11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7. U.N. Charter: African people have right to “self-determination”—encourages African nationalism Result: violent and peaceful revolutions.

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U.N. CharterU.N. Charter: African people have right to : African people have right to “self-determination”—encourages African “self-determination”—encourages African nationalismnationalism

ResultResult: violent and peaceful revolutions : violent and peaceful revolutions for independence after WWIIfor independence after WWII

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1. South Africa 1. South Africa (British)(British)

Nelson Mandela leads fight against Nelson Mandela leads fight against racist “apartheid”racist “apartheid” Ended in 1994

Mandela became first black President of S. Africa

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2. Kenya2. Kenya—Jomo Kenyatta leads violent —Jomo Kenyatta leads violent struggle (“Mau Mau” Uprising) for struggle (“Mau Mau” Uprising) for independence against British.independence against British.

Kenyatta became President of Kenya after independence

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3. Egypt3. Egypt— Egyptians take Suez in 1956— Egyptians take Suez in 1956

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4. Algeria4. Algeria– violent revolution against French– violent revolution against French

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5. West Africa5. West Africa– peaceful revolution– peaceful revolution

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6. Congo6. Congo– freed from Belgium – freed from Belgium

When Congo was freed, it was renamed “Zaire,” then recently it was renamed again, the “Democratic Republic of Congo”

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7. Rwanda7. Rwanda– genocide: Hutus kill Tutsi (1994)– genocide: Hutus kill Tutsi (1994)