11_ Co - Ordination Compounds.pdf

8/10/2019 11_ Co - Ordination Compounds.pdf

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NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ 7

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NK-KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^

Hitrkcunthki

Zl bikw tagt wali twk kr fkrl stgeml nkfpkuics grl gmmkwlc tk nkfehil hi talhr stkhnahkfltrhn rgthk, wl

jlt fkmlnumgr kr gcchthki nkfpkuics.Gcchthki nkfpkuics grl k` twk typls

7. Ckueml sgmt

5. Nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics

Ckueml sgmts

Salsl grl gcchthki nkfpkuics wahna grl stgeml hi skmhc stgtl eut erlgbup hitk hts nkisthtulits hi chsskmvl

stgtl. Ngrigmmhtl bNm.FjNm5.0A

5K hs ckueml sgmt waksl gqulkus skmuthki sakws tal prkplrthls k` B+, Fj+5

gic Nm- hkis.

Nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics Saly grl tal gcchthki nkfpkuics wahna rltghi talhr hclithty hi tal skmhc gs wlmm

gs hi tal chsskmvlc stgtl. Lxgfpml k` tahs typl hs RIh(IA>)

0VNm

5, H` wl chsskmvl tahs nkfpmlx nkfpkuic, wl

jlt tal hkis gs uiclr.

RIh(IA>)

0VNm

59 RIh(IA

>)

0V5++ 5Nm

nkfpmlx hki

Alrl tal splnhls hi squgrl ergnblt ckls ikt hkihsl gic ht rlfghis gs g shijml lithty. Alrl Ih hs nlitrgm fltgm

hki gic IA>hs mhjgic. Alrl tal nkkrchigthki iufelr k` Ih hs 0 elngusl shx, IA

>mhjgics grl ekiclc whta Ih

ey nkkrchigtl ekic.Fltgms grl agvhij twk typls k` vgmginhls, prhfgry gic slnkicry vgmginy. Trhfgry mhibgjl

hs hkihzgeml gic slnkicry mhibgjl hs ikihkihzgeml. ^lnkicry mhibgjl hs cul tk nkkrchigtl ekics `krflc ey

mhjgics gic nlitrgm fltgm gtkf kr hki.

Mhjgics grl k` tarll typls

v. \ihclitgtl

vh. Ehclitgtl

vhh. Tkmyclitgtlvhhh. \ihclitgtl mhjgrcs

H` tal mhjgic hs agvhij kil ckikr shtl, tali tal mhjgic hs ngmmlc uihclitgtl. Lxgfpmls grl IA>, A

5K, Nm,

NI, KAltn.

Igfl k` mhjgic Ckigr shtl kr gtkf

Gffkihg IA>

I

Zgtlr A5K K

Aycrkxhcl hki KA K

Agmhcl hki Q Q

Ngrekiym NK KIhtrksym IK I

Nygihcl hki NI I kr N

Ihtrk IK5

I

Ihtrhtk KIK K

Sahknyigtl ^NI ^ kr I

x. Ehclitgtl mhjgic

Mhjgics wahna agvl twk ckigr gtkfs gic ngi ckfgtl tk tal nlitrgm hki `rkf talsl twk pkshthkis grl ngmmlc

ehclitgtl mhjgics. Lxgfpmls grl


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xh. Tkmyclitgtl mhjgics

Mhjgics agvhij fkrl tagi twk ckigr gtkfs grl ngmmlc pkmyclitgtl mhjgics. Salsl fgy el trhclitgtl,

tltrgclitgtl, Tlitgclitgtl gic alxgcligtl clplichij upki tal ckigr gtkfs prlslit hi tal mhjgic hs tarll,

`kur, `hvl gic shx rlsplnthvlmy. LCSG hs gi lxgfpml k` alxgclitgtl.

NKKUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ ? IKFLINMGS\UL H\TGN rumls kr igfhij tal nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics

grl gs uiclr

H` tal nkfpkuic hs hkihn, tal igfl k` tal ngthki hs flithkilc `hrst `kmmkwlc ey tal igfl k`gihki.Lxgfpml B

>R@l(NI)

0V Tktgshufalxgnygik`lrrgtl

(HHH) gic `kr RIh(IA>)

3Nm

5V, hts igfl whmm el gs uiclr Sltrggffhilchnamkrkihnblm

(HH) alrl kxycgthki stgtl k` ihnblt hs twk gic wl agvl tk wrhtl hi rkfgi iuflrgm.

Igfl k` tal mhjgic grl gntlc `hrst `kmmkwlc ey tal igfl k` tal nlitrgm fltgm gtkf. Zali tal nkfpmlx hs ngthki kr ilutrgm, tal igfl k` tal fltgm hs wrhttli whtakut giy nagrgntlrhsthnlichij. Eut wali tal nkfpmlx hki hs gihki, tali tal igfl k` nlitrgm fltgm gtkf lics hi gtl.

Lxgfpml

g. RNk(IA>)

0VNm

> Alrl nkfpmlx hki hs RNk(IA

>)

0V>+gic ht hs ngthki. Hts igfl whmm el alxggfhihil

nkegmt(HHH) hki gic igfl k` nkfpkuic hs alxggffhil nkegmt(HHH) namkrhcl.

e. BRTt(IA>)Nm

Ngrekigtk

Er- Erkfk Nmk->

Namkrgtk

KA- aycrkxk ^NI- Sahknygigtk

NI- Nygik IN^- Hsktahknygigtk

K5-5

Tlrkxk A- Aycrhck

K5- Kxk IK-> Ihtrgtk

IK-5

Ihtrk ^5K5-

> Sahksumpagtk

KIK- Ihtrhtk Kxgmgtk

I->

Gzhck

(e) Tkshthvl mhjgics lic hi huf

Mhjgic Igfl

IK

+

IhtrkskihufIK+5

Ihtrkihuf.

IA5-I+A

>Aycrgzhihuf


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NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ >

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(n) Ilutrgm mhjgics grl igflc gs suna

Ltaymlilchgfhil

N0A

Gffhil

NK Ngrekiym

Ik Ihtrksym

Igfl k` tal ch` lrlit mhjgrcs hi tal sgfl nkfpmlx nkfpkuic whmm el hi gmpagelthngm krclr.

Trl`hx fkik, ch, trh ltn. grl uslc tk hichngtl tal iufelr k` hichvhcugm mhjgics hi tal nkfpmlx. H` tal mhjgichs g nkfpmlx fkmlnuml tali `kr twk mhjgics wl wrhtl ehs. ^hfhmgrhty `kr tarll nkfpmlx mhjgics wl wrhtl trhs

gic `kr `kur nkfpmlx mhjgics wl whmm wrhtl tltrgbhs. G`tlr wrhtthij ehs, trhs kr tltrgbhs wl wrhtl tal igfl k`

mhjgic hi pgrlitalsls.

