CHAPTER IV KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reorganization of Kolhapur district 4.3 Historical Background 4.4 Geographical Location 4.5 Population 4.6 Socio-Cultural Background 4.7 Financial Scenario 4.8 Women Self Help Groups 4.9 Co-operative Sector 4.10 District Administration 4.11 Political Background of Kolhapur 4.12 Education in the district 4.13 Importance of Education 4.14 Educational Changes 4.15 Geographical Location of Ajara, Gadhiglaj and Chandgad. 4.16 References
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CHAPTER IV
KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Reorganization of Kolhapur district
4.3 Historical Background
4.4 Geographical Location
4.5 Population
4.6 Socio-Cultural Background
4.7 Financial Scenario
4.8 Women Self Help Groups
4.9 Co-operative Sector
4.10 District Administration
4.11 Political Background of Kolhapur
4.12 Education in the district
4.13 Importance of Education
4.14 Educational Changes
4.15 Geographical Location of Ajara, Gadhiglaj and Chandgad.
4.16 References
CHAPTER IV
KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW
4.1 Introduction
Kolhapur district is an important place on the national map. The land of Kolhapur has
purified by Ambabai, the bravery of Chatrapati Shivaji and radical thinking of Rajarshi Shahu
and got uniqnenen at the national Level. Kolhapur is a progressive district almost in all the walks
of life like religion, politic, social, industrial, natural, education and tourism etc. Al these factors
have an impact on the schools weated in the district. The researcher has studied all these factors
for the evaluation of the problems of teaching English in the Marathi medium primary schools
located in the three tehsils of southern Kolhapur district selected for the present study.
4.2 Reorganization of Kolhapur district
In 1949 the Kolhapur sansthan merged into Maharashtra 956 villages from and Southern,
6 villages from Kurundwad Southern one villages from Miraj Southern and 7 villages from
Belgaum district were merged together to form Kolhapur district. After this reorganization there
were eight tehsils namely shahuwadi, Hatkanagle, Shirola, Karveer, Radhanagari, Kagal
Bhudargad and Gadhinglaj and three mahals namely Panhala, Ajara and Gaganbawada. In 1950
two villages from kolhapur were merged into Ratnagiri district. Maharashtra state came into
existence on 1st May 1960. After this on 30
th June 1983, 37 villages from Kolhapur were merged
into Sindhudurg district. The geographical area of Kolhapur district is 7746 sq. Kms. It is 2.5%
of the area of state of Maharashtra and it is the 24th
Largest district in the state.
Now there are twelve tehsils in Kolhapur district namely Ajara, Changad, Karveer,
Radhanagari, Gaganbawada, Bhudargad, Gadhinglaj, Hatkangale, Kagal, Panhala, Shirol and
Shahuwadi.
4.3 Historical Background
4.3.1 Ancient Period
Kolhapur district has ancient glorious history. The brave land of panhalagad and
prosperous land of Panchaganga has contributed to the history of Kolhapur. The protest and
artfulness are the dominant factors in the history of Kolhapur. In ‘Karveer Mahatma’ Kolhapur
refered an ‘Dakshina-Kashi’. It is the land of Knowledge and ancient culture in Southern India.2
The written political history of Kolhapur is tall of up downs. Up to 218 A. D It was ruled by
satwahan from 100 B. C. In the later history the Kings from Rashtrakut, Chalukya, Kalyani,
Shivhar and Devgiri Yadavs have ruled Kolhapur Southern all of them were the Hindu kings.
Allandin Khilaji was the first Muslims king who ruled Kolhapur. In 1306 Malik Kapur attacked
south India and defeated Devgiri Yadav and brought it under his rule. After the separation of
Bahamans State, the Kolhapur state was under the Adilshah’s Even today we find the proofs of
the political ruler is Kolhapur district is the ancient sculpture.
