Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life 1.1 The Characteristics of Life • Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth. • Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms. • All living things have certain characteristics in common. Living Things: • Are organized • Acquire materials and energy • Reproduce • Respond to stimuli • Are homeostatic • Grow and develop • Have the capacity to adapt 1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Community 4. Population 5. Organism 6. Organ system 7. Organ 8. Tissue 9. Cell 10. Organelle 11. Molecule Atom Nucleus Brain Spinal cord Nerve 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 9 10 11 Life’s Levels of Organization
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1.1 The Characteristics of Lifebiology-lifescience.com/Biology/PPT_101_files/Mader_01...yeast mushroom bracket fungus sea star earthworm and mammals finch raccoon moss fern pine tree
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Chapter 1
Biology: Exploring Life
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth.
• Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms.
• All living things have certain characteristics in common.
Living Things:
• Are organized • Acquire materials and energy • Reproduce • Respond to stimuli • Are homeostatic • Grow and develop • Have the capacity to adapt
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem
3. Community
4. Population
5. Organism
6. Organ system
7. Organ
8. Tissue
9. Cell
10. Organelle
11. Molecule Atom
Nucleus
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerve
1
2
3
4
6
5
7 8
9 10
11
Life’s Levels of Organization
– Eukaryotic cells • Contain
membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus
– Prokaryotic cells • Lack such
organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Eukar yotic cell
Prokar yotic cell
DNA (no nucleus)
Organelles
25,0
00 ×
What are living things? How do you know?
– All organisms share a common set of features • Order • Regulation of internal conditions
• Growth and development • Energy use • Response to environmental stimuli • The ability to reproduce and evolve
The Classification of Living Things
• Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities.
• Systematics is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.
Domain Archaea
• Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes.
• Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.
Domain Bacteria • Bacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes.
• Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.
• Some bacteria cause disease but many are beneficial.
Representative Organisms
black bread mold yeast mushroom bracket fungus
sea star earthworm finch raccoon
moss fern pine tree
paramecium euglenoid slime mold dinoflagellate
Kingdom Organization T ype of Nutrition
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Absorb food
Ingest food
Complex single cell, some multicellular
Some unicellular, most multicellular filamentous forms with specialized complex cells
Multicellular form with specialized complex cells
Multicellular form with specialized complex cells
Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food
Photosynthesize food
nonwoody flowering plant
Protozoans, algae, water molds, and slime molds
Molds, yeasts, and mushrooms
Mosses, ferns, nonwoody and woody flowering plants
Invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals
Domain Eukarya The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.
The Domain Eukarya consists of four Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Diversity of Life:
Living Things are categorized into
3 Domains : Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria Within the Domain of the Eukarya, we distinguish 4 kingdoms:
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
• A Case Study from Ever yday Life – Deductive
reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows
– If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a par ticular outcome
Observations
Question
Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb
Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem
Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem
Test prediction Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis
The Scientific Method
Scientific Method Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Test supports hypothesis; make additional predictions
and test them
Test does not support hypothesis; revise
hypothesis or pose new one
Prediction
Test: experiment or
additional observation
Results / Data
Conclusion
– Biology is connected to many impor tant issues in our lives
• Environmental problems and solutions • Genetic engineering • Medicine