Lxgfpml (g)RNk(li)>VNm

>6

Igfl whmm el Srhs (ltaymlil chgfhil) nkegmt(HHH) namkrhcl.

Kxhcgthki stgtl k` fltgm hi ngthki, gihki kr ilutrgm nkfpmlx hs hichngtlc ey rkfgi iuflrgm hi pgrlitalsls.

H^KFLUH^F HI NKKUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^

Nkfpkuics agvhij sgfl fkmlnumgr `krfumg eut ch``lrlit strunturls grl ngmmlc hskflrs gic tal palikfliki

hs bikwi gs hskflrhsf. Hskflrs grl chvhclc hitk twk ngtljkrhls

v. ^trunturgm hskflrs

h. Hkihsgthki hskflrs

hh. Nkkrchigthki hskflrs

hhh. Mhibgjl hskflrs

w. ^tlrlk hskflrs

^SU\NS\UGM H^KFLU^

Hkihzgthki hskflrs

Nkfpkuics wahna agvl sgfl fkmlnumgr `krfumg eut jhvl ch``lrlit hkis hi skmuthki grl ngmmlc hkihzgthki

hskflrs.

Lxgfpml

RNk(IA>)

)

V RNr(NI)

0V gic RNr(li)

>V RNk(NI)

0V

Alrl mhjgics grl hitlrnagijlc eut ekta nkfpkuics grl agvhij sgfl fkmlnumgr `krfumg. Igfl k` RNk(li)>V

RNr(NI)0V

Srhs (ltaymlil chgfhil) Nkegmt (HHH) alxg nygik narkfgtc (HHH).

^hfhmgrmy igfl k` RNr(li)>V RNk(NI)

0V hs trhs (ltaymlis chgfhil) narkfhuf (HHH) alxgnygik nkegmtgtl (HHH).

Mhibgjl hskflrs

Saus typls k` hskflrs grl ketghilc wali kil mhjgic gttgnalc whta nlitrgm fltgm gtkf hi twk wgys.

@kr lxgfpml IK5

-hi g mhjgic gic ht ngi gttgna tk nlitrgm fltgm gtkf tarkuja ihtrkjli kr kxyjli. H` ht hs ekic

tarkuja ihtrkjli strunturl k`

mhjgic whmm el gic h ht hs tarkuja K, tali strunturl k` mhjgic whmm el - K - I 6 K.

Lxgfpml ? RNk(IA>)

)

)

5Nm

5V lxhst hi nhs gic trgis `krfs

nhs `krf trgis `krf

^qugrl pmgigr nkfpmlxls sakw tahs typl k` hskflrhsf. Sltrgalcrgm nkfpmxls ck ikt sakw jlkfltrhngm

hskflrhsf elngusl tal rlmgthvl pkshthki k` mhjgics whta rlsplnt tk lgna ktalr whmm el tal sgfl. Kntgalcrgm

nkfpmlxls whta nkkrchigthki iufelr shx gmsk lxhst hi nhs gic trgis `krf. Zl ngi tgbl gi lxgfpml k`

RNK(IA>)

3Nm

5V+


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NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ V>+ngi el wrhttli hi tal `kmmkwhij wgy

RNk(li)>V>+lxhst hi clxtrk gic mlvk `krf. Hts

nki`hjurgthki whmm el gs uiclr.

c gic m `krf k` hskflrs grl ngmmlc ligithkflrs.

EKICHIJ HI NKKUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^

Zlrilr wgs tal `hrst tk lxpmghi tal ekichij hi nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics. Akwlvlrs whta tal clvlmkpflit k`

fkclri talkrhls mhbl vgmginl ekic talkry, mhjgic `hlmc talkry fkmlnumgr krehtgm talkry, ht ags elli pkssheml

tk lxpmghi tal prkplrthls k` talsl nkfpkuics suna gs nkmkur, jlkfltry gic fgjilthn prkplrthls ltn. Alrl

wl whmm chsnuss vgmlinl ekic talkry wahna hs vlry shfpml. Sahs wgs prkpkslc ey Tgumhij.

Gnnkrchij tk Tgumhij, tal fltgm gtkf kr hki ngi usl tal >c, 3s, 3p krehtgm `kr ayerhchzgthki tk yhlmc g slt k`

lquhvgmlit krehtgms k` cl`hihtl jlkfltry mhbl squgrl pmgigr, tltrgalcrgm, kntgalcrgm gic sk ki. Salsl ayerhchzlc

krehtgms grl gmmkwlc tk kvlrmgp whta taksl mhjgics krehtgms tagt ngi ckigtl gi lmlntrki pghr `kr ekichij.


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Alrl, ht fgy el iktlc tagt c krehtgm hivkmvlc hi tal ayerhchzgthki fgy el lhtalr hiilr c krehtgms h.l. (i-7)c kr

kutlr c krehtgm h.l ic. @kr lxgfpml hi tal ngsl k` kntgalcrgm ayerhchzgthki ht fgy el c5sp>kr sp>c5

knnupy tal shx ayerhc krehtgms. Sal prlslinl k` tarll uipghrlc lmlntrkis hi tal rlfghihij krehtgm k` Nr (HHH)

fgbls tal nkfpmlx hki kr nkfpkuic hi pgrgfgjilthn hi igturl.(e) Ih(NK)

3Sltrg Nkrekiym Ihnblm(K)

alrl gtkfhn iufelr k` Ih hs 51 gic kxhcgthki stgtl k` Ih hi Ih(NK)3hs zlrk.

Hi tal gekvl nkfpkuic s gic p krehtgm k` Ih ayerhchzlc gs sp> tk jhvl `kur lquhvgmlit krehtgms, grrgijlc

tltrgalcrgmmy. Lgna NK jrkup (mhjgic) ckigtl g pghr k` lmlntrki tk `krf tltrgalcrgm nkfpmlx. Fgjilthn

stuchls rlvlgm tagt tal nkfpkuic hs chgfgjilthn hi igturl gic taus suppkrts tal krnlc pghrhij k` 3s lmlntrkis

whta >c lmlntrkis.


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NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ :

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tal nkfpmlx hki RIh(NI)3V5-hs chgfkjilthn gs slli `rkf tal geslinl k` uipghrlc lmlntrkis. Nkfpkuic ags

squgrl pmgigr jlkfltry.

