UNIT-8 PERSONALITY AND ATTITUDE Mostly every day we judge the personality of different people. It is a part of our daily life. Personality includes a person‘s relatively stable feelings, thoughts, and behavior. Each of us has a unique traits and behavioral pattern that differentiates us from other people is known as personality. Personality word is derived from Latin word-‖persona which means characteristics. Personality is a complex mix of a constantly evolving and changing pattern of one‘s unique behaviour in certain circumstances. As per Gordon Allport, "Personality is everything that makes you an individual. It is the integration and interaction of your genetic inheritance, your experience, and your ways of relating the two." According to Fred Luthans, personality will mean how people affect others and how they understand and view themselves, as well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction. Some of the fundamental characteristics of personality include: Consistency - There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations. Psychological and physiological - Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs. It impacts behaviors and actions - Personality does not just influence how we move and respond in our environment; it also causes us to act in certain ways. Multiple expressions - Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships and other social interactions. DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY: Gordon Allport defined personality as the dynamic organization within an individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment. Personality, in essence, refers to the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality is the result of numerous environmental factors(internal and external) as below:
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UNIT-8
PERSONALITY AND ATTITUDE
Mostly every day we judge the personality of different people. It is a part of our daily life.
Personality includes a person‘s relatively stable feelings, thoughts, and behavior. Each of us has
a unique traits and behavioral pattern that differentiates us from other people is known as
personality.
Personality word is derived from Latin word-‖persona which means characteristics. Personality
is a complex mix of a constantly evolving and changing pattern of one‘s unique behaviour in
certain circumstances.
As per Gordon Allport, "Personality is everything that makes you an individual. It is the
integration and interaction of your genetic inheritance, your experience, and your ways of
relating the two."
According to Fred Luthans, personality will mean how people affect others and how they
understand and view themselves, as well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and
the person-situation interaction.
Some of the fundamental characteristics of personality include:
Consistency - There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors.
Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.
Psychological and physiological - Personality is a psychological construct, but research
suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.
It impacts behaviors and actions - Personality does not just influence how we move and
respond in our environment; it also causes us to act in certain ways.
Multiple expressions - Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be
seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships and other social interactions.
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY:
Gordon Allport defined personality as the dynamic organization within an individual of those
psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment. Personality,
in essence, refers to the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Personality is the result of numerous environmental factors(internal and external) as below:
i) Heredity: Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Factors such
as physical appearance, temperament, energy level, and biological rhythms are the
characteristics, which are generally influenced by one‘s parents, i.e. one‘s biological,
physiological, and inherent psychological make up. The Heredity Approach believes that
personality of an individual is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the
chromosomes.
ii) Environment: Among the various factors, culture plays an important role in the formation
of personality, i.e. the early conditioning, and the norms among the family, friends, and
social groups. With the socialization process experienced in groups, personality does get
altered over time.
iii) Situation: Though an individual‘s personality is generally stable and consistent, it does
change in different situations. Different demands in different situations bring forth different
aspects of one‘s personality. Personality patterns should, therefore, be not looked at in
isolation.
iv) Cultural and Religious Factors:The culture in which one lives in, that may involve
traditional practices, norms, customs, procedures, rules and regulations, precedents and
values, all are important determinants of personality.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY:
We have flowing theories of Personality:
Traits Theory
psychoanalytic theory
Humanistic theory
Social Learning Theory
Traits Theory: Trait is a sum of all durable characteristics that describe an individual‘s
behaviour.-observable patterns of behaviour that last over time. The trait approach to personality
is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that
individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the
personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as
outgoing, kind and even-tempered. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic
that causes individuals to behave in certain ways.
Gordon Allport, saw traits as broad, general guides that lend consistency to behaviour. He
categorized these traits into three levels:
Cardinal Traits: Traits that dominate an individual‘s whole life, often to the point that
the person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with such personalities
often become so known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these