4.3.2 The Modified Period.
During the Modified period Panhalga was important in the wartime and Kolhapur for
peace. Shivaji brought Kolhapur under his region after assassination of Kolhapur with Vijapur
from south Kokan. He won Kolhapur on 25th
Nov. 1659 and won Panhala on 28th
No. 1959. In a
conflict between Shahu and Tarabai, she formed Panhala a separate state for her son Shivaji and
declared him the King. Satara and Panhala were two Political centers during the Maratha
Reigion. Queen Tarabai planned several Policies in protest against Shahu. In 1714 Rajabai the
co-wife arrested Tarabai and Shivaji and her son Sambhaji was coronated as the king of
Kolhapur. It was revolutionary charge in the political history of Kolhapur. In 1731 the war
between Sambhaji and his cousin Shahu came to an and after a truce between them at Karad on
27th
feb. 1731 Known on ‘Warana - truce’ after the truce Sambhaji became the king of Kolhapur
state of 401000 sq. miles area lying between the rivers Warana-Krishna and Tungabhadra It’s
annual revenue was Rs. 28, 00, 000/-.
4.3.3 The British Rule
By the end of 18th Century, The Britishers entered India. The begining of 19th century
marked decline of Maratha reign. The Maratha- British truce of 1812 in the begining of the
Maratha reign in Kolhapur to save themselves from the Nipaneese, and then the Kolhapur state
came under the British Rule. During the Maliny of 1857, the Maratha defeat once again shown
the history of the victory of British Rule and now Kolhapur was completely under the British
Raj.
4.3.4. Shahu Maharaj (19874-1922)
The era of Shahu Maharaj the most glorious period in the history of Kolhapur. It was the
period of progress in Kolhapur in every walk of life, in politics, in social and in educational field
too. The age of the reign of Shahu in Kolhapur once again provided the ancient glory and
prosperity to Kolhapur and a place on national map. Chatrapati Shahu was born on 26th June
1874, and coroneted as the king of Kolhapur on 2nd April 1894, He ruled Kolhapur for more
than two decades only for the welfare of the masses and betterment of the massed. His chief
protest wan against ancient Hindu orthodoxy and the caste system. He realized the need of
education as the only way for the welfare of the masses. He provided on opportunity to masses
to share the politics. He also worked to nurture the art music, literature, journalism and wrestling
etc.
4.4 Geographical Location
The Kolhapur district is one of the southernmost districts of Maharashtra state. The
district’s courtiers a total area of 7, 685 sq. kms. It lies between 15043’ to 17
0 17’ North latitude
and 73040’ to 78042’, East longitude. The length of the district South to North is 160 Kms. and
East to west is 60 Kms. The Sahyadri ranges to the west and Warna River to the north, The river
Krishna and Belgaum district to the South and East, forms the natural boundaries of the district.
4.4.1 Rivers:
In the district there are main six rivers, these are Krishana, Warana, Panchanganga,
Dudhganga, Vedaganga and Hiryankeshi the Krishan River flows only for a short distance in
Kolhapur district. The rivers Warana, Panchanganga, Dudhganga and Vedganga are tributeries
of Krishna. These are merging in to the Krishna. The Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi and Bhogavati
rivers are the main tributaries of Panchanganga.The Panchangaga mergs into Krishana at
Narsinvhawadi. The river warna flows nearly 125 kms of distance in Kolhapur district. The
Rivers Ghantprabha, Hiryankeshi, Vedganga flows in the southern part of the district towards
east and then into Karnataka state.
4.4.2 Climate
The overall climate of Kolhapur district is Salubrious. All the seasons in Kolhapur are
moderate. In winter during the months of Nov to Feb. the temp, is to be 720 to 750 F and in
summer 81 to 850 F in the dry climate.
4.4.3. Rainfall
Generally Mansoon begins in the first week of June. The average annual rainfall in the
district is 1025mm, but there is uneveness in the annual rainfall in the district. In the western
region of Satyadri ranga. In the tehsils Gaganbawada, Radhangari, Chandgad and Ajara the
average rainfall is 6000mm. In southeast regions of Shirol and Hatkangale the rainfall is 500
mm. 12
4.4.4 Soil and Crop
The soil differs in characteristics in the district. The soil on the hills is Reddish in water
which cannot hold the rain water In the Mawal region the soil in more fertile and black in colour
or sometimes is reddish brown. In the eastern region of the district the soil is fertile and black. In
the drainage of rivers Krishana, Warana and Pnachanga the soil is black in colour. The crop
pattern in the district is mainly dependent upon the type of soil. Mainly in the tehsils,
Gaganbawada, Shahuwadi, Radhanagri, Panhala, Chandgad, Bhudargad and Ajara the soil is
reddish an colours the chief crops are wari, Nachani, sawa and Ratala and in the forests of the
region the main trees are sag, Jambhul, Amba Behada, Kinjal, Umbar and some of the medicinal
Plants. The crop ‘Dawana’ popular in Kekhale village. Malai Brinjal of Kurundwad are also
famous. In the eastern region, here the rainfall is low, Tobacco is the main corp. In addition to
this the district has Onions, Potatoes, Grapes and Bananas are the main fruits. The Green House
technique is also used is the district.