^SGEHMHSX K@ NKKUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^Sal krfgthki k` g nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics hivkmvl

tal rlgnthki eltwlli g fltgm kr fltgm hki gic mhjgics. H` tal `krnl kr ekichij eltwlli fltgm hki gic mhjgic

hs strkij, tali wl jlt g stgeml nkfpmlx. Jlilrgmmy nkfpmlx hkis grl ahjamy stgeml. Eut skfl thfls nkfpmlx

hkis fgy chssknhgtl tk g sfgmm lxtlit.Sal rlgnthki eltwlli fltgm gic g mhjgic ngi el rlprlslitlc ey tal

`kmmkwhij lqummherhuf.

alrl Bs hs ngmmlc stgehmhty nkistgit. H` tal vgmul k` Bs hs fkrl tali ht ngi el sghc tagt nkfpmlx hki hs fkrl

stgeml. Sal fgjihtucl k` tal stgehmhty nkistgit jhvls gi hichngthki k` tal stgehmhty k` tal nkfpmlxls hi

skmuthki.

alrl Bs kr RNu(NI)3V5-hs vlry ahja gic hichngtls tagt nkfpmlx RNu(NA)

3V5-hs fkrl stgeml tagi RNu(IA

>)

3V5+

alrl NI- hs g rlmgthvlmy strkijlr mhjgic tagi IA> gic taus `krfs fkrl stgeml nkfpmlx.

H` tal nagrjl clishty kf tal nlitrgm fltgm hki hs fkrl, tali ht whmm `krf g stgeml nkfpmlx.

^hfhmgrmy fkrl egshn mhjgic whmm `krf fkrl stgeml nkfpmlx hki elngusl taly ngi ckigtl tal lmlntrki lgshmy.

GTTMHNGSHKI K@ NKKUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^Nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics hic fgiy gppmhngthki

hi kur mh`l. Sal gehmhty k` fltgm hkis tk `krf nkfpmlxls whta ch``lrlit fkmlnumls (mhjgics) agvl ch``lrlit

payshnk-nalfhngm prkplrthls wahna ngi el uslc hi fgiy wgys.

z. Agrcilss k` wgtlr hs lsthfgtlc ey shfpml thtrgthki whta LCSG. Sal Ng5+gic Fj5+hkis `krf stgeml

nkfpmlxls whta LCSG. Gs tal stgehmhty nkistgits k` ngmnhuf gic fgjilshuf nkfpmlxls k` LCSG grl

ch``lrlit, slmlnthvl lsthfgthki k` talsl hkis hs pkssheml.

gg. Fgiy nkkrchigthki nkfpmlxls grl uslc gs lmlntrkmytls `kr lmlntrkpmgthij. Salsl nkfpmlxls clmhvlstal fltgm hkis hi nkitrkmlc fgiilr. @kr lxgfpml, `kr shmvlr pmgthij tal nkfpmlx BRGj(NA)

5V hs uslc.

ee. ^hmvlr gic jkmc grl lxtrgntlc `rkf talhr rlsplnthvl krls ey trlgtflit whta IgNI skmuthki.

Gj+(gq) + 5IgNI(gq) 9 IgRGj(NI)5V(gq) + Ig+

Gu+(gq) + 5IgNI(gq) 9 IgRGu(NI)5V(gq) + Ig+

nn. Ih5+hkis grl lsthfgtlc gs talhr ulc nkfpmlx whta chfltaym jmykxhfl (CFJ). Ng5+gic Fj5+hkis

grl lsthfgtlc gs talhr nkfpmlxls whta NCSG.Sal nkfpmlx k` Ng5+whta LCSG hs uslc tk trlgt mlgc pkhshkihij.

Hishcl tal ekcy ngmnhuf hi tal nkfpmlx hs rlpmgnlc ey Te gic fkrl stgeml Te - LCSG nkfpmlx hs lmhfhigtlc

tarkuja urhil.

cc. Sal Tt nkfpmlx nhs pmgthi nhs - RTt(IA>)

5Nm

5V hs uslc gs gi githtufgr gjlit hi tal trlgtflit k`

nginlr.


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ll. Fgiy ehkmkjhngm hfpkrtgit igturgm nkfpkuics lxhst gs nkkrchigthki nkfpmlxls. @kr lxgfpml

Namkrkpaypm - g nkfpmlx k` Fj5+

Aglfkjmkehi - g nkfpmlx k` @l5+

Phtgfhi E75 - g nkfpmlx k` NK5+

NKFTK\IC^ NKISGHIHIJ FLSGM NGUEKI EKIC

Krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics agvl kil kr fkrl fltgm ngreki ekics. Saus nkfpkuics wahna grl agvhij

fltgm ngreki ekics grl ngmmlc krjgik fltgmmhn nkfpkuic. Sal nkfpkuics k` fltgmmkhcs suna gs Jl, ^e gic

iki- fltgmmhn lmlflits suna gs E gic ^h grl gmsk hinmuclc uiclr tahs nmgssh`hngthki. Fgiy krjgik fltgmmhn

nkfpkuics grl hfpkrtgit rlgjlits wahna grl uslc `kr tal syitalshs k` krjgihn nkfpkuics.

Krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics grl k` twk typls

``. sekiclc nkfpkuics

jj. pekiclc nkfpkuics.

aa

ekiclc nkfpkuicsHi talsl nkfpkuics krjgihn jrkup hs ekiclc tk g fltgm gtkf tarkuja g

ikrfgm 5 lmlntrki nkvgmlit ekic. ^kfl lxgfpmls grl

Srhfltaym gmufhihuf lxhsts gs g stgeml chflr gs sakwi elmkw

hh.

ekiclc krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuicsSahs typl k` nkfpkucs grl jlilrgmmy `krflc ey trgishthki fltgms.

Saly grl `krflc ey plmlntrkis. plmlntrkis grl ckigtlc tk fltgm kr fltgm hkis. kfl lxgfpmls grl gs uiclr


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_lhsls sgmt BRTtNm>-(a5-N

5A

3)V

alrl ahs rlgc gs ltg. a5flgis tagt twk ngrekis grl gttgnalc whta fltgm.

Giktalr hfpkrtgit nmgss k` krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics nkishsts k` fltgm ngrekiym hi wahna ngreki

fkikxhcl(NK) gnts gs mhjgic.Sal fltgm ngreki ekic hi fltgm ngrekiyms ekics hi fltgm - ngrekiyms pksslss

ekta sgic pnagrgntls.

^XISAL^H^ K@ KUJGIKFLSGMMHN NKFTK\IC^

7. Fltgm mhbls Mh, Ig, B, Fj, _i, Nc rlgnt chrlntmy whta gmbym - agmhcls hi tal prlslinl k` skfl suhtgeml

skmvlit suna gs chltaym ltalr.


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5. Ulgnthki k` gi krjgikfltgmmhn rlgjlit whta fltgm agmhcls. Ey tahs wgy wl jlt skfl fkrl usl`um

krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics.

>. Trlpgrgthki k` pnkfpmlx.

3. Trlpgrgthki k` fltgm ngrekiyms - @hilmy chvhclc Ih rlgnts whta NK gt rkkf tlfplrgturl tk `krf

Ih(NK)3.

