11 9-11

Quick Review

1. What is natural selection?2. How does the struggle to survive

promote natural selection?3. Why is genetic variation necessary for

natural selection?4. Name 2 examples of animals that

produce an overabundance of offspring. How is this helpful for natural selection?

DNA Review

What is DNA?Where is nuclear DNA located within the

Cell?What are the building blocks of DNA?What are the four types of Nitrogen bases What is the purpose of DNA?

Kingdoms & Domains

The Standards

SC.912.L.15.5 ExplainExplain the reasonsreasons for changeschanges in how organisms are classifiedclassified.

SC.912.L.15.6 DiscussDiscuss distinguishing

characteristicscharacteristics of the domainsdomains and kingdomskingdoms of living organisms.

A little history…

Our current system of classification is, in large part, still based on the work of one man, Carolus Linnaeus, Linnaeus, back in the 1700s. Didn’t believe in evolution

however his system closely follows it.

This is called a binomial system because it is based on 2 names: Genus and species. (ie. Homo sapien)

Interesting…

As a brief aside…

Linnaeus actually didn’t accept evolution…

However, his organization of animals ended up following evolutionary relationships fairly closely

Classification

Remind me…How do we classify organisms?

We also classify them according to morphological similarities

• Morphological: body and structure

Organisms are classified according to _________________.

Why classify organisms at all?

Classification

Why do you think animal classifications might change?

Changes…

Changes in classification can be due to a few things:Different organizationDifferent organization (ie. morphological vs.

molecular)New informationNew information (ie. new genome sequence

shows that one species is more closely related to another than was previously thought…)

Defining Domains (Super Kingdoms)

Domains areDomains are BIGGER THAN KINGDOMS!BIGGER THAN KINGDOMS!There are 3 overarching domains:

Archaea Archaea EubacteriaEubacteriaEukaryaEukarya

What does “Eubacteria” mean?…and Eukarya?

Archaea “Old bacteria”

Live in the most extreme environments

often anaerobicProkaryoticSingle celled

organisms Kingdom Crenarchaeota:

ThermophilesThermophilesKingdom Euryarchaeota: MethanogensMethanogens & HalophilesHalophilesKingdom: archeobacteria

Eubacteria “True Bacteria”

Characteristics:ProkaryoticAerobicSingle Celled

organisms or colonial organisms What does colonial

organisms mean?

Speed Review

Who was the guy that started our current binomial classification system?

On what do we base our animal classifications?

What is the hierarchical order of classification?

What 2 things might cause us to change our classification of an organism?

Eukarya

Characteristics:Eukaryotic cells Single or multicelled

organisms Aerobic

Kingdoms within Eukarya:

Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Some of the classification info comes from Guillaume Lecointre and Hervé Le Guyader’s publication entitled The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification (2006)

Kingdom Protista

Unicellular, but can form coloniesEukaryoticRange from small (paramecium) to large

(Kelp)Motile: move around Extremely varied in other characteristics

Animal-like ProtozoaPlant-like AlgaeFungus-like Slime Molds

Reproduce: binary fission

Protozoa

Examples: Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena, and many others!

Euglena

Amoeba

Algae

Slime Molds

Kingdom Fungi

Serve a very important function as decomposers

2 life stages: Motile (spore)Non-motile

HeterotrophsReproduce:

Sexually Asexually

Kingdom Plantae

AutotrophsPhotosynthetic

Non-motileMulticellular Reproduce

sexually and asexually

Sequoia National Park

Wawona Tree at Redwood National Park

This tree is 4,870 years old!!

These are “Corpse Flowers” because they smell like a rotting corpse… not your Mom’s typical living room plant…

Kingdom Animalia

YAY!Multicellular HeterotrophsMotileReproduce:

Sexually Asexually

Incredible Diversity

4 Kingdoms of Eukarya

Archaea/Eubacteria Fungi Protist Animal Plant

•one cell•prokaryote •Sessile/motile•Heterotrophs & Autotrophs

• one or many•Eukaryote•Sessile•Takes food

• One or many• Eukaryote• Sessile/motile• Takes or makes

• many cells• Eukaryote• most sessile• makes food

• many cells• Eukaryote• motile• takes food

FOUR QUESTIONS:1)One or many cells?2)Prokaryote or

Eukaryote?3)Sessile or Motile?4)Take or Make food?

Summary:

3 Domains3 Domains: ArchaeaArchaea, EubacteriaEubacteria, EukaryaEukarya

Within Eukarya, there are 4 Kingdoms you need to know: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Summary Continued…

ProtistsProtists- unicellular, can form colonies, varied characteristics… animal-like Protozoa, plant-like Algae, and fungi-like slime molds

FungiFungi- important decomposers, heterotrophs, mostly sessile/immotile

PlantaePlantae- autotrophs, photosynthesizers, sessile/immotile

AnimaliaAnimalia- heterotrophs, motile, varied characteristics

Ticket of Mastery 20

1. What are two reasons that animal classifications change?

2. What are the 3 Domains/Super Kingdoms and what characterizes each one?

3. Within Eukarya, what are the 4 Kingdoms you need to know and what characterizes each of them?