The soil in Hatkangale, Karveer, Radhanagri, Bhudargad and Ajara tehsil is moderately
fertile and low black in colour. The crops like Rice, Jawar and groundnut were taken during the
Kharif season Sugarcane and Vegetables were cultivated where the irrigation facilities are
available. The black and highly fertile land is found in the eastern region of districts in Shirol,
Hatkangale, Karveer, Kagal and Gadhinglaj tehsil here Jawar, Sugarcane and groundnut are the
main crops. In the drainage portion of rivers Warana, Kumbhi, Kasari, Bhogawati, Tulsi,
Vedganga, Panchagnga, Tamraparni, Ghataprabha, Dudhaganga, Hiryankeshi the soil is very
fertile and availability of water results in Sugarcane as a main crop.
4.4.5 Minerals
In Kolhapur district the minerals are bauxite, iron and silica the economically important
mineral in Kolhapur district is bauxite, it is alloy of Aluminum. The areas with bauxite in
sufficient quantities are Udgiri, Dhangarwadi, Panhalgad Radhnagari Gargoti, Nagartaswadi
kanur, kasarwada, Mogalgad and Tasingigad. Iron is found in the western hilly region of the
district in Shahuwadi and Radhanagri Tehsils. Silica is found in Radhanagri Tehsils, Porcelain is
fourd in Bhndurgad tehsil.
4.4.6 Forest
Mainly the forest is found in the western region of district with high rainfall. In this
forest Hirada, Aain, Jambhul, Dalchini and sag plant species were found and at the height the
trees like Chandon, Shisav, Kindal, Panbabhl, Khair and Bambu trees were commonly found. In
the forest, the rainfall is low, the trees like babali, bori, tadwal were found. Also the medicinal
plants like Kuda, Wakore, Bharang, Bawding, Satawi, Dhawari, Biba and Bhuikolha were
found is these forests. According to the survey carried out in 2007-08 the total area under forest
is 1742 sq.kms. Out of these 633 sq.kms. forest is reserved forest, 417 sq.kms. is protected
forest and remaining 692sq.kms. is the unclassified forest in the district. The percentage of land
occupied forest is 17% out the total Geographical area of the district.
4.5 Population:
According to census of 2001, population of Kolhapur district is 35, 23,162 consisting of
1807470 male population and 1715692 female population. The urban population in the district is
50,353 and the rural population is 2472809. The percentage of urban population is 29.65 and
rural population is 70.35. The population of children below six years is 449833. Table No. 4.1,
shows the tehsil wise population in the district.
Table No. 11 : Tehsil wise population of Kolhapur district.
S.
No.
Name of
Tehsil
Total
population
Urban
population
Rural
population
Percentage
of literacy
Population
Density
1 Shahuwadi 176859 5504 171355 66.93 169
2 Panhala 238383 3452 234931 74.16 419
3 Hatkangle 709628 355003 354625 80.25 1155
4 Karveer 906866 548814 358052 83.16 1354
5 Shirol 359179 64394 294785 80.15 714
6 Gagnbawada 32525 - 32525 60.74 116
7 Radhanagari 188107 - 188107 71.33 211
8 Kagal 248237 32980 215257 73.58 454
9 Bhudargad 144910 - 144990 72.92 225
10 Ajara 121430 14849 106581 69.37 221
11 Gadhinglaj 216257 25357 190900 71.81 450
12 Chandgad 180781 - 180781 66.67 190
Total 3525162 1050353 2472809 76.93 455
Source: Census of India – 2001, Home Ministry, GOVT of India Director,
Census office, Maharashtra state
4.5.1 Population Feature / characteristics.
Kolhapur district is at 9th
position in Maharashtra state in case of its population. The
highest percentage of population (26%) found is Karveer tehsil and the lowest (1%) in
Gaganbawada tehsil of Kolhapur. The highest density of population is in karveer tehsil and
lowest in Gaganbawada thesil. Kolhapur district is at the third position in the state incase of
density of population. Out of the total urban population of the district 47% of population is in
Kolhapur city 25% in Ichalkaranji town and remaining 28% is distributed in eight municipal
councils in the district.