Ih + 3NK 9 Ih(NK)3

Hrki rlgnts whta NK gt ahja tlfplrgturl gic prlssurl. @l + T)

>UaNm hs uslc gs g akfkjlilkus ngtgmyst `kr tal aycrkjligthki k` gmblils.

Gs altrkjlilkus ngtgmyshs - _hljmlr Igttg ngtgmyst (^kmuthki k` ShNm3gic (N

5A

Gm ) hs uslc gs g

ngtgmyst `kr tal pkmyflrhzgthki k` kml`his.

Krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics suna gs U - Mh, U - Fj - Q gic U5Nc grl uslc hi fgiy krjgihn syitalshs.

(N5A

+, RTtNm

3V5, R@l(NI)

0V>, RIhNm

5(A

5K)

3V ltn.

(hh) Nlitrgm fltgm.Ht hs tal gtkf kr hki hi g nkfpmlx tk wahna g `hxlc iufelr k` mhjgics grl ekiclc hi gcl`hihtl jlkfltrhngm grrgijlflit grkuic ht l.j. hi R@l(NI)

0V3, tal nlitrgm fltgm hki hs @l5+.

(hhh) Mhjgics. Ht hs gi hki kr g fkmlnuml tagt hs ekuic tk tal nlitrgm fltgm gtkf kr hki k` tal nkfpmlx. Ht

jlilrgmmy ags g mkil pghr k` lmlntrkis l.j. Er, Nm, NI, KA, K5, IA>, A

5K ltn.

(hv) Ckikr gtkf. Sal gtkf wahna ckigtls tal pghr k` lmlntrkis tk tal nlitrgm fltgm gtkf hs ngmmlc ckikr

gtkf l.j. Hi IA>, I hs tal ckikr gtkf. Hi A

5K, K hs tal ckikr gtkf.

(v) Nkkrchigthki Iufelr. Sal iufelr k` mhjgics chrlntmy ekiclc tk tal nlitrgm fltgm hki hi cl hihtl

jlkfltrhn grrgijlflit hs tal nkkrchigthki iufelr k` tal fltgm gtkf l.j. Hi RNk(IA>)

0V>+ tal 0 IA

>,

fkmlnumls grl ekiclc tk Nk>+gtkf sk nkkrchigthki iufelr k` Nk+>hs shx.

(vh) Kxhcgthki Iufelr. Ht hs tal nagrjl ki tal nlitrgm gtkf tagt ht wkumc ngrry wali gmm tal mhjgics grl

rlfkvlc. l.j. hi RNk(IA>)0V>+

tal kxhcgthki iufelr k` nkegmt (Nk) hs + >.

W.5 Zagt hs flgit ey tal clithnhty k` g mhjgic; Jhvl lxgfpmls k` g uihclitgtl gic g chclitgtl mhjgic.

Gis. Clithnhty k` g Mhjgic.Ht hs tal iufelr k` shjfg (s) lmlntrki pghr ckikr jrkups. Ht fgy el 7, 5, >, 3, 0 ltn.Clithnhty Ikflinmgturl

Lxgfpml

7. uih clitgtl 5. eh clitgtl

>. trhclitgtl 3. trhclitgtl

Zahna pkstumgtls chc Zlrilr usl tk lxpmghi tal ekichij hi nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics; Zagt hs tal

fghi wlgbilss k` Zlrilrs talkry;

Gis. Fghi pkstumgtls k` Zlrilrs Salkry.

(h)Fltgms pksslss twk typls k` vgmlinhls h.l. prhfgry (hkihsgeml) gic slnkicgry

(iki hkihsgeml).

(hh)Trhfgry vgmlinhls grl sgths`hlc ey iljgthvl hkis gic ht hs lqugm tk tal kxhcgthki stgtl k` tal fltgm hki.

(hhh)Sal slnkicgry vgmlinhls ngi el sgths`hlc ey ilutrgm kr iljgthvl hkis / jrkups. Ht hs lqugm tk tal nkkrchigthki

iufelr k` tal fltgm gic hs g `hxlc iufelr.

(hv)Sal hkis /jrkups ekuic ey slnkicgry mhigbjl agvl nagrgntlrhsthn spgthgm grrgijlflit nkrrlspkichij tk

ch``lrlit kxhcgthki iufelrs. ^una grrgijlflits grl ngmmlc nkkrchigthki pkmyalcrg.

Ki tal egshs k` talsl pkstumgtls, Zlrilr `krfumgtlc tal nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics

NkNm>.0IA

>, NkNm

>., NkNm

>.3IA

> gs

RNk(IA>)

0VNm

>2 RNk(IA

>)

)

3Nm

5VNm.

Fghi Zlgbilssls k` Zlrilrs Salkry

(h)Ht `ghmlc tk lxpmghi gs tk way nlrtghi lmlflits pksslss tal prkplrty k` `krfhij nkkrchigthki nkfpmlxls.

(hh)Ht `ghmlc tk lxpmghi tal chrlnthkigm prkplrthls k` ekics hi nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics.

(hhh)Ht `ghmlc tk lxpmghi tal nagrgntlrhsthn fgjilthn gic kpthngm prkplrty k` tal nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics.


13/24

NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ 7>

www.tahibhht.hi

W.3 Zagt hs uiclrstkkc ey?

(g) g nalmgthij mhjgic,

(e) gi gfehclitgtl mhjgic;

Giswlr ushij splnh`hn lxgfpmls.

Gis. (g) Nalmgthij Mhjgic.Zali tal nkkrchigthki k` fkrl tagi kil shjfg lmlntrki pghr ckikr jrkup (h.l.

ehclitgtl kr pkmyclitgtl) `rkf tal mhjgic tk tal sgfl fltgm hki knnur, ht hs ngmmlc nalmgthki gic suna g

mhjgic hs ngmmlc gs nalmgthij mhjigc l.j. N5K35

(kxgmgtk).(e) Gfehclit Mhjgics. Sal fkikclitgtl mhjgic wahna ngi nkkrchigtl whta tal nlitrgm fltgm gtkf tarkuja

fkrl tagi kil shtl grl ngmmlc gfehclit mhjgics l.j. NI, IK5

ltn.

W.< Nkfpmltl tal kmmkwhij stgtlflits kr tal nkkrchigthki lithty (nkfpmlx hki) RNrNm5(KQ)

5V>?

(g) KQ hs geerlvhgthki kr [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

(e) Sal kxhcgthki iufelr k` narkfhuf hs [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

(n) Sal nkkrchigthki iufelr k` narkfhuf hs [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

(c) [[[[[[[[[[[ hs g chclitgtl mhjgic.

Gis. (g) Kxgmgtl hki

-

-

NKK

|NKK

kr N5K35

(e) + >

(n) 0

(c) kxgmgtl hki kr N5K

3

5hki.

W.0 ^plnh y tal kxhcgthki iufelrs k` tal fltgms hi tal `kmmkwhij nkkrchigthki liththls?

