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2. Nouns can be formed by adding a suffix to the base:
play kind friend arrive develop organise close
play -er kind -ness friend -ship arriv -al develop -ment organisa -tion clos -ure
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Nouns
3. fre!uent way of forming nouns is byadding - ing to a verb:
Breaking into a foreign market needscareful preparation.
"heir quarrelling over pay was the reasonfor his resignation. Making money is not everything in life.
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Nouns
#. Nouns referring to people can be formed with-er , - or , - ian , -ee , - ant , - ist :
employ employ supervise
guard account type
employ er employ eesupervis or guard ian
account ant typ ist
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Nouns
$. %ome nouns are identical to the verb:N&'N ()*+
delay to delay offer to offer
supply to supply
demand to demand share to share support to support
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Nouns
,. %ome nouns and verbs have the same formbut change their stress :
N&'N ()*+
tran s fer to trans fer import to im port increase to in crease
ex port to e port con duct to con duct per mit to per mit
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Nouns
. %ome nouns and verbs have the sameform but slightly change their spelling :
NOUNNOUN VERBVERB advi c e to advi s e
practi c e to practi s e thie f to thie ve
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NounsNouns can also be formed by: CLIPPING :
phone photo flu
BLENDING :brunch motel smog
ACRONYMS :/. &. 0.)/'
telephone
photograph
influen4a
br5eakfast6 7 5l6unch
m5otor6 7 5h6otel
sm5oke6 7 5f6og
cash on delivery
)uropean /urrency 'nit
nternational onetary und
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Countable nouns : 8 people 8 animals 8 plants
8 ob9ects 8 units of measurement
Uncountable nouns : things that we cannot count
8 three informations 8 si monies
8 five advices
Nouns can be divided into:
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Countable nouns can be singular or lural!Countable nouns can be singular or lural!
"he letter 5countable; singular6 is on your deskand the two fa es 5countable; plural6 are here.
Uncountable nouns are singular!Uncountable nouns are singular!
"his 9unk mail 5uncountable; singular6 is veryannoying.
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'ncountable nouns which sometimes causedifficulty:
a"$icea"$ice e!uipment luggage progress travel
accommodation furniture machinery research trouble
advertising hardware money room5>space6
weather
baggage in%or#ationin%or#ation ne&sne&s software work
cash insurance permission traffic
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' ?e gave an advice. * @?": ?e gave me some advice.
' ?e gave two information s . * @?": ?e gave two bits of information.
' "hese information s are useful.
* @?": "his information is useful.
' ?ave you heard a newsA
* @?": ?ave you heard the newsA
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ABan IS NO( used in front of an uncountable
noun.
"om gave me some good advice . 5NO( a good advice6
?ave you heard the news A 5NO( a news6
?e gave me some information . 5NO( an information6
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Noun lurals
Sa# le sentencesSa# le sentences
"he information you want is in the brochure. Cour committee are e pected to make a decision
as soon as possible. "he recent news about our competitors has
been very discouraging. "hey unloaded the cargo es last night "here are seven appendi ces in this book.
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Noun plurals
1. "he plural of the nouns is formed byadding - s ; or - es 5when the word ends in s, ss, sh, ch, x 6.
8 report - report s 8 letter - letter s
8 bo - bo es 8 bus - bus es 8 match - match es 8 miss - miss es
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Noun plurals
2. Nouns ending in - o form their plural byadding - es :
cargo - cargo es hero - hero es
potato - potato es tomato - tomato es
BU( : pianosphotos
studios
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Noun plurals
3. Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonantform their plural by changing y into i and adding-es :
baby - bab ies country - countr ies
lorry - lorr ies secretary - secretar ies company - compan ies
BU( : boysdelays
9oys
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Noun plurals
/. Nouns ending in - f form their plural bychanging f into v and adding - es :
leaf - lea ves loaf - loa ves scarf - scar ves thief - thie ves wife - wi ves
+'": chiefscliffsgulfs
proofsroofs
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Noun plurals
0. %ome nouns have irregular plural:
child - childrenfoot - feetman 8 menwoman - women
mouse - miceo - o entooth - teeth
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Noun plurals,. %ome nouns of Datin or @reek origin have
irregular plural:
analysis - analys es
hypothesis - hypothes es basis - bas es crisis 8 cris es thesis - thes es
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Noun plurals,. %ome nouns of Datin or @reek origin have
irregular plural:
dat um - dat a medi um - medi a memorand um 8 memorand a
strat um - strat a
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Noun plurals,. %ome nouns of Datin or @reek origin have
irregular plural:
inde 8 indi ces appendi - appendi ces
criteri on 8 criteri a phenomen on - phenomen a
stimul us 8 stimul i
formul a - formul ae
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Noun plurals. %ome nouns with irregular plural have two forms ofplural; the foreign one and )nglish one. n some casesthe two plurals have different meanings:
index indexes > tables of contentsindices > mathematical signs
genius geniuses > persons of unusually greatmental powersgenii > good or evil spirits
formula formulas > forms of wordsformulae > mathematical terms
medium mediums > people claimingcommunication with spirits
media > means; agencies
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Noun pluralsE. %ome nouns have only a plural form:
archives assets contents customs funds
head!uarters premises savings
surroundings earnings goods valuables clothes refreshments
outskirts rabies
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Noun plurals1. "he plural of some nouns has two or more meanings;
one similar to the singular meaning; the other differentfrom it:
custo#s > 1. habits2. ta es on imported goods
+uarters > 1. fourth parts2. lodgings
s irits > 1. souls2. alcoholic li!uors
3. mental or moral attitude 5FinhighBlow spiritsF6
re#ises > 1. things assumed as true asbasis for an argument
2. buildings; offices
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Noun plurals
Fews F is not pluralGGG
"he news is very depressing today.
NO(NO( : "he news are very depressing today.
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%ome nouns can be used as countable or asuncountable. 'sually there is a difference in
meaning:
bought a paper . 5> newspaper6 bought some paper . 5> material for writing on6
adventures6
Cou need experience for this 9ob. 5> previouspractice6
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%ome nouns end in -s; but they are not usuallyplural: mathematics ; economics ; athletics ;
physics...
)conomics is the science of choice.
Hhysics was my favourite sub9ect atschool.
Holitics has never been my favouritesub9ect.
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%ometimes these nouns have differentmeaning:
statistics 5with a singular verb 6 > a branch ofscience
%tatistics is a branch of economics.
statistics 5with a plural verb 6 > a collection ofnumbers representing facts ormeasurements 8 statistical data
%tatistics are ready for publication.
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%ome nouns end in - s , but can besingular or plural 5the form is the same6:
a means of transport many means of transport a television series two "( series
a species of bird 2II species of birds
#eans series s ecies
%ometimes; a singular countable noun can take a
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%ometimes; a singular countable noun can take aplural verb when the noun refers to Jmore than one
personJ:
"he @overnment have decided in favour ofthe law. 5the government > members of thegovernment6
"he board are discussing the proposal now.5the board > more than one person6
"he staff aren!t happy with their workingconditions. 5the staff > employees6
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ALSO!ALSO!
team family committee
company personnel management
public staff
army audience data group media press union
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"he plural of ersonerson is:
"here were t2ree eo let2ree eo le at the meeting. persons 8 very formal
PEOPLEPEOPLE
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%ometimes we use a plural noun with a singular verb5a sum of money; a period of time; a distance6:
ive thousand pounds was stolen in therobbery. 5 NO( were stolen6
"hree years is a long period to be withouta 9ob. 5NO( are a long period6
"hree kilometres is long way to go fromhere. 5 NO( are a long way to go6
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