4.5.2 Literacy:
Education has been widely spread into district due to the great visionary Chatrapati
Shahu, who beloved to Kolhapur. Kolhapur is at 14th
position in the state incase of literacy.
Table No. 4, consist of urban – rural, male – female classification of literacy in Kolhapur district.
Table No. 12 : Tehsil wise classification of population on the basis of literacy.
S. No. Name of the
tehsil
Urban
Rural
Percentage of Literacy
Total male female
1 Shahuwadi
Total 66.93 81.08 53.83
Rural 66.20 80.56 52.93
Urban 89.16 96.22 82.13
2 Panhala
Total 74.16 86.21 61.36
Rural 73.88 86.01 61.05
Urban 92.52 97.81 85.31
3 Hatkangle
Total 80.25 89.12 70.66
Rural 77.52 87.45 66.99
Urban 82.98 90.76 74.39
4 Karveer
Total 83.16 91.04 74.71
Rural 75.28 86.59 63.04
Urban 88.17 93.90 82.08
5 Shirol
Total 80.15 89.33 70.59
Rural 79.43 88.87 69.56
Urban 83.42 91.44 75.21
6 Gagnbawada
Total 60.74 75.29 46.01
Rural 60.74 75.29 46.01
Urban 0 0 0
7 Radhanagari
Total 71.33 85.40 56.67
Rural 71.33 85.40 56.67
Urban 0 0 0
8 Kagal
Total 73.58 85.70 61.08
Rural 72.45 85.06 59.40
Urban 81.02 89.91 71.94
9 Bhudargad
Total 72.92 86.14 59.89
Rural 72.92 86.14 59.89
Urban 0 0 0
10 Ajara
Total 69.37 82.58 57.45
Rural 97.18 81.19 54.78
Urban 85.03 91.77 78.03
11 Gadhinglaj
Total 71.81 83.96 60.07
Rural 69.76 82.54 57.55
Urban 86.97 93.92 79.64
12 Chandgad
Total 66.67 80.74 53.29
Rural 66.67 80.74 53.29
Urban 0 0 0
Total
Total 76.93 87.47 66.02
Rural 76.07 85.22 60.70
Urban 85.87 92.56 78.69
Source : an that of table 4.1
4.5.3 Male – Female Ration:
According to census of 2001, Number of female in Kolhapur district is 949 per 1000
male. Incase of urban area it is 919 and in rural area it is 962. There is tehsil wise variation in the
ration of male – female population. There is remarkable decrease in the number of female from
1961 in the district.
Table No. 13 : Show the male – female ratio in Kolhapur district
Year 1951 61 71 81 91 2001
Urban 927 885 887 895 914 919
Rural 982 987 987 993 978 962
Total 970 967 965 967 961 949
Source : Directorate of Finance and Stations, GOVT it Maharashtra
Socio – economic study of Kolhapur district, 2007 – 08
4.6 Socio – Cultural Background.
Kolhapur district is located at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka state. From the
time ancient the people Hindu, Lingayat, Jain, Muslim, Tailangi, Gujarati and Marwari are the
inhabitants of the district. Deshastha were the original inhabitants of the region. The Deshastha
were Panchdravidatmaka, Kokanastha, Karhade, Senavi and Prabhu origins. Maratha occupies
the main position as per their population is concerned. The Deshas thas were Ragvedi and
Krishanayajurved. The population can be classified in diffrent communities and castes. Castes
were existing but there was no casticism until the British Raj and there were no caste – struggles.
The people are to celebrate each other’s festivals and rituals
Agricultural was the chief occupation of people and at the second position was
Knighthood. The former is the regions were popularly known as Kunbis and the knights as
Marathas. Marathas were dominant. They were enjoying power over the state, region and village
level. The people belonging to other communities were dependent on the Marathas. Every house
has their own goods,. Worship daily. The Rich knights have appointed Brahamins for worship.
All the daily poojas and rituals like shradhas were performed by these brahamins. The festivals
like Padwa, Dasara, Diwali, Nag Panchami, Rang Panchami, and Gauri Ganpati were the main
festival of celebration.