(g) RNk(NI)(A5K)(li)

5V5+

(e) RTtNm3V5

(n) RNrNm>(IA

>)

>V

(c) RNkEr5(li)5V+

(l) B>R@l(NI)0V.Gis. (g) RNk(NI)(A

5K)(li)

5V>+ K. I. k` Nk hs +> (e) RTtNm

3V5 Sal K. I. k` Tt hs +5

(n) RNrNm>(IA

>)

>V Sal K. I. k` Nr hs +> (c) RNkEr

5(li)

5V+ Sal K. I. k` Nk hs +>

(l) B>R@l(NI)

0V Sal K. I. k` @l hs +>.

W.: \shij H\TGN ikrfs wrhtl tal `krfumgl `kr tal kmmkwhij?

(g) Sltrgaycrkxkzhingtl (HHH) (e) Alxggfhil nkegmt (HHH) sumpagtl

(n) Tktgsshuftltrgnamkrkpgmmgcgtl (HH) (c) Tktgsshuf trh (kxgmgtk) narkfgtl (HHH)

(l) Chgffhilchnamkrkpmgthiuf (HH) (`) Alxggffhilpmgthiuf (HP)

(j) Tktgsshuf tltrgnygikihnblmgtl (HH) (a) Sltrgerkfknuprgtl (HH)

(h) Tlitggffhilihtrhtk K nkegmt (HHH)(o) Tliltggffhilihtrhtk I nkegmt (HHH)

Gis. (g)R_i (KA)3V5

(e)RNk (IA>)0V5(^K3)> (n)B5RTcNm3V (c)B5RNr(N5K3)5V(l)RTtNm

5(IA)

>V

5(`)RTt (IA

>)

0V3+ (j)B

5RIh(NI)

3V (a)RNuEr

3V5

(h)RNk(KI)(IA>)

)

)

0V Nm

>(e) RNkNm(IK

5) (IA

>)

3VNm

(n) RIh(IA>)

0VNm

5(c) RTtNm (IA

5NA

>) (IA

>)

5VNm

(l) RFi(A5K)

0V5+ (`) RNk(li)

>V>+

(j) RSh(A5K)

0V>+ (a) RIhNm

3V5

(h) RIh(NK)3V

Gis. (g) Alxgffhil nkegmt (HHH) namkrhcl

(e) Sltrgffhil namkrk ihtrk nkegmt (HHH) namkrhcl

(n) Alxggfhil namkrk (fltaymgfhil) pmgthiuf (HH) namkrhcl

(c) Chgffhil namkrk (fltaymgfhil) pmgthiuf (HH) namkrhcl

(l) Alxggqug fgigjgilsl (HH)


14/24


www.tahibhht.hi

(`) Srhs (ltaymlilchgfhil) nkegmt (HH)

(j) Alxggqug thtgihuf (HHH)

(a) Sltrgnakrk ihnbmgtl (HH)

(h) Sltrgngrekiym ihnblm (K).

W.8 Lxpmghi whta lxgfpmls jlkfltrhn gic kpthngm hskflrhsf.

Gis. Jlkfltrhngm Hskflrhsf. Sahs typl k` hskflrhsf grhsls hi nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics cul tk tal ch``lrlinl hi

jlkfltrhngm grrgijlflit k` tal mhjgics grkuic tal nlitrgm fltgm gtkf / hki. Sahs hs gmsk bikwi gs nhs trgishskflrhsf.

Hi tltrg nkkrchigtl squgrl pmgigr nkfpmlx tal nhs hskflr ags tal sgfl jrkups ki tal sgfl shcl walrl gs

hi trgis hskflr tal sgfl jrkups grl ki kppkshtl shcls. l.j.

Sahs typl k` hskflrhsf hs gmsk sakwi ey kntgalcrgm nkfpmlxls l.j. Nk(IA>)

3Nm

5

Kpthngm Hskflrhsf. Kpthngm hskflrs grl iki suplrhfpksgeml fhrrkr hfgjls k` lgna ktalr. Saly pksslss

tal prkplrty k` nahrgmhty.Saly agvl hclithngm payshngm gic nalfhngm prkplrthls eut ch``lr hi kpthngm rktgthki.Kil k` talf rktgtls tal pmgil pkmgrhzlc mhjat tkwgrc rhjat gic hs ngmmlc clxtrk rktgtkry (c hskflr) gic

tal ktalr rktgtls pmgil pkmgrhzlc rhjat tkwgrcs ml`t gic hs ngmmlc mglvk rktrkty (m hskflr) l.j. RNr(N5K

3)

>V>

W.74 ^plnh`y wahna kut k` tal `kmmkwhij nkfpmlx strunturls lxaheht jlkfltrhn hskflrhsf?

(g) mhilgr (e) squgrl pmgigr (n) tltrgalcrgm (c) kntgalcrgm


15/24

NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ 7V> (e) RNkNm

>(IA

>)

>V

Gis. (g) Swk (e) Swk

W.75 Crgw tal strunturl k` kpthngm hskflrs k`?

(g) RNr(KQ)>V> (e) RTtNm

5(li)

5V5+ (n) RNrNm

5(li) (IA

>)

5V+

Gis. (g) Ul`lr tk W. 8.

(e)

(n) Kpthngm Hskflrhsf. Kpthngm hskflrs grl iki suplrhfpksgeml fhrrkr hfgjls k` lgna ktalr. Saly

pksslss tal prkplrty k` nahrgmhty.Saly agvl hclithngm payshngm gic nalfhngm prkplrthls eut ch``lr hi kpthngm

rktgthki. Kil k` talf rktgtls tal pmgil pkmgrhzlc mhjat tkwgrc rhjat gic hs ngmmlc clxtrk rktgtkry (c

hskflr) gic tal ktalr rktgtls pmgil pkmgrhzlc rhjat tkwgrcs ml t gic hs ngmmlc mglvk rktrkty (m hskflr) l.j.RNr(N

5K

3)

>V>

W.7> Crgw gmm tal hskflrs (jlkfltrhn gic kpthngm) k`?

(g) RNkNm5(li)

5V+

(e) RNkNm(li)

5(IA

>)V5+

(n) RNkNm5(li) (IA

>)

5V+

Gis. (g)


16/24


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(e) Kpthngm Hskflrs

Jlkfltrhngm Hskflrs

W.73 Crgw tal strunturls k ?

(g) Nhs chnamkrktltrgnygik narkfgtl (HHH)

(e) Flr trhgffhiltrh namkrknkegmt (HHH)

(n) @gn trhgqugtrhihtkr I nkegmt (HHH).

Gis.

W.7< Hmmustrgtl whta gi lxgfpml lgna k` tal `kmmkwhij?

(g) hkihzgthki hskflrhsf

(e) mhibgjl hskflrhsf

(n) nkkrchigthki hskflrhsf.

