•In this unit WE will review the steps of the scientific method and practice using science safely in everyday life. •On the following slides, the red sections are the main points; summarize the slides in your notebooks. •Underline words = vocabulary! §112 §112 The Nature of Science The Nature of Science
§112 The Nature of Science. In this unit WE will review the steps of the scientific method and practice using science safely in everyday life. On the following slides, the red sections are the main points; summarize the slides in your notebooks. Underline words = vocabulary!. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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•In this unit WE will review the steps of the scientific method and practice using science safely in everyday life. •On the following slides, the red sections are the main points; summarize the slides in your notebooks. •Underline words = vocabulary!
§112 §112 The Nature of ScienceThe Nature of Science
• Science is the organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.
• Defined by the National Academy of Sciences, it is the "use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process."
• The goals of science:– to investigate– to predict future events – to explain natural events
• Observing uses one or more of the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, & taste) to gather information about events or processes.
• Observing allows you and scientists to gather information about the subject they are investigating.
ObservingObserving
Tiff Shao, a NYC native and biology major, is studying biodiversity in Costa Rica for Duke University’s Organization of Tropical Studies. Although Tiff is far from Duke, the classroom is not too far away. Link
• Quantitative data are expressed in numbers (concrete terms); – EX the beaker held 150
mL of water. • Qualitative data tend to be
descriptive (subjective);– EX the plant is wilted and
looks like its dying. • What are some other
examples of data?
http://sageseeds.info/tutorials/unwilt.gif
Types of DataTypes of Data
• A scientific theory is based on natural and physical events and are well-established, highly-reliable explanations of these events. – Atomic Theory– Cell Theory– Theory of Evolution
• Theories may change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed, providing new information.
Scientific TheoriesScientific Theories
This powerful electron microscope allows researchers to see tiny microbes and cells as never before; the system includes a camera to record the data. Link
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
• The scientific method is a series of steps that scientists use to answer a question:
Step #1 – Purpose or ProblemStep #1 – Purpose or Problem
•Typically after making an observation a scientist will begin to question why? •What do you want to learn or answer?•You must research to find out what you already know about the problem and ask questions that still need to be answered.
EX Cleaning up with paper towels; What is the best brand to save money and time?
Step #2 – Hypothesis Step #2 – Hypothesis •A hypothesis is a possible explanation (answer) to a scientific question, often called an educated guess. •A hypothesis must be testable and capable of being supported by observational evidence; the evidence typically comes from an experiment.
•EX Could you test these hypotheses?•“If I clean using Viva paper towels, then I will save money and time.”•“If I place a beaker of water in the sun, then it will evaporate faster than in the shade.”
– Independent Variable = “I the scientist” am controlling the temperature of the water.
– Dependent Variable = “data I collect”; Speed of diffusion of the food dye,how quickly does the color spread.
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Independent Variable!!!
Dependent Variable!!!
• Remember scientists show their data in graphs.
• Remember the acronym DRY MIX when graphing for science. – Dependent/Responding
variable = Y axis.– Manipulated/Independent =
X axis.• Sketch the graph to remember
the axes. http://www.business-analysis-made-easy.com/image-files/xy-axis.gif
GraphsGraphs
Independent Variable!!!
Dependent Variable!!!
What Type What Type of Graph?of Graph?
• The type of graph you will use depends on the type of data in your experiment.– Line – use for infinite data (i.e. time)– Bar – static or finite data (i.e. number of days in a week)– Pie – good visual for %