11 Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels and Circulation.

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Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System

Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart

Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Lesson 11.4: Heart Disease

The Cardiovascular System

Lesson 11.1

Heart Anatomy and the Function of the

Cardiovascular System

Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

• the heart: location and size• the four chambers of the heart• the heart valves• blood flow through the heart• walls of the heart• cardiac cycle• cardiac output

Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System


• thoracic cavity• above diaphragm• between lungs• size of a clenched fist• weighs 8–12 ounces

The Heart: Location and Size


The Heart: Location and Size


• right atrium• right ventricle• left atrium• left ventricle

The Four Chambers of the Heart


• atrioventricular (AV) valves– tricuspid– bicuspid (mitral)

• semilunar valves– pulmonary– aortic

The Heart Valves


Match these words with 1–4 below: tricuspid, thoracic cavity, ventricle, aortic.

1. atrioventricular valve

2. semilunar valve

3. location of heart

4. heart chamber

Review and Assessment


• (1) deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium

• (2) right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle

• (3) right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery

• (4) blood exits to the lungs

Blood Flow through the Heart


• (5) oxygenated blood from lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

• (6) left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle

• (7) left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve

• (8) blood passes to the aorta• (9) blood travels out to parts of the body

Blood Flow through the Heart (continued)


Blood Flow through the Heart


• epicardium– outermost layer

• myocardium– middle layer

• endocardium– inner layer

Walls of the Heart


• diastole– ventricle relax, atria contract

• systole– ventricles contract, atria relax

• mean arterial pressure– overall pressure within cardiovascular system

Cardiac Cycle


• amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute measured in liters/minute

• stroke volume– amount of blood pumped in 1 beat

• heart rate– number of beats per minute

Cardiac Output


True or False?

1. The ventricles contract in diastole.

2. Stroke volume is measured in beats/minute.

3. The epicardium is the inner heart layer.

4. Deoxygenated blood enters the left atrium.

5. The aortic valve is in the left ventricle.


Lesson 11.2

Regulation of the Heart



• internal control of the heart• external control• the conduction system

Regulation of the Heart


• sinoatrial node– pacemaker– sends electrical impulse– tells heart to beat 60–100 bpm

Internal Control of the Heart


• the cardiac center– sympathetic nerve system speeds up– parasympathetic nerve system slows down

• the endocrine system– some hormones speed up

External Control of the Heart


• SA node• AV node• bundle of His• bundle branches–

right and left• Purkinje fibers

The Conduction System


• ECG or EKG– electrical activity of the heart– depolarize–contract– repolarize–relax

Electrocardiogram


Match these words with 1–4 below: parasympathetic, EKG, SA node, sympathetic.

1. speed up

2. slow down

3. pacemaker

4. electrical activity of the heart



• normal contractility condition– sinus rhythm

• abnormal contractility condition– arrhythmia

• ventricle or atria contraction is not normal

Cardiac Arrhythmias


• bradycardia– slow heart beat

• tachycardia– fast heart beat

• premature atrial contraction (PACs)– atria contracts before

SA node

Cardiac Arrhythmias


• atrial fibrillation– atria contract faster than 350

bpm

• premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)– ventricles contract too soon

• ventricular tachycardia (VT)– ventricles, rather than SA

node, cause beat

Cardiac Arrhythmias


• ventricular fibrillation (VF)– ventricles contract faster

than 350 bpm

• heart block – impulse from SA node to

AV node • first–impulse delayed• second–intermittently

blocked • third–completely blocked

Cardiac Arrhythmias


• automatic external defibrillator (AED)– electric shock– stops heart– allows heart to start normal rhythm – anyone can use one

Defibrillators and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias


Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia, or Defibrillator.

1. _______________ is fast heart beat.

2. _______________ is slow heart beat.

3. _______________ is atria beating more than 350 bpm.

4. A(n) _______________ stops the heart so it can reset.


Lesson 11.3

Blood Vessels and Circulation



• blood vessels: the transport network• circulation: moving blood around the body• taking vital signs• know your numbers

Blood Vessels and Circulation


• structure and function of vessels

Blood Vessels: The Transport Network


• tunica intima– innermost layer

• tunica media– middle layer

• tunica externa– outermost layer

The Three Layers of Blood Vessels


Differences between Arteries and Veins


• exchange vessels– gas moves between tissue and blood

• capillary bed– network of exchange vessels

• precapillary sphincters– close off capillary bed as needed

Capillaries


• cardiopulmonary circulation– between heart and lungs

• systemic circulation– between heart and body

Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body


Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body


True or False?

1. Systemic circulation moves blood to lungs.

2. Capillaries are exchange vessels.

3. The tunica intima is the innermost layer.

4. Arteries move blood away from the heart.

5. Veins move blood toward the heart.



• coronary arteries– left – right

• coronary sinus

Cardiac Circulation


• maintains proper levels in the blood– carbohydrate– fat– protein

Hepatic Portal Circulation


Arteries


Veins


• placenta• vena cava• right atrium• foramen ovale• right ventricle• ductus arteriosus

Fetal Circulation


• taking your pulse– find radial, carotid or brachial artery – count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4

• measuring blood pressure– stethoscope, sphygmomanometer– systolic/diastolic pressure

Taking Vital Signs

Joseph Dilag/Shutterstock.com, Ilya Andriyanov/Shutterstock.com


• weight– body mass index–weight to height

• blood pressure– systolic/diastolic–110/70 mmHg

• cholesterol– LDLs and HDLs

Know Your Numbers


Match these words with 1–4 below: foramen ovule, cholesterol, pulse, blood pressure.

1. systolic/diastolic

2. fetal circulation

3. LDLs and HDLs

4. carotid artery


Lesson 11.4

Heart Disease



• valve abnormalities• diseases ending in -itis• heart failure• diseases of the arteries

Heart Disease


• heart attack• hypertension• peripheral vascular disease• stroke

Heart Disease


• heart murmurs– valves do not close properly

• valvular stenosis– narrowed, stiff heart valve

• mitral valve prolapse– mitral valve does not fully close

• palpitations

Valve Abnormalities


• pericarditis– inflammation of heart sac

• myocarditis– inflammation of heart muscle

• endocarditis– inflammation of heart lining and valves

Diseases Ending in -itis


• heart cannot pump blood• fluid backs up in

– lungs – liver– limbs– gastrointestinal tract

Heart Failure


• aneurysms– weakened artery bulges,

may break

• coronary artery disease– atherosclerosis– angina pectoris– ischemia

Diseases of the Arteries


• myocardial infarction– plaque blocks a cardiac artery

• treatment– aspirin as soon as symptoms appear– 20–60 minute window for treatment

Heart Attack


Heart Attack


• hypertension– blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg

• peripheral vascular disease– lack of circulation in legs

• stroke– blockage of brain blood flow

• ischemic stroke• hemorrhagic stroke• transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Heart Disease


True or False?

1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg.

2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack.

3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery.

4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall.

5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close properly.


11 Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels and Circulation.

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