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Instituut voor Landbouw- en VisserijonderzoekEenheid Plant
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.beBeleidsdomein Landbouw en Visserij
Miscanthus :A new crop for Flanders’
Agriculture?
Hilde Muylle
Problem
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Increasing demand for (woody) biomass
Important criteria:
-Decreasing area for agriculture EU
-Sustainable production (soil, water, nutrients, pesticides, energy)
Food
Feed Fibre FuelFun
Fine chemicals
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New crops with high potential?
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Aim:
Comparison during 5 production years of
Annual versus perennial crops
In low input management:
• Dry Matter Yield
• Quality of biomass
• Nutrient Use Efficiency
• Impact on soil
New crops with high potential?
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Annual crops:
monoculture maïs
rotation system :
year 1 : (rye) +mais + italian ryegrass
year 2 : italian ryegrass
year 3 : sorghum + rye
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New crops with high potential?
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Perennial grassland
Perennial ryegrass
Fescue
Cocksfoot
TimothyTimothy with clover
New crops with high potential?
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Perennial Woody Crops :
Willow (SRC)
Reed - Phragmites
Reed Canary Grass
Switchgrass
Miscanthus
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• Willow(Belgisch Rood)
– SRC - control
– Harvest once in 3 year
• Reed (Phragmites australis)
– Endogenous species C3
– 10 plants/m²
PERENNIAL WOODY CROPS
New crops with high potential?
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• Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea )
– Endogenous C3
– two cultivars (‘Palaton’ & ‘Bamse’)
– sown 1000 gs/m²
• Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum )
- Endofyt-exotic C4
- two cultivars (‘Kanlow’ & ‘CIR’)
- Sown 1000 gs/m²
PERENNIAL WOODY CROPS
New crops with high potential?
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• Miscanthus : – Exotic C4
– two accessions :• Miscanthus x giganteus
• Miscanthus sinensis cv. ‘Goliath’
– Planted with rhizomes (2/m²)
WOODY PERENNIAL CROPS
New crops with high potential?
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New crops with high potential?
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Low input management
Minimum of cuts
Annual crops :
1 cutit ryegrass : 4 cuts
Perennial grassland :
3 to 4 cuts
Woody crops :
1 cut => grasses
1 cut every 3 year => SRC
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New crops with high potential?
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Low input management
Suboptimal and Minimal Fertilisation
Annual crops :
maïs : 160 versus 60 Units
it ryegrass : 260 versus 160 units
Perennial grassland :
250 versus 150 UnitsWoody Crops :
no fertilisation
Eenjarige teelten
DM YIELD 2008-2009
New crops with high potential?
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Maïs in
monocultuur
Maïs in
vruchtwisseling
It. raaigras 1 snede it. rgr +
Sorghum
D M y
i e l d ( t o n D M
/ h a )
2008+ hoge N
2008+lage N
2009+hoge N
2009+lage N
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Eenjarige teelten
DM YIELD 2008-2009
New crops with high potential?
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Maïs in
monocultuur
Maïs in
vruchtwisseling
It. raaigras 1 snede it. rgr +
Sorghum
D M y
i e l d ( t o n D M / h a )
2008+ hoge N
2008+lage N
2009+hoge N
2009+lage N
Meerjarig grasland
DM YIELD 2008-2009
New crops with high potential?
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Engels
raaigras
timothee rietzwenkgras kropaar timothee +
klaver
D M Y
i e l d ( t o n D M / h a )
2008+hoge N
2008+lage N
2009+hoge N
2009+lage N
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Woody Crops
DM YIELD 2008-2009
New crops with high potential?
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Misc. sin. Misc. x gig rietgras
Bamse
rietgras
Palaton
riet vingergras
CIR
vingergras
Kanlow
wilg
A n n u a l D r y M a t t e r Y i e l d
( t o n D M / h a / y e a r )
2008
2009
2010
New crops with high potential?
