1067801_56960_gcl_crash_course_notes.doc

7/27/2019 1067801_56960_gcl_crash_course_notes.doc

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I CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Frame Work Contains 395 Articles divided into 22 chaters and

!2 Sched"les

The #ream$le declares India to $e a Soverei%n&

Socialist& Sec"lar 'e"$ic( The ream$le is art o)

the Constit"tion o) India(

#ec"liar )eat"re o)

Indian Federalism

In American S*stem& it is )ormed $* an a%reement

$et+een a n"m$er o) soverei%n and indeendent

States& s"rrenderin% a de)ined art o) their

a"tonom*(

In Canadian s*stem +here the rovinces o) Unitar*

State are converted )ederal "nion , make them

a"tonomo"s(

Federalism rovides man* sa)e%"ards )or states( In

India& as the states are not soverei%n entities $e)ore

)ormation o) )ederalism& the ri%hts are e-ercised $*Union(

In America& even Citi.enshi is also d"al i(e(& $oth

state and central( In India& there is onl* one

citi.enshi(

'esid"ar* o+ers are e-ercised $* Union(

There)ore& Indian constit"tion is neither "rel*

)ederal nor "rel* "nitar*( It is com$ination o) $oth(

F"ndamental

'i%hts

Article !2 / 0State1 incl"des the overnment and

arliament o) India4 the overnment and the

le%islat"re o) each states4 all local and other

a"thorities +ithin the territor* o) India or "nder the

control o) the overnment o) India4

Article !3 !6 / All la+s +hich are e-istin% rior to the

commencement o) the Constit"tion o) India and


2/18

+hich are inconsistent +ith the F"ndamental 'i%hts

are invalid(

A'IC78 !326 / A77 7AWS AD8 AFT8' T:8

CO8NC88NT OF T:8 CONSTITUTION AND

W:IC: A'8 INCONSIST8NT WIT: T:8

FUNDA8NTA7 'I:TS A'8 IN;A7ID(

Doctrine o)

Severa$ilit*

Onl* that art o) la+ +hich is inconsistent +ith

)"ndamental ri%hts are invalid( I) that art o) la+

+hich is invalid cannot $e searated )rom that art

o) la+ +hich is valid& then the entire la+ +ill $e

invalid(

Doctrine o) 8clise A77 8 T:8

CONSTITUION IS '8O;8D => A8ND8NT TO

COSNTITUION& T:AT #A'T OF 7AW W:IC: WAS

INO#8'ATI;8 =8CO8S ;A7ID(

A'TIC78 !? 8@UA7IT> =8FO'8 7AW / A77 #8'SONS WIT:IN T:8

T8''ITO'> OF INDIA A'8 8@UA7 AND NO S#8CIA7

#'I;I788 IN FA;OU' OF AN> #8'SON4

8@UA7IT> #'OT8CTION OF 7AWS / 8@UA7

#'OT8CTION S:A77 =8 S8CU'8D TO A77 #8'SONSWIT:IN T:8 T8''ITO'IA7 U'ISDICTION OF INDIA IN

8NO>8NT OF T:8I' 'I:TS WIT:OUT AN>

DISC'IINATION4

T8ST FO' ;A7ID

C7ASSIFICATION

IF A C7ASSIFICATION :AS TO =8CO8 ;A7ID UND8'

