11.3 Life During Wartime OBJECTIVES: A.Explain the role of African Americans’ in the struggle to end slavery B.Explain the decline of the Southern economy.

11.3 Life During Wartime

OBJECTIVES:

A. Explain the role of African Americans’ in the struggle to end slaveryB. Explain the decline of the Southern economy and the expansion of the

Northern economyC. Describe the terrible conditions both Union and Confederate soldiers endured

Blacks Enlist

• 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of forces)

• Face discrimination and opposition from Northern Whites

• Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially• 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners

• 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick Douglass

• Many executed by South as prisoners, as at Fort Pillow

• South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the war, with little impact/effect

Slaves Resistance

Slaves still on plantations “fought” too.How?

• “slowdowns” and sabotage slow production• Runaways/contraband hurts labor force• Increasing incidents of violence• Southern men/military forced to stay at plantations to

watch for rebellion = fewer soldiers fighting against North

ECONOMICSIN THE SOUTH:• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade

• Transportation collapses• Cotton Capitalism collapses

• SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!• INFLATION!

ECONOMICSIN THE NORTH:• Boom in manufacturing

• Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class• Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick reaper, sewing

machine• Introduction of “sizing” for clothing

• Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)

• Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1st time

How did the Civil War change the lives of African Americans?

In the South In the North

How did the Civil War change the economy?

In the South In the North

Life on the Battlefield

• More soldiers die of infections and disease than from wounds received on battle.

• Many wouldn’t change their clothes, wash for weeks at a time.

• Had to eat spoiled food• Lived among open pits of human

excrement• Body lice, dysentery, diarrhea

• Prisons, in particular, are deadly (most famously Andersonville, in the South)

• WHAT HAPPENED HERE?

Women’s Contributions

• Clara Barton, “the angel of the battlefield,” pioneers on the battlefield nursing. She later helps founds the American Red Cross.

• Women establish the United States Sanitary Commission

• Over 3,000 women served as Union nurses.

• Belle Boyd, famous as a nurse and spy for the South.

• Women in both the North and the South step in to men’s roles in the economy as men are drawn off to war.

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew BradyClean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives)

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady

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How did the Civil War change the lives of women? In the South In the North

TERMS

• Fort Pillow• Income Tax• Andersonville• Clara Barton

• OBJECTIVES:

A. Explain the role of African Americans’ in the struggle to end slavery

B. Explain the decline of the Southern economy and the expansion of the Northern economy

C. Describe the terrible conditions both Union and Confederate soldiers endured