The people were fond of exercise and wrestling from the time ancient. In Kolhapur, ever
today, there are number of Akhadas (professional clanes of wresting). Chatrapati Shahu was the
patron for wresting. People have the habit of drinking fresh – warm milk. Today there are more
than 1000 families in Kolhapur, engaged in the sell of fresh – warm milk and this is one of the
uniqueness of Kolhapur.
Buddhism, thirnduism and Jainism are the three religions from ancient time in Kolhapur.
There are sculptures in Kolhapur showing the ancient teachings of Buddhism. Mahalaxmi of
Kolhapur, Jyotiba at Gajananwad, Khandoba of Jejuri, Ram, and Narsimha are the chief Goods
and places of pilgrimage of Hindus in the district. The sect of Varkari, Datta and Ramdasi are
the sects to follow the way of worship and ritual in the district. The Varkaris per forming wari of
both Kartiki & Ashadhi at Pandharpur were found in large number in Kolhapur. Nersobachi
Wadi is the well known place of pilgrimage for the Datta Sampradaya in the district. The yatras
at Narsobachiwadi and Jejuri were famous among the people of Kolhapur district. Bahubali and
the ancient caves at Khidrapur were the places of pilgrimage for Jains. Ramteerth at Ajara is the
famous tourist centre in the district. Darga at Gaganbawada and the Vaijyanath temple at
Mahipalgad in Chnadgad trlsils are also the places of tourist interest. Another ancient spiritual
centre is at Sidhgiri kshetra- Kaneri Math in the district for the Hindus. Radhanagari and
Lakshmi Dam are also the places of tourist interest in the district. Dajipur and Chandoli are
famous places for a wild life sanctuary. The historically famous places are Panhala and Pargad
forts, now developing as the places of tourist interest.
4.7 Financial Scenario:
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. People leading rural life and with diverse
sensibilities and traditions are living in Kolhapur district. The availability of irrigation, fertile
land and hard working farmers are the features of Agriculture in Kolhapur district. The economy
of the district is rich because of the production of the sugar and Jaggury in the district. It has
ultimately resulted in the standard of life. Ichalkaranji in Kolhapur is famous for textile industry,
specially incase of hand spinning of cloths. Ichalkaranji is known as Machester of India. In
addition to Sugar & textile another important industry in manufacturing motar engines and spare
parts. Kolhapur is also known for the silver articles with fine artistry. The manufacturing of
agricultural implements in the district has a significant place on the national map. According to
the annual Industry Survey of 2006, the number of registered industries in the district is 1490
and the sick units are 180. The employees in the industrial sector are 47081 on record.
4.8 Women Self Help Groups:
For the empowerment of women, to improve their financial status the govt. of India
declared 2001, as the year for women – empowerment as a matter of social indebtness women
was encouraged to form groups. In Kolhapur district 377000 women were engaged in there
groups, to be financially independent. The district central Co-operative Bank has provided
financial assistance to these groups of Rs. 19.87 crores to 19121 self help groups. The bank has
also provided finance to 1760 self help groups of below poverty line of Rs. 13.23 carors. The life
standard of women has improved due to this financial help.
4.9 Co-operative Sector:
Kolhapur district has shown an example of co-operation in the historical period. The
ancient Watekari and Fund system are the origins of cooperative movement by farmers. The
Mnshtifund system of collective grains for the needy people during the off seasons is also found
in Kolhapur district. The existing Bhishi system is also an example of the co-operative
movement in the district. Rajarshi Shahu has implemented the law of cooperative in 1912-13.
The ‘Urban cooperative Credit Society is the first co-operative society in Kolhapur district, later
on it was converted into Urban Cooperative Bank. The cooperative law of 1925 was
implemented in Kolhapur district in 1927, when there were 32 cooperative societies were
existing in the district. The cooperative movement established by R.B.I. was spread into district
within eight years. The Farmer’s cooperative Organization established in 1939 worked for the
sale and purchase of agricultural products. The district cooperative Bank of Kolhapur, the
supporter of co-operative sector was established in 1938. The branches of the bank opened in
rural areas of Kolhapur district contributed a lot for the development of cooperative sector.
Table No. 14 : The co-operative societies in Kolhapur district