A'TIC78 !?& T:8 FO77OWIN TWO T8STS UST =8

SATISFI8D /

C7ASSIFICATION UST =8 =AS8D ON INT877II78


3/18

DIFFF8'8NTIA4

SUC: DIFF8'8NTIA UST :A;8 'ATIONA7

'87ATIONS:I# WIT: T:8 O=8CT SOU:T TO =8

AC:I8;8D4

:OW8;8'& T:8 STAT8 CAN A8 S#8CIA7

#'O;ISIONS FO' WO8N& C:I7D'8N AND SOCIA77>

AND 8DUCATIONA77> =ACBWA'D C7ASS8S OF

CITI8NS& SC:8DU78S CAST8S AND SC:8DU78S

T'I=8S4

A'TIC78 !5 #'O:I=ITS STAT8 F'O DISC'INATIN AAINSTAN> CITI8N ON T:8 'OUND ON7> OF&

'87IION'AC8CAST8S8

OF T:84

NO CITI8N S:A77 =8 SU=8CT TO AN> DISA=I7IT>

WIT: '8A'D TO ACC8SS TO S:O#S& #U=7IC

'8STAU'ANTS& :OT87S AND #7AC8S OF #U=7IC

8NT8'TAIN8NT4 US8 OF W877S& TANBS& 'OADS

AND #7AC8S OF #U=7IC '8SO'T& AINTAIN8D

W:O77> O' #A'TIA77> OUT OF T:8 STAT8 FUNDS4

A'TIC78 !E 8"alit* o) oort"nit* in matters relatin% to

emlo*ment or aointment o) o))ice "nder the

State( :o+ever& the arliament can make la+s )or

the reservation o) aointments in )avo"r o) an*

$ack+ard classes o) citi.ens(

A'TIC78 !G Unto"cha$ilit* is a$olished and its ractice is

)or$idden in an* )orm(

A'TIC78 !H State shall not con)er an* title other than a militar*

or academic distinction( No citi.en shall accet an*

title )rom an* )orei%n state(

A'TIC78 !9 Si- )reedoms are %"aranteed "nder this article


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- Freedeom o) seech and e-ression4

- Freedom to assem$le eace)"ll* and +itho"t

arms4

- Form associations or "nions4

- ove )reel* thro"%ho"t the territor* o) India4

- 'eside and settle in an* art o) India4

- #ractise an* ro)ession& or to carr* on an*

occ"ation& trade or $"siness4

#'OT8CTION

AAINST 8 T:8 7AW IN FO'C8

ON T:8 DAT8 OF T:8 COISSION OF OFF8NC8( A

#8'SON CANNOT =8 #UNIS:8D UND8' A 7AW

W:IC: WIT: '8T'OS#8CTI;8 D8C7A'8S T:AT ACT

AS AN OFF8NC8(

#'OT8CTION

AAINST DOU=78

8O#A'D> /

NO #8'SON S:A77 =8 #'OS8CUT8D AND #UNIS:8D

FO' T:8 SA8 OFF8NC8 O'8 T:AN ONC8(

#'OT8CTION

AAINST S87F

INC'IINATION

A #8'SON ACCUS8D OF AN> OFF8NC8 CANNOT =8

CO#8778D TO =8 A WITN8SS AAINST :IS87F(

#'OT8CTION OF

7IF8 AND

#8'SONA7 7I=8'T>

NO #8'SON CAN =8 D8#'I;8D OF :IS

7IF8#8'SONA7 7I=8'T> 8


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#'8SID8NT CAN ISSU8 O'DINANC8 IF :8 IS

SATISFI8D T:AT T:8'8 IS A N88D FO' SUC:

O'DINANC8( T:8 O'DINANC8 :AS TO =8 #7AC8D

=8FO'8 T:8 #A'T7IA8NT W:8N IT '8ASS8=78SAND S:A77 AUTOATICA77> C8AS8 TO :A;8

8FF8CT AFT8' T:8 8 C8AS8 TO :A;8 8FF8CT AFT8' T:8

8 AB8 7AWS FO' T:8

STAT8 CONC8'N8D(

UNION 7IST7IST I / #A'7IA8NT :AS 8


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STAT8 7IST7IST II / T:8 78IS7ATU'8 OF A STAT8

:AS 8 #A'7IA8NT WI77

#'8;AI7(

WIT: '8S#8CT TO AN> OF T:8 ATT8'S NOT

INC7UD8D IN AN> OF T:8 7ISTS& #A'7IA8NT :AS

#OW8'S TO AB8 7AWS4

#OW8' OF

#A'7IA8NT AB8

7AWS ON STAT8

7IST

- IN T:8 NATIONA7 INT8'8ST4

- DU'IN A #'OC7AATION OF 88'8NC>4

- ='8ABDOWN OF CONSTITUTIONA7

AC:IN8'> IN A STAT84

- ON T:8 '8@U8ST OF TWO O' O'8 STAT8S4

- FO' 8NFO'CIN INT8'NATIONA7

A'888NTS4

UDICIA'> SU#'88 COU'T W:IC: IS T:8 :I:8ST COU'T IN

T:8 COUNT'> IS AN INSTITUTION C'8AT8D => T:8

CONSTITUTION4 SU#'88 COU'T IS :A;IN

U'ISIDICTION TO 8NT8'TAIN A77 A##8A7S& =OT:

