Resilient Architectures and Algorithms for Generation Control of Inertialess AC Microgrids Alejandro D. Dom´ ınguez-Garc´ ıa Coordinated Science Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign NSF Workshop on Power Electronics-Enabled Operation of Power Systems Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL November 1, 2019
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Resilient Architectures and Algorithms forGeneration Control of Inertialess AC Microgrids
Alejandro D. Domınguez-Garcıa
Coordinated Science LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
NSF Workshop on Power Electronics-Enabled Operation of Power SystemsIllinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, ILNovember 1, 2019
Microgrid Notion
A group of loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) interconnectedvia an electrical network with a small physical footprint with the possibilityof operating:
M1. as part of a large power system [Grid-connected mode]
M2. as an autonomous power system [Islanded mode]
Examples of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)
PV systems Electric Vehicles Fuel Cells Residential Storage
A. D. Domınguez-Garcıa (Illinois) Microgrid Distributed Control [email protected] 1 / 19
tie line
microgrid
G
G
bulk grid
Grid-Connected: May be viewed as a single entity with the idea ofcontrolling the DERs within its boundaries to provide services to thebulk grid
Islanded: Enables consumers to maintain electricity supply byappropriately controlling the DERs within its boundaries
Different control objectives for each operational mode and each typeof DER
A. D. Domınguez-Garcıa (Illinois) Microgrid Distributed Control [email protected] 2 / 19
tie line
microgrid
G
G
bulk grid
Grid-Connected: May be viewed as a single entity with the idea ofcontrolling the DERs within its boundaries to provide services to thebulk grid
Islanded: Enables consumers to maintain electricity supply byappropriately controlling the DERs within its boundaries
Different control objectives for each operational mode and each typeof DER
A. D. Domınguez-Garcıa (Illinois) Microgrid Distributed Control [email protected] 2 / 19
tie line
microgrid
G
G
bulk grid
Grid-Connected: May be viewed as a single entity with the idea ofcontrolling the DERs within its boundaries to provide services to thebulk grid
Islanded: Enables consumers to maintain electricity supply byappropriately controlling the DERs within its boundaries
Different control objectives for each operational mode and each typeof DER
A. D. Domınguez-Garcıa (Illinois) Microgrid Distributed Control [email protected] 2 / 19
Architectural SolutionsCentralized:
I Requires communication between a central processor and the variousgeneration resources (and possibly loads)
I Requires up-to-date knowledge of generation resource availabilityI Subject to failures at the decision maker (single-point-of-failure)
Distributed:I Inherent ability to handle incomplete global knowledgeI Potential resiliency to faults and/or unpredictable behavior
DistributedCentralized
2
1
3
6
4
5
in
Controller
1
2
3
i
4
5
6
n
A. D. Domınguez-Garcıa (Illinois) Microgrid Distributed Control [email protected] 3 / 19
Our Distributed Control Platform
Each control node acquires information locally (e.g., frommeasurements) and via exchanges with nearby control nodes
The information is used as inputs to a suite of distributed algorithmsimplementing requisite control functions
Communication link to assetsCommunication link to assets
Communication link across feedersCommunication link across feeders
Communication link between control nodesCommunication link between control nodes
X Control node XX Control node X
X Control area XX Control area X
AggregationAggregation
B6
A3 A4
B1
B2
B5
B4
. . .
Bus 2
Bus 201Bus 101
200HP
Inductionmotor
4MVA
Diesel
Bus 203
Grid - Bus1
SEL751-1 SEL751-2 SEL751-3
Bus 205
C1
1200kVA
I1
3000kVA
I2
250kVA
C2
1500kVA
Bus 105
Bus 106
Bus 107
P1
1000kVA
Bus 102 Bus 103
Bus 204
3 MVA
ESS
C3
1000kVA
P2
1000kVAI5
400kVA
T101
500kVA
13.8/0.48kV
T102
2500kVA
13.8/0.48kV
T103
3750kVA
13.8/4.16kV
T106
500kVA
13.8/0.208kV
T104
2000kVA
4.16/0.48kV
T104
2000kVA
4.16/0.48kV
F1_CB1 F1_CB2 F1_CB3
F1_CB4 F1_CB5 F1_CB6 F1_CB7 F1_CB8F1_CB12
F1_CB13
F1_GCB
F1_CB9
F1_CB10 F1_CB11
F1_CB14
T107
2500kVA
13.8/0.48kV
Bus 202
C4
1000kVAP5
700kVA
F2_CB1 F2_CB2 F2_CB3
F2_CB5
F2_CB11
F2_CB6 F2_CB7
F2_CB8 F2_CB4
F2_CB9 F2_CB10
F2_CB19 F2_CB12 F2_CB13
F2_CB14 F2_CB15
F2_CB17 F2_CB18 F2_CB16
T201
2500kVA
13.8/0.48kV
T203
3750kVA
13.8/4.16kVT202
500kVA
13.8/0.208kV
T204
1000kVA
4.16/0.48kV
T205
1500kVA
4.16/0.48kV
T207
5000kVA
13.8/0.48kV
T206
2500kVA
13.8/0.48kV
T210
1000kVA
13.8/0.48kV
T208
2000kVA
13.8/0.48kV
T209
2000kVA
13.8/0.48kV
I3
300kVA
I4
500kVAP3
1000kVA
Bus 206 Bus 207
Bus 209 Bus 210
Bus 208
Bus 104
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
B4B2
B5
B7
B6
A1A3
A2 A4
B3
B1
Distributed
control
A. D. Domınguez-Garcıa (Illinois) Microgrid Distributed Control [email protected] 4 / 19
Our Work in the Last Decade
We have developed, mathematically analyzed, and tested numerousdistributed algorithms for performing several control functions, including:
I frequency control, voltage control, optimal dispatch, provision of ancillary services,optimal power flow, synchronization
Our laboratory-grade control node prototypes are currently equipped withdistributed algorithms for frequency control [TCST 2017]
Laboratory-grade control node prototype
Load Bus
Generator Bus
1
4
5
2
3
6 1
4
5
2
3
6
0 2 4 6 80.75
1
1.25
1.5
time, t [s]
P4(t) P5(t) P6(t)∆ω(t) [rad/s]
0 2 4 6 8
0−0.01−0.02−0.03−0.04−0.05−0.06
time, t [s]0 2 4 6 8
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
time, t [s]
P1(t) P2(t) P3(t)
(a) Electrical single-linediagram of 6 bus microgrid