Gis. (g) RNk(IK>)(IA>)) grl hkihzgthki hskflrs.(e) RNk(IA

>)

)

)

0VNk(NI)

0V gic RNk(IA

>)

0V RNr(NI)

0V grl nkkrchigthki hskflrs.


17/24

NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ 7:

www.tahibhht.hi

W.70 ^bltna tal jlkfltrhngm sagpls k` tal `kmmkwhij slts k` ayerhc krehtgms?

(g) csp5 (e) csp> (n) c5sp> (c) sp>

Gis. (g) csp5 (e) sp>c kr csp>

(n) sp>c5kr c5sp> (c) sp>

W.7: Lxpmghi ki tal egshs k` vgmlinl ekic talkry, tal lxplrhflitgm hichij tagt RIh(NI)3V

5

hki whta gsqugrl pmgigr strunturl hs chgfgjilthn gic tal RIhNm3V5 hki whta tltrgalcrgm jlkfltry hs

pgrgfgjilthn.

Gis. RIh(NI)3V5

Zalrl QQ rlprlslits tal mkil pghr k` lmlntrkis `rkf NI.

Elngusl k` csp5ayerhchzgthki, ht hs squgrl pmgigr nkfpmlx.

^hinl talrl hs ik uipghrlc lmlntrki sk ht hs chgfgjilthn.

RIhNm3V5

QQ hs lmlntrki pghr ckigtlc ey lgna Nm.

Elngusl k` sp>ayerhchzgthki ht hs tltrgalcrgm cul tk tal prlslinl k` twk uipghrlc lmlntrkis ht hs pgrgfgjilthn.

W.71 Zrhtl tal nkrrlnt `krfumgl `kr tal `kmmkwhij nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics?

(g) NrNm>.0A5K (vhkmlt, whta > namkrhcl hkis / uiht `krfumg)(e) NrNm

>.0A

5K (mhjat jrlli nkmkur, whta 5 namkrhcl hkis / uiht `krfumg)

(n) NrNm>.0A

5K (cgrb jrlli nkmkur, whta 7 namkrhcl hkis / uiht `krfumg)

RAhit? ^kfl k` talsl nkfpkuics fgy lxhst gs aycrgtlsV.


18/24


www.tahibhht.hi

Gis. (g)RNr(A5K)

0VNm

>

(e)RNr(A5K)

(n) RNk(KQ)>V> (c) RNk@

0V>.

Gis. (g)^hinl ht hs g nkfpmlx nkfpkuic sk ht ags nkkrchigtl ekics eltwlli mhjgics NIgic nlitrgm fltgm @l5+

(e) Nkkrchigtl ekics eltwlli @l>+gic @

(n) Nkkrchigtl ekics eltwlli Nk>+gic N5K

3

5(mhjigc)

(c) Nkkrchigtl ekics eltwlli Nk>+gic @.


19/24


www.tahibhht.hi

W.55 Zrhtl tal vgmlinl ekic clsnrhpthki k`?

(g) RIh(NI)3V5 (e) RIh Nm

3V5.

Gis. Ul`lr tk W. 7: k` tahs slnthki.

W.5> Zagt hs uiclrstkkc ey tal jlilrgmhzgthki, fgjilthn nrhtlrhg k` tal ekic typl; Hmmustrgtl ykur giswlr

whta suhtgeml lxgfpmls.

Gis. Ey fgjilthn nrhtlrhki k` ekic typl wl flgis tagt ht hs pkssheml tk prlchnt tal jlkfltry k` tal nkkrchigtl

lithty h` wl bikw hts fgjilthn elagvhkur. l.j. RIh(NI)3V5 hs chgfgjilthn, sk wl ngi prlchnt tagt ht ags

uiclrjkil csp5ayerhchzgthki gic ags g squgrl pmgigr jlkfltry eut shinl RIhNm3V5 hs pgrgfgjilthn2 sk ht

ags sp>ayerhchzgthki gic taus tltrgalcrgm sagpl.

W.53 Crgw `hjurl tk sakw spmhtthij k` cljlilrgtl c krehtgms hi gi kntgalcrgm nrystgm `hlmc.

Gis. Sl spmhtthij k` c krehtgm hi gi kntgalcrgm `hlmc hs sakwi elmkw.

W.5< ^tgtl tal lsslithgm rlquhrlflits kr rljgrchij g nkfpkuic gs gi krjgikfltgmmhn. Zahna gfkijst tal

`kmmkwhij grl krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics?

(g) E(NA>)

>(e) E(KNA

>)

>

(n) ^hNm>(NA

>) (c) I(NA

>)

>

Gis. Sal lsslithgm rlquhrlflit `kr rljgrchij g nkfpkuic gs krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuic hs tagt ht fust agvl g

fltgm ngreki ekic

K` tal jhvli nkfpkuics (g) gic (n) fgy el nmgssh`hlc gs krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics.

W.50 Zrhtl tal `krfumgl k` tal `kmmkwhij?

(g) fltaymmhtahuf

(e) tltrgfltayshmgil

(n) trhfltaymehsfuta

(c) trhfltaymgrsgil

(l) alxgfltaymchgmufhihuf

( ) trhfltaymekrki.

Gis.

50. (g) A>N Mh (e) ^h(NA

>)

3(n) Eh(NA

>)

>

(c) Gs(NA>)

>(l) Gm

5(NA

>)

0h.l.

(`) E(NA>)

i

W.5: ^bltna tal strunturl k` tal krjgikfltgmmhn nkfpkuics jhvli hi 74.50.


20/24


www.tahibhht.hi

Gis. (g) (e) (n) (c)

(l)

(`)

W.51 Jhvl H\TGN igfl gic crgw tal strunturl k`?

(g) Ih(NK)3

(e) @l(NK)(N

5A

5)V(c) RNr(NK)

0V.

Gis. (g) Sltrgngrekiym ihnblm (K)2

(e) Tlitgngrekiym hrki (K)2

(n) Srhnamkrkltalilpmgthigtl (HH). Ht hs bikwi gs zlhsl sgmt.

(c) Alxgngrekiym narkfhuf (K).

W.58 Gsshji kxhcgthki iufelr tk tal fltgm gtkf hi tal nkfpkuics jhvli hi 74.51.

Gis. (g) Ih 6 4 (e) @l 6 4

(n) Tt 6 + 5 (c) Nr 6 4.

W.>4 Chsnuss tal igturl k` ekichij hi RIh(NK)3V.

Gis. Hi Ih(NK)3, wl `hic tagt ekta skr pekics grl `krflc. ^hjfg (s) ekics hs `krflc ey ckigthki k` mkil pghrk` lmlntrki ey NK tk vgngit c krehtgms k` ihnblm. Sal ph (p) ekics hs `krflc ey egnb ckigthki k` pghr k`lmlntrkis `rkf `hmmlc c krehtgms k` ihnblm tk vgngit gihtekichij krehtgm k` NK.