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Perspectives
Yield trial continues till 2012
Evaluation of different cropping systems
- yield- quality
Sustainability assessment :
- economics
- nutriënts / inputs
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Miscanthus : a new crop for Flanders?
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Miscanthus :
1. crop
2. cultivation
3. valorisation
4. drawbacks
5. perspectives
Miscanthus : the crop
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Miscanthus spp.
Perennial grass (15-20 y.)
Woody material
Azian origin
C4 metabolism
Rhizomes
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Miscanthus : the crop
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Miscanthus x giganteus
High-Prodcutive Clone
Long growing season
sterile – triploid
multiplied by rhizomes
Miscanthus : the crop
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Seasonal growth:
Spring
- development of new shoots
- > 5°C soil temperature
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Miscanthus : the crop
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Seasonal growth :
Summer
- quick development
- C4 metabolism
Autumn
- long growth period- flower development beginning ofnovember
- no ripening with M. x giganteus
- first frost = decoloration
Miscanthus : het gewas
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Seasonal growth:
autumn – winter :
- recovery of nutrients
=> in rhizomen=> drop of leaves
- mulching on soil top
=> Protection against frost
=> activation of soil organisms
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Miscanthus : cultivation
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Where :
- few soil demands
sand soils till flooded areas
- temperature
growth from 6°C soil temperature
- water need
700-900 mm precipitation in growth seasonroots go up to 2 m deep (not the rhizomes)
Miscanthus : cultivation
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Installation of the field:
- no seed
- rhizomes
- cheapest (0,15-0,2€/rhizoom)
- take care of direct planting!!
- potted rhizomes or tissue culture plants- expensive (0,4 €/plant)
- more flexible
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Miscanthus : cultivation
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Installation:
Good preparation of soil
- weed control
- good water draining in spring
Planting of rhizomes
- in spring (10-12°C soil temperature)
- quality is important :
store at 4°C
humid- depth : 5-10 cm
- density : 1 à 2 rhizomen/m²
Miscanthus : the cultivation
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Installation:
potatoe planter
cabbage machine
0,3 ha/day
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Miscanthus : cultivation
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First year:
May June November
Weed control
No yield
No fertilisation
Miscanthus : cultivation
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Following years
july-august October January
No problems with weed control (mulch, quick growth)
Yield 15 till 25 ton DM/ha
No fertilizer!!
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Miscanthus : cultivation
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Harvest:
Yearly
- From year 3 during 15 to 20 years
- 15-25 ton DM/ha/year
Harvest with :
- maïs harvester
- Haybaling
When
Autumn (leaf and stems) - 25% more yieldSpring (only stem)
Drying in the field (15-40 % water contente)
Recycling nutrients
Less K and Cl in biomass
Miscanthus : Valorisation
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(Co-)combustion:
- chips
- pellets
- brikets
Combustion Wood Straw Mg Switch grass
Caloric value(MJ/kg DS) 18,5 17,2 17,6 17,3
Ash content (gew%) 0.4 6 3.1 5,8
Moisture content (gew %) 10-60 10-20 10-20 10-20
Ash melting point (°C) 1220-1440 940-980 780 1350
Cl (gew.%) <0,1 0,35 0,074 0,029
K (gew.%) 0,27 0,4 0,49 0,195
Density (kg/m³) 644 117
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Miscanthus : valorisation
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(Co-)combustion– problems :
Clogging of ashes => moving grid
Corrosion
Biomass burners dealing with these problems areavailable (Hargassner, Ökofen, KWB,…)
Miscanthus : valorisation
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Construction material:
- Windows
- Concrete
- Light boards
Mulching :
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Miscanthus : Perspectives
Pro :
- Low in put management
- High biomass yield
- Low moisture content
- Annual harvest
- Cultivation is possible without need of specializedmachiner
Drawback :
- Knowledge with farmers- Exotic,
- Long term vision
- Production chain is necessary
Collaborations and funding
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More information?
[email protected]
09/272 2864