CI;I7 AND C'IINA7& F'O :I: COU'TS AND W'IT#8TITION FO' 8NFO'C8IN FUNDA8NTA7 'I:TS(

:I: COU'T / :I: COU'TS FO' 8AC: STAT8 IS

:A;IN A##877AT8 U'ISDICTION TO 8NT8'TAIN

A77 A##8A7S& =OT: CI;I7 AND C'IINA7& F'O T:8

SU=O'DINAT8 COU'TS WIT:IN ITS U'ISIDICTION4

:I: COU'TS :A;8 W'IT U'ISDICTION FO'

8NFO'CIN FUNDA8NTA7 'I:TS AND ALSO FOR


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CERTAIN OTHER PURPOSES;

SU=O'DINA'8

COU'TS

CI;I7 COU'TS4 C'IINA7 COU'TS

W'ITS DI'8CTION ISSU8D => T:8 COU'T4

:A=8AS CO'#US W:8N A #8'SON IS D8TAIN8D AND CONFIN8D& T:IS

W'IT IS ISSU8D ASBIN T:8 AU':TOIT> ON W:AT

'OUNDS :8S:8 :AS =88N A''8ST8D AND

DI'8CT8D T:8 AUT:O'IT> TO #'ODUC8 T:8

#8'SON D8TAIN8D4

ANDAUS DI'8CITON ISSU8D TO AN> #8'SON& W:O IS A

#U=7IC AUT:O'IT>& TO DO A #U=7IC DUT> W:IC:

:8 IS '8@UI'8D TO DO4

#'O:I=ITION DI'8CTION ISSU8D TO AN INF8'IO' COU'T

#'8;8NTIN IT F'O 8& T:IS

W'IT IS ISSU8D4

@UO WA''ANTO W:8N A #8'SON AB8S A C7AI TO AN> #U=7IC

OFFIC8& T:IS W'IT IS ISSU8D TO 8N@UI'> T:8

78A7IT> OF T:8 C7AI W:IC: A #8'SON ASS8'TS

AND OUST :I IF :8 :AS AD8 C7AI WIT:OUT

AN> 78A7 =ASIS4


8/18

2( INT8'#'8TATION OF STATUT8S4

Need , O$Kect o)

interretation

When a la+ is dra)ted& the le%islat"re cannot

)oresee all ossi$le events( When a sit"ation

arises and +hich is not contemlated in the la+

made $* the le%islat"re& the co"rt has to

interret the la+ keein% in mind the intention o)

the le%islat"re4

#rimar* '"le / 7iteral

Constr"ction

Words& hrases and sentences o) a stat"te sho"ld

$e "nderstood in the ordinar* and %rammatical

meanin%s( I) s"ch interretation leads to

a$s"rdit* or de)eats the o$Kect o) the stat"te&

then it sho"ld not $e interreted as er this r"le(

8ver* +ord in a la+ sho"ld $e %iven a meanin%

and no +ord in a stat"te sho"ld $e omitted(

The ischie) '"le or

:e*don1s '"le

While interretin% a stat"te "nder this r"le )o"r

oints to $e considered

What +as the common la+ $e)ore this stat"te4

What +as the mischie)de)ect )or +hich the

common la+ did not rovide

What +as the remed* s"%%ested $* the

arliament +hile makin% the stat"te4

The tr"e reasons )or s"ch remed*4

'"le o) 'easona$le

Constr"ction i(e& Ut

'es a%is ;alet @"am

#areat

Normall*& +ords "sed in stat"te sho"ld $e "sed

in ordinar* meanin%4

i) %ivin% ordinar* meanin% does not res"lt in

reasona$le constr"ction& then the +ords m"st $e

interreted in manner so as to %ive a sensi$le

meanin% to them keein% in mind o$Kect o) the


9/18

stat"te(

'"le o) :armonio"s

Constr"ction

Stat"te m"st $e read as a +hole4

one rovision o) the Act sho"ld not $e

interreted in a manner +hich contradicts

another rovision o) the Act4

t+o rovisions +hich cannot $e reconciled

sho"ld $e interreted in s"ch a manner so as to

%ive e))ect to $oth the rovisions4

'"le o) eK"sdem

%eneris

While interretin% a stat"te& %eneral +ords

)ollo+in% seci)ic +ords m"st $e constr"ed tothin%s o) the same kind as those seci)ied $*

