Reticular Activating System
Reticular Activating System
Organization of Reticular Neurons
General Characteristics of RAS
Noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons in the medulla and pons
Noradrenergic neurons in the pons
Dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem and hypothalamus
Serotonergic Cell Groups
Cholinergic Cell Groups
Cortico-Reticulo-Spinal Projections
Effects of stimulation of reticular formation on spinal reflexes
•Stimulation of the facilitory zone (+) (shown in green) of the reticular formation causes a dramatic increase in the patellar reflex as determined by EMG measurements,
•Marked suppression of this reflex follows stimulation of the inhibitory zone (-) (shown in red) of the reticular formation.
Pain Is Modulated by Descending Monoaminergic Projections
Arousal and Ascending RAS
The ascending connections of the reticular formation
The electroencephalogram measures electrical activity in the cerebral cortex.
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation
Thalamic relay neurons have transmission and burst modes of signaling activity
Damage to Either Branch of the Ascending Arousal System May Impair Consciousness
Sleeping and Dreaming
The duration of sleep
The consequences of total sleep deprivation in rats
The Circadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness
Anatomical underpinnings of circadian rhythms
Stages of Sleep
Physiological changes in a male volunteer during the various sleep states
Neural Circuits Governing Sleep
Cortical regions whose activity is increased or decreased during REM sleep.
Thalamocortical Interactions
The patterns of activity of key cell groups during waking and slow wave and REM sleep
The major regions of the brain stem and forebrain involved in sleep control are shown in this sagittal section
Possible connections of the key neuronal groups that control REM sleep
Cellular Mechanisms that Govern Sleep and Wakefulness
Brainstem nuclei responsible Neurotransmitter involved Activity state of the brainstem neurons
WAKEFULNESS
Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction
Acetylcholine Active
Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active
Raphe nuclei Serotonin Active
NON-REM SLEEP
Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction
Acetylcholine Decreased
Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Decreased
Raphe nuclei Serotonin Decreased
REM SLEEP ON
Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction
Acetylcholine Active (PGO waves)
Raphe nuclei Serotonin Inactive
REM SLEEP OFF
Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active
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