public rail line

•Sped 16 mph

•W/in 20 yrs – trains @ 50 mph

•1840 BR – 2,000 miles of track

•By 1850 – 6000 miles of track

•Building RRs created – new jobs

•Lower prices

•Meant owners reinvested profits & grow

New factories• Workers forced – to work in shifts

• Factory owners created system – work discipline– Example fines for being late, fired for bad

behavior– Child workers often beaten

Child labor

• Shoeshine boys

Child labor

• Bowling pin boys

Child labor

• Coal miner boys

• Girls were preferred over boys. They were paid less, had smaller hands.

Spread of Industrialization

• Mid 19th C, GB- world’s 1st & richest ind. nation– Produced – ½ world’s coal & manuf. goods

• Gov’ts provided- $ to build RR, roads & canals

• By 1850 – network of RR through EU• US pop 1800 – 5 mil• Robert Fulton – built 1st paddle wheel

steam boat

Transcontinental RR*train clips

• RR turned US into 1 huge market for goods made in the NE

• The transcontinental railroad made travel across the country faster, cheaper and more efficient.

• Women & girls – big part of work force

• 2 new social classes 1. IR Middle Class 2. IR

Working Class

– EU pop 1750 – 140 mil 1850 – 266 milThomas Malthus argued – pop

would out pace ability to feed ourselves

Pop up b/c – death rate is down, wars down, less disease/ppl ate better & more resilient to diseases

Irish Potato Famine

• Irish depended on potato as staple food• Crop ruined by fungus• 1 million died• 1 million moved to US• Ppl moved from rural areas to cities

– Rapid inc in cities led to – bad living conditions

– Promoted – reforms to ask gov’t to improve things

Irish Potato Famine

• Many lived in tenements.

tenement

Industrial capitalism

• New Indust Middle Class made up of ppl who built factories, bought machines, found markets, etc.

• Indust Working class faced bad working conditions– Hours 12-16 hours/day, 6 days/week– No job security or minimum wage– Factory Act of 1833 – 9 min age for employment – Women paid ½ what men got– Socialism – where society (gov’t) own factors of

production• Idea of – intellectuals that believe in equality of all

Some slides from worldofteaching.com