seci)ic +ords4

OT:8' 'U78S OF INT8'#'8TATION

8-ressio Unis 8st

8-cl"sio Alteri"s

8-ress mention o) one thin% imlies the

e-cl"sion o) another( This r"le sho"ld not $e

alied +hen it leads to inconsistenc*(

Contemoranea

8-ositio 8st Otima

8t Fortissima in 7a%e

While interretin% a meanin% o) a doc"ment or

rovision o) la+& it sho"ld $e %iven same

meanin% to those +ords as it carried +hen the

doc"ment +as made4

Noscit"s a Soiis A +ord kno+n $* its associate +ords( Where

there is a %ro" o) +ords& meanin% o) a +ord

sho"ld $e "nderstood $* its associate +ords4

Strict and 7i$eral

Constr"ction

Strict interretation means a stat"te sho"ld $e

interreted +itho"t addin% or s"$tractin% an*

+ords )rom it( 8-amle / Criminal 7a+s4

7i$eral Constr"ction means +hile interretin% do

ever*thin% +hich +ill lead to advancement o)


10/18

K"stice4


11/18

Internal Aids )or

Interretation

a6 Title / Title o) a stat"te is ver* imortant to aid

to interretation to ascertain the o$Kect o) the

stat"te4

$6 #ream$le / It is ver* "se)"l tool to ascertain the

o$Kect o) the act +hen there is an am$i%"it* in the

stat"te4

c6 :eadin% and Title Chater /

d6 ar%inal Notes4

e6 Interretation Cla"ses4

)6 #roviso4

%6 Ill"stration or 8-lanations /

h6 Sched"les 4

8-ternal Aids to

Interretation

a6 #arliament :istor*4

$6 'e)erence to 'eorts o) Committee /

c6 Social& #olitical and 8conomic Develoments and

Scienti)ic Invention4

d6 'e)erence to other Stat"tes4

e6 Dictionaries4

)6 Use o) Forei%n Decisions4

TO'TS

De)inition Tort means Civil Wron% and +hich is not $reach o)

contract or $reach o) tr"st(

7ia$ilit* in Tort there m"st $e a +ron%)"l act4


12/18

+ron%)"l act m"st res"lt in ca"sin% le%al dama%e to

another4

+ron%)"l act m"st $e o) s"ch nat"re as to %ive rise

to a le%al remed*4

7e%al Dama%es Damn"m Sine InK"ria Tho"%h there is a dama%e

ca"sed& there is not lia$ilit* in tort( This is $eca"se

there is no violation o) a le%al ri%ht o) the erson

s"))erin% the dama%e4 Llo"cester rammer School

CaseM

InK"ria Sine Damno Tho"%h there is not dama%eca"sed& there is a lia$ilit* in tort( This is $eca"se

there is violation o) a le%al ri%ht o) the erson(

LAsh$* vs WhiteM

ens 'ea It means intention( ens rea is not essential )or a

tort(

Binds o) Tortio"s 7ia$ilit* /

Strict 7ia$ilit* It arises +here dama%e is done $* the escae o)

dan%ero"s s"$stance ket $* an*one "on his land(

'*lands vs Fletcher

7ia$ilit* )or

Inevita$le istakes

These are instances +here a erson inter)eres +ith

the roert* or re"tation o) another4

;icario"s 7ia$ilit* 'esonsi$ilit* o) a erson )or a tort committed $*

another erson4

8-cetions to the

Strict 7ia$ilit*

Torts to ersonal

Sa)et* and )reedom

=atter* / Use o) )orce a%ainst an* erson +itho"t his

consent and +itho"t an* la+)"l K"sti)ication4

Assa"lt / An act $* a erson +hich directl* ca"ses

the )eararehension in the other erson o) an*

ossi$le contact +ith his erson4


13/18

False Imrisonment / Imosition o) total restraint )or

some eriod "on the li$ert* o) another +itho"t

s"))icient la+)"l K"sti)ication4

alicio"s #rosec"tion / 0A1 initiates a rosec"tion

a%ainst 0=1 +itho"t an* reasona$le ca"se and 0A1

has acted malicio"sl* i(e(& +ith an imroer motive(

As a res"lt 0=1 has s"))ered a dama%e and the

rosec"tion +as decided in )avo"r 0=1( 0A1 has

committed a tort called alicio"s #rosec"tion4

"dicial 'emedies

availa$le in Tort4

DamaesComensation4

InK"nction4 and

Seci)ic 'estit"tion o) #roert*4

8-tra "dicial

'emedies4

Sel)De)ence / In order to rotect himsel) or an*

other erson a%ainst "nla+)"l "se o) )orce& an*

erson can "se reasona$le )orce4

A erson la+)"ll* occ"*in% a roert* can "sereasona$le )orce to revent the tresass4