21/24


www.tahibhht.hi

W.>7 Chsnuss erhl`my tal rkml k` nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics hi?

(g) ehkmkjhngm systlfs,

(e) gigmythngm nalfhstry,

(n) flchnhigm nalfhstry, gic (c) lxtrgnthki / fltgmmurjy k` fltgms.

Gis. Ukml k` nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics

(g) Hi ehkmkjhngm systlfs. Aglfkjmkehi, g nkfpmlx k` hrki gnts gs ngrrhlr k` kxyjli hi gihfgms gic

aufgi elhijs. Namkrkpaymm, g nkfpmlx k` Fj hs almp`um hi tal prknlss k` paktksyitalshs. Ht hs prlslit hi

jrlli pmgits.

(e) Hi Gigmythngm nalfhstry.Sk cltlrfhil tal agrilss k` wgtlr wl usl LCSG. Hi mgekrgtkry LCSG (g

nkfpmlx nkfpkuic) hs uslc hi tal lsthfgthki k` Ng5+, Fj5+hkis. Giktalr nkfpmlx bikwi gs CFJ (Chfltaym

jmykxhfl) hs uslc hi tal lsthfgthkis k` Ih5+.

(n) Hi Flchnhils.Nhs pmgthi giktalr nkkrchigthki nkfpkuic hs uslc gs gi gith nginlr gjlit hi tal

trlgtflit k` nginlr.

(c) Hi Fltgmmurjy.Hi tal fltgmmurjy k` Gj gic Gu wl `hrst prlpgrl talhr nygihcl nkfpmlxls wahna grl

tali rlcunlc whta zhin fltgm tk jlt purl Gj kr Gu.


22/24


www.tahibhht.hi

LQLUNH^L - H

\I^KMPLC TUKEMLF^

W.7 RIhNm3V5hs pgrgfgjilthn wahml RIh(NK)

3V hs chgfgjilthn takuja ekta grl tltrgalcrgm. Zay

W.5 R@l(A5K)

0V>+ hs strkijmy pgrgfgjilthn walrlgs R@l(NI)

0V>hs wlgbmy pgrgfgjilthn. Lxpmghi.

W.> Lxpmghi RNk(IA>)

0V>+hs gi hiilr krehtgm nkfpmlx walrlgs RIh(IA

>)

0V5+hs gi kutlr krehtgm nkfpmlx.

W.3 Trlchnt tal iufelr k` uipghrlc lmlntrkis hi tal squgrl pmgigr RTt(NI)3V5hki.

W.< Sal alxggqukfgijgilsl (HH) hki nkitghis `hvl uipghrlc lmlntrkis wahml tal alxgnygik hki nkitghis kimykil uipghrlc lmlntrki. Lxpmghi ushij nrystgm `hlmc talkry.

W.0 Ngmnumgtl tal kvlrgmm nkfpmlx chssknhgthki lquhmherhuf nkistgit `kr tal Nu (IA3)5+

3hki, jhvli tagt e

3`kr

tahs nkfpmlx hs 5.7 747>.

W.: Lxpmghi tal ekichij hi nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics hi tlrfs k` Zlrilr's pkshtumgtls.

W.1 @l^K3skmuthki fhxlc whta (IA

3)

5^K

3skmuthki hi 7 ? 7 fkmgr rgthk jhvls tal mlst k` @l5+eut Nu^K

3skmuhtki

fhxlc whta gqulkus gffkihg hi 7 ? 3 fkmgr rgthk ckls ikt jhvl tal tlst k` Nu5+hki. Lxpmghi way ;

W.8 Lxpmghi whta twk lxgfpmls lgna k` tal kmmkwhij

Nkkrchigthki lithty, mhjgic, nkkrchigthki iufelr, nkkrchigthki pkmyalcrki, akfkmlpthn gic altlrkmlpthn.

W.74 Zagt hs flgit ey uihclitgtl, chclitgtl gic gfehclitgtl mhjgics ; Jhvl twk lxgfpml kr lgna.

W.77 ^plnh y tal kxhcgthki iufelrs k` tal fltgms hi tal `kmmkwhij nkkrchigthki liththls.

(h) RNk(A5K) (NI) (li)

5V5+

(hh) RTtNm3V5 (hhh) RNr(IA

>)

>Nm

>V

(hv) RNkEr5(li)

5V+ (v) B

>@l (NI)

0

W.75 \shij H\TGN ikrfs, wrhtl tal `krfumgl k` tal kmmkwhij ?

(h) Sltrgaycrkxkzhingtl (HH) (hh) Alxggffhilnkegmt (HHH) sumpagtl

(hhh) Tktgsshuf tltrgnamkrhckpgmmgcgtl (HH) (hv) Tktgsshuftrhkxgmgtknarkfgtl (HHH)

(v) Chgffhilchnamkrhckpmgthiuf (HH) (vh) Alxggffhilpmgthiuf (HP)

(vhh) Tktgsshuf tltrgnygikihnblmgtl (HH) (vhhh) Sltrgerkfhcknuprgtl (HH)

(hx) Tlitggffhilihtrhtk-K-nkegmt (HHH) (x) Tlitggffhilihtrhtk-I-nkegmt (HHH)

W.7> Mhst tal vgrhkus typls k` hskflrhsf pkssheml `kr nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics, jhvhij gi lxgfpml k` lgna.

W.73 Akw fgiy jlkfltrhngm hskflrs grl pkssheml hi tal `kmmkwhij nkkrchigthki liththls ;

W.7< Crgw tal strunturl k` kpthngm hskflrs k`

(h) RTtNm5V (li)

5V5+ (hh) RNr(IA

>)

5Nm

5(li)

5V+

W.70 Crgw gmm tal hskflrs (jlkfltrhngm gic kpthngm) k`

(h) RNk(IA>)Nm(li)

5V5+ (hh) RNk(IA

>)

5Nm

5(li)V+

W.7: Zrhtl gmm tal jlkfltrhngm hskflrs k` RTt(IA>) (Er) (Nm) (py)V gic akw fgiy k` talsl whmm lxaheht kpthngm

hskflrhsf ;

W.71 Gqulkus nkpplr sumpagtl skmuthki (emul hi nkmkur) jhvls (h) g jrlli prlnhphtgtl whta gqulkus pktgsshuf

`mukrhcl, gic (hh) g erhjat jrlli skmuthki whta gqulkus pktgsshuf namkrhcl. Lxpmghi talsl lxplrhflitgm

rlsumts.

