1 Stock-based compensation Under SFAS No. 123 (Rev. 2004) Prepared by Teresa Gordon
Dec 18, 2015
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Stock-based compensation
Under SFAS No. 123 (Rev. 2004)
Prepared by Teresa Gordon
Two kinds of option plans
NoncompensatoryCompensatory Classified as Liability or Equity See chart on next slide
Two types of awardsAwards classified as liability
Awards classified as equity
Remeasured at fair value on each balance sheet date until the award is settled
Measured at fair value at the grant date and not subsequently remeasured
Award is classified as liability if the entity can be required under any circumstances to settle the option or similar instrument by transferring cash or other assets
Award is classified as equity if it is an equity instrument and the company cannot be required to settle the option in cash under any circumstances.
Awards classified as liability Awards classified as equity
Remeasured at fair value on each balance sheet date until the award is settled
Measured at fair value at the grant date and not subsequently remeasured
Measurement date = settlement date Measurement date = grant date (generally)
Award is classified as liability if the entity can be required under any circumstances to settle the option or similar instrument by transferring cash or other assets
Award is classified as equity if it is an equity instrument and the company cannot be required to settle the option in cash under any circumstances.
Options that permit broker-assisted cashless exercise does not result in liability classification if
1. Cashless exercise requires a valid exercise
2. The employee is the legal owner of the shares
Provisions to provide cash to meet minimum statutory withholding requirements are also okay
Non-Compensatory Plans1. Discount from market price no more than
cost that would have been incurred in public offering
Safe harbor rule: discount ≤ 5% of market price
2. Substantially all employees may participate on an equitable basis
3. There are no option features other than:a. No more than 31 days after price is fixed to
enrollb. Purchase price is based solely on market price
at purchase dateAlso, employees can cancel participation before
purchase date and get a refund
Compensatory Plan
Any plan that fails to satisfy the three criteria
Note: Incentive stock options under the tax code will not necessarily be noncompensatory under GAAP However, there would be no need for
deferred taxes because the employee would not be taxed and the employer does not get a tax deduction
Terminology
Measurement date and grant date are often (but not always) the same
Measurement date - The date at which the equity share price and other pertinent factors, such as expected volatility, that enter into measurement of the total recognized amount of compensation cost for an award of share-based payment are fixed.Grant date - The date at which an employer and an employee reach a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of a share-based payment award.
Approval by shareholders or board of directors may be required The grant date for an award of equity instruments is the date
that an employee begins to benefit from, or be adversely affected by, subsequent changes in the price of the employer’s equity shares.
FASB 123 – Fair Value Method
FASB requires the fair value methodThe compensation cost (to be amortized to expense) is determined by an option pricing model. Factors in models include:
Market price and exercise price Risk free interest rate Expected volatility of stock prices Expected dividend on stock Number of years until options expire
Stock Option Plans
Information for following examples: 1,000 options for common stock $3 par market price $8 option price $6 Service period required is four years.Grant date
Service Period
Exercise Period
Fair value per share - $6
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Fair Value Method
Compensation Expense = $1,500 per year spread over 4 years So we make the following journal entry
each year:
Compensation expense 1,500 APIC – stock options O/S
1,500
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Fair Value Method
Upon exercise: all options
Cash (1,000 sh x $6) 6,000
Paid in Capital, stock options 6,000
Common Stock
3,000
APIC – Common Stock 9,000
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Stock Option Plans & Deferred Taxes
If the market price upon exercise is substantially greater than the market price on the day of grant it will result in significant unrecorded compensation to the employeeThe employee pays tax on the difference between option price and market price on the day the option is exercised There are some fine points which we will ignore
for simplicity in working problems
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Stock Option Plans & Deferred Taxes
The employer gets a tax deduction based on the difference between the option price and the market price on the day the options are exercised.This is probably different than what was provided in deferred tax.Excess benefits are credited to APIC
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When people quit . . .
We “undo” the recognition of compensation expense related to options that FAIL TO VEST because of service or performance conditions
Credit compensation expense, and debit APIC – stock options outstanding
Failure to perform service (Intrinsic Value Method:
Paid in Capital, stock options 2,000
Compensation Expense 2,000
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When vested options are not exercised
Perhaps market price < option price No one will exercise the options When they expire, the balance is
transferred to APIC – expired options Compensation is NOT reversed
Expiration of unexercised VESTED stock options:
Paid in Capital, stock options 2,000
Paid in Capital, expired options
2,000
Complications
Requisite service periodEstimating turnoverDeferred taxes
Performance conditionsMarket conditionsUsing an option pricing model Nonpublic companies
Grant date
Service Period
Exercise Period
Measurement Date =
Awards classified as liabilities
Compensation is estimated at each balance sheet date through settlement
Grant date
Service Period
Exercise Period
Measurement Date
Stock appreciation rights (SARs)
Sometimes the plan gives the employee CASH for the increase in the price of the stock between grant date and the measurement dateIn this case, a liability is created and APB Opinion 25 and FASB 123 accounting is exactly the same but ONLY for nonpublic companiesEstimated fair values at each balance sheet date required for public companies
Example – SARs - NONPUBLIC
Mary will receive the difference between the current stock prices ($10) and the stock price that exists when she exercises her 1,000 SARs. She cannot exercise the options for 2 years. The options expire 5 years from the grant date
End of year 1, price = $21
50% earned1,000 SARs * ($21-20) = $1,000 potential liabilityRecognized now = 50% of $1,000
Compensation expense $500
SARs Liability $500
End of year 2, price = $23
100% earned1,000 SARs * ($23-20) = $3,000 potential liabilityRecognized now = 100% of $3,000 less $500 already booked
Compensation expense $2,500
SARs Liability $2,500
End of year 3, price = $18
100% earned1,000 SARs * ($18-20) = $0 valueOn books = $3,000
SARs Liability $3,000
Compensation expense $3,000
During of year 4, price = $22
Mary exercises SARS1,000 SARs * ($22-20) = $2,000 valueLiability on books = $0
Compensation expense $2,000
SARs liability$2,000
SARs Liability $2,000
Cash $2,000
Equity or Liability Awards
The measurement date may not be the grant date The number of options to be issued may not
be certain until the level of achievement of a performance condition is known
Grant date
Service Period
Exercise Period
Measurement Date
Major difference between FAS123R and FAS133
We re-value derivatives under FAS133 based on current economic conditionsUnder FAS123 the value of equity awards is determined (generally) on the grant date and does not change after that date Note that liability awards are re-valued
like derivatives under FAS133
Requisite Service Period
Explicit service period: Stated in the terms of a share-based payment award. Implicit service period: Not explicitly stated but inferred from an analysis of the terms and other facts and circumstances. Derived service period: A service period for an award with a market condition that is inferred from the application of certain valuation techniques used to estimate fair value.
Multiple service periods
“Or” conditions – requisite service period is the shortest of the possible periods“And” conditions – requisite service period is the longest of the possible periods The complications are likely when there is both
a service condition and one or more performance conditions and maybe a market condition specified or implied by the terms of the award
Modification of terms
When an equity award is modified, it must be remeasured
Recall that liability awards are automatically remeasured on reporting dates
If the new award has greater fair value than the old award immediately before the modification, the excess fair value is recognized as compensation expense