The occ"ier o) a land ma* la+)"ll* terminate an*

n"isance inK"rio"s to him4

7IITATION ACT& !9E3

an* s"it& aeal& alication& i) made $e*ond the

rescri$ed eriod o) limitation& the co"rts +ill $e not

roceed +ith s"ch s"its( This rovision is

mandator*(

Doctrine o)

S"))icient Ca"se4

In the case o) alications or aeals& i) the

alicant or aellant sho+s s"))icient case the

co"rt can condone the dela* in )ilin% the alication

or aeal(

However, e!"# $% &$!$%' " ()$* +"%%o* e


14/18

+o%o%e-

#ersons "nder

7e%al disa$ilit*4

I) eriod o) limitation to )ile a case e-ires $e)ore

the cession o) disa$ilit* i(e(& $e)ore the attainment

o) maKorit* $* a minor& the )resh eriod o) limitationstarts )rom the date minor attains maKorit*4

Contin"o"s '"nnin%

o) time4

Time +hen once it has commenced to r"n in an*

case +ill not sto( Not even the s"$se"ent event

can sto the limitation( This rovision alies onl* to

s"its and aeals4

8))ect o)

ackno+led%ement4

I) $e)ore the e-ir* o) eriod o) limitation& the other

art* admits or ackno+led%es lia$ilit*& a )resh

eriod o) limitation shall $e com"ted )rom the time

+hent he ackno+led%ement +as si%ned( I& ."r*

."#/e%* $( /"e e&ore *0e e1.$r# o& .er$o

!$/$*"*$o%, " &re(0 .er$o o& !$/$*"*$o% (*"r*(

&ro/ *0e "*e o& ()+0 ."r* ."#/e%*-

7imitation and Writ

#etition

The 7imitation Act does not al* to the Writ

#roceedin%s "nder Article 32 or 22E o) the

Constit"tion o) India4 :o+ever& the co"rts do al*

the rincile o) limitation and re)"se relie) to the

arties i) there is "nreasona$le dela*4

7AW '87ATIN TO T:8 T'ANSF8' OF #'O#8'T>

Trans)er o)

#roert* Act& !HH!

It is la+ relatin% to the trans)er o) roert* $* the act

o) arties& i(e(& it e-cl"des s"ccession( The act is

limited to trans)er $et+een livin% ersons and

e-cl"des trans)ers $* WI77(

'"les relatin% to trans)er o) #roert*(

Section G 8ver* erson +ho is cometent to contract and

entitled to trans)era$le roert* is cometent to

trans)er s"ch roert*(


15/18

Formalities )or

trans)er

ovea$le #roert* can $e trans)erred $* deliver* o)

ossession4

Immovea$le #roert* o) val"e o) 's( ! and

"+ardcan $e trans)erred $* a re%istered instr"ment(

Attestation Imortant )ormalit* in connection +ith the e-ec"tion

o) trans)er( It means& to $ear +itness to a )act( It

si%ni)ies the )act o) a"thentication o) si%nat"re o) the

erson e-ec"tin% the doc"ment $* the attestator4

Attestation re"ires t+o +itnesses and the* m"st seethe erson e-ec"tin% the doc"ment "ttin% his

si%nat"re( 8ach +itness m"sh si%n the doc"ment in

resence o) e-ec"tor4

'e%istration It is mandator* in case o) immova$le roert* o)

val"e o) 's( ! or more4

'estraint on

Trans)ers or '"le

a%ainst

inaliena$ilit*

When a roert* is trans)erred& the trans)eree sho"ld

not $e restrained a$sol"tel* )rom alienatin% the

roert*(

#artial restraints are valid( 8-amle / A condition

restrainin% trans)er o) roert* o"tside )amil*(

'estraint on

enKo*ment

A restriction on the trans)eree to enKo* the roert*

is invalid4

Trans)er )or

=ene)it o) Un$orn

#erson

Trans)er o) roert* to "n$orn erson sho"ld $e

receded $* a li)e estate in )avo"r o) a livin% erson

and trans)eror m"st trans)er +hole interest in the

roert*4

Conditional

Trans)er

Trans)er in )avo"r a erson made to deend on

)"l)ilment o) a condition $* the trans)eree( S"ch

condition ma* $e rior to trans)er or ost trans)er(


16/18

Doctrine o)