W.78 Zagt hs tal nkkrchigthki lithty `krflc wali lxnlss k` gqulkus BNI hs gcclc tk gi gqulkus skmuthki k`nkpplr sumpagtl ; way hs tagt ik prlnhphtgtl k` nkpplr sumpahcl hs ketghilc wali A

5^ (j) hs pgsslc tarkuja

tahs skmuthki ;

W.54 Chsnuss tal igturl k` ekichij hi tal `kmmkwhij nkkrchigthki liththls ki tal egshs k` vgmlinl ekic talkry ?

(h) R@l(NI)0V3 (hh) R@l@

0V> (hh) RNk(N

5K

3)

>V> (hv) RIhNm

3V5

W.57 Crgw g `hjurl tk sakw spmhtthij k` cljlilrgtlc krehtgm hi gi kntgalcrgm nrystgm hlmc.

W.55 Zagt hs splntrknalfhngm slrhls ; Lxpmghi tal ch lrlinl eltwlli g wlgb hlmc mhjgic gic g strkij `hlmc

mhjgic.


23/24

NK- KUCHIGSHKI NKFTK\IC^ 5>

www.tahibhht.hi

LQLUNH^L - HH

EKGUC TUKEMLF^

W.7 Clsnrhel `kr giy twk k` tal `kmmkwhij nkfpmlx hkis, tal typl k` ayerhchzgthki, sagpl gic fgjilthn prkplrty?

RNE^L 544:V

(h) R@l (A5K)

0V5+ (hh) RNk (IA

>)

0V>+

(hhh) RIhNm3V5

(Gt. Iks. @l 6 50, Nk 6 5:, Ih 6 51)W.5 (g) Zagt hs g mhjgic ; Jhvl gi lxgfpml k` g ehclitgtl mhjgic.

(e) Lxpmghi gs tk akw tal twk nkfpmlxls k` ihnblm, RIh(NI)3V5gic Ih(NK)

3, agvl ch``lrlit strunturls

eut ck ikt ch` lr hi talhr fgjilthn elagvhkur. (Ih 6 51) RNE^L 5441V

W.> @kr tal nkfpmlx R@l(li)5Nm

5VNm, (li 6 ltaymlil chgfhil), hclith`y

(h) tal kxhcgthki iufelr k` hrki.

(hh) tal ayerhc krehtgms gic sagpl k` tal nkfpmlx

(hhh) tal fgjilthn elagvhkur k` tal nkfpmlx

(hv) tal iufelr k` jlkfltrhngm hskflrs.

(v) waltalr talrl hs gi kpthngm hskflr gmsk, gic(vh) igfl k` nkfpmlx. (Gt. ik. k` @l 6 50) RNE^L 5448V

W.3 Nkfpgrl tal kmmkwhij nkfpmlxls whta rlsplnt tk talhr sagpl, fgjilthn elagvhkur gic tal ayerhc krehtgms

hivkmvlc ?

(h) RNk@3V5 (hh) RNr(A

5K)

5(N

5K

3)

5V

(hhh) RIh(NK)3V

(Gtkfhn iufelr ? Nk 6 5:, Nr 6 53, Ih 6 51) RNE^L 5448V

W.< Jhvhij g suhtgeml lxgfpml `kr lgna, lxpmghi tal `kmmkwhij ?

(h) Nrystgm `hlmc spmhtthij

(hh) Mhibgjl hskflrhsf(hhh) Gfehclitgtl mhjgic. RNE^L 5448V

W.0 Nkfpgrl tal kmmkwhij nkfpmlxls whta rlsplnt tk talhr fkmlnumgr sagpl gic fgjilthn elagvhkur

(h) RNr(IA>)

0V>+ (hh) R@l(NI)

0V3

(hhh) RIhNm3V5

(Gt. Ik. Nr 6 53, @l 6 50, Ih 6 51) RNE^L 5448V

W.: (g) Zagt agppli wali

(h) namkrhil jgs hs pgsslc tarkuja g akt nkinlitrgtlc skmuthki k` IgKA ;

(hh) sumpaur chkxhcl jgs hs pgsslc tarkuja gi gqulkus skmuthki k` g @l(HHH) sgmt ;

(e) Giswlr tal `kmmkwhij ?(h) Zagt hs tal egshnhty k` A>TK

>gic way

(hh) Zay ckls mukrhil ikt pmgy tal rkml k` g nlitrgm gtkf hi hitlragmkjli nkfpkuics ;

(hhh) Zay ck ikeml jgsls agvl vlry mkw ekhmhij pkhits ; RNE^L 5477V

W.1 Zrhtl tal stgtl k` ayerhchzgthki, tal sagpl gic tal fgjilthn elagvhkur k` tal `kmmkwhij nkfpmlx liththls.

(h) RNr(IA>)

3Nm

5VNm (hh) RNk(li)

>VNm

>(hhh) B

5RIh(NI)

3V RNE^L 5477V

W.8 Igfl tal `kmmkwhij nkkrchigthki nkfpkuics gic crgw talhr strunturls ?

(h) RNkNm5 (li)

5VNm (hh) RTt (IA

>)

5VNm(IK

5)V

(Gt. ik. Nk 6 5:, Tt 6 :1) RNE^L 5477V


24/24


W.74 @kr tal nkfpmlx R@l(li)5Nm

5VNm, hclith`y tal `kmmkwhij ?

(h) Kxhcgthki iufelr k` hrki.

(hh) Ayerhc krehtgms gic sagpl k` tal nkfpmlx

(hhh) Fgjilthn elagvhkur k` tal nkfpmlx

(hv) Iufelr k` hts jlkfltrhngm hskflrs

(v) Zaltalr talrl fgy el kpthngm hskflr gmsk

(vh Igfl k` tal nkfpmlx RNE^L 5477V

W.77 ^tgtl rlgskis `kr lgna k` tal kmmkwhij ?

(h) Gmm tal TNm ekics hi TNm

.

(hh) ^@0hs bhilthngmy gi hilrt suestginl. RNE^L 5477V

W.7> Nkfpmltl tal `kmmkwhij nalfhngm lqugthkis ?

(h) NA>NA

5Nm

IgNI(G)

rlcunthki

Ih/A5(E)

(hh) N0A

TK

5+ A

5K

(hhh) UNIA5

K

MhG/A3

A K5

RNE^L 5477V

W.73 @kr tal nkfpmlx RIhNm3V5, wrhtl

(h) tal H\TGN igfl.

(hh) tal ayerhchzgthki typl.

(hhh) tal sagpl k` tal nkfpmlx.

(Gtkfhn ik. k` Ih 6 51)

KUZagt hs flgit ey nrystgm `hlmc spmhtthij lilrjy ; Ki tal egshs k` nrystgm `hlmc talkry, wrhtl tal lmlntrkihn

nki`hjurgthki k` c3hi tlrfs k` t5j

gic ljhi gi kntgalcrgm `hlmc wali

(h) C49 T (hh) C

4= T RNE^L 547>V

11_ Co - Ordination Compounds.pdf

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