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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-47
10.5.3 Questionnaire Survey
(1) Necessity of Questionnaire Survey
As described above, available hazard maps lack sufficient
accuracy to estimate the actual inundation area. Furthermore,
existing marks that indicate the height of the flood waters have
disappeared as time passes by. As such, a questionnaire survey was
conducted to: (i) collect responses from a sufficient pool of
respondents in the affected areas and make record height
measurements left behind by the waters from the 2004 tsunami and
2003 flood; and (ii) investigate the actual results of inundation,
damage, and evacuation during the noted tsunami and flood. This
survey was subcontracted to the ENGINEERING & LABORATORY
SERVICES (PVT) LTD from the middle of October 2005 to the middle of
December 2005.
(2) Methodology
1) Survey Area The survey area covered the Matara Division,
which was affected by the 2004 tsunami and 2003 flood as shown in
Figure 10.23. The number of samples for the questionnaire was to be
at least 500 samples from each disaster. 2) Questionnaire Sheet
Questionnaire sheets were prepared for the 2004 tsunami and for
2003 flood, respectively. The items in the questionnaire survey are
shown in Table 10.8 and the survey sheet is attached in Annex
10-2.
Table 10.8 Items of Questionnaire Survey Item Questionnaire
a) General information
・ Name ・ Sex ・ Disaster experience, etc.
b) Result of Inundation
・ Location of high water marks ・ Distance form coastline/river ・