8lection

Sale Trans)er o) o+nershi in immovea$le roert* in

e-chan%e )or a rice aid or romised or artl* aidand artl* romised4

Where the val"e o) the immova$le roert* is

's(! and "+ards& the trans)er has to take lace

$* a re%istered instr"ment onl*4

8-chan%e T+o ersons trans)er the o+nershi o) one thin% )or

the o+nershi o) other thin%& +here neither thin% or

$oth thin%s $ein% mone* onl*( I) the val"e o) the

immovea$le roert* is 's( ! and "+ards& it can

$e e-chan%e onl* $* re%istered instr"ment4

i)t ;ol"ntar* Trans)er o) o+nershi in certain e-istin%

movea$le or immovea$le roert* and the same

sho"ld $e made +itho"t consideration( The Donee

m"st accet the %i)t d"rin% the li)etime o) donor( It

can $e made $* re%istered instr"ment in case o) %i)t

o) immovea$le roert*(

7eases

ort%a%es A mort%a%e is a trans)er o) interest in seci)ic

immova$le roert* )or the "rose o) sec"rin% the

a*ment o) mone* advanced or to $e advanced $*

+a* o) loan& e-istin% or )"t"re de$t4

Simle ort%a%e Witho"t deliverin% ossession o) the mort%a%ed

roert*& mort%a%er $inds himsel) ersonall* to a*

the mort%a%e mone* and a%rees )or the sale o) the

roert* )or a*ment o) mort%a%e mone* i) he )ails

to a*4

ort%a%e $*

Conditional Sale

The #roert* is sold on a condition that on de)a"lt in

a*ment o) mort%a%e mone* on a certain date& the

sale shall $ecome a$sol"te or on a*ment the sale


17/18

shall $e void4

Us")r"ct"ar*

ort%a%e

ort%a%er delivers ossession o) mort%a%ed roert*

and mort%a%ee retains the same till de$t is reaid(

The "s")r"cts are aroriated $* the mort%a%ee

to+ards interest or rincial(

8n%lish ort%a%e ort%a%er $inds himsel) to rea* the mort%a%ed

mone* on certain date and trans)ers mort%a%ed

roert* a$sol"tel* on a condition that mort%a%ee

+ill retrans)er the same to mort%a%or "on the

a*ment o) mort%a%e mone*(

ort%a%e $*

Deosit o) Title

Deeds

Deliver* o) title deeds +ith an intention to create

mort%a%e4

Anamalo"s

ort%a%e

It is a com$ination o) an* o) the a$ove )orms o)

mort%a%e or an* mort%a%e other those set o"t

a$ove(

;III T:8 CI;I7 #'OC8DU'8 COD8& !9H

It consolidates the la+ relatin% to the roced"re o) theCo"rt o) Civil "risdiction4

Ca"se o)

Action4

8ver* )act that it is necessar* )or a #lainti)) erson )ilin%

the case6 to rove to s"ort his ri%ht to the K"d%ment4

"d%ement Statement %iven $* a K"d%e on the %ro"nds o) a

decreeorder4

Decree

Order Formal e-ression o) an* decision o) a Civil Co"rt +hich is

not a decree is called order4

Decree:older The erson in +hose )avo"r a decree has $een assed4

"d%ement

De$tor4

The erson a%ainst +hom a decree has $een assed4

;III COD8 OF C'IINA7 #'OC8DU'8& !9G3


18/18

O))ence An* act or omission made "nisha$le $* an* la+ )or

the time $ein% in )orce4

ens 'ea ens 'ea 4 it means %"ilt* mind4 In order to

constit"te an o))ence& mens rea or %"ilt* mind is

m"st4 it also means intention4

=aila$le and Non

=aila$le O))ence

=aila$le O))ence means an o))ence +hich is sho+n

as $aila$le in the I Sched"le to Criminal #roced"re

Code or +hich is made $aila$le an* la+ )or the time

$ein% in )orce(

Non$aila$e o))ence means an o))ence +hich is not

$aila$le(

Co%ni.a$le O))ence

and NonCo%ni.a$le

O))ence

Co%ni.a$le O))ence / #olice o))icer can arrest

+itho"t a +arrant4

NonCo%ni.a$le O))ence / #olice o))icer has no

a"thorit* to arrest +itho"t a +arrant

Comlaint An alle%ation made orall* or in +ritin% to a

ma%istrate re%ardin% the commission o) an o))ence

and the same sho"ld $e made +ith a vie+ to takin%

action "nder Code o) Criminal #roced"re

=ail

In"ir*Investi%ation

"dicial #roceedin%s

#"$lic #rosec"tor

S"mmons and

Warrants Cases

1067801_56960_gcl_crash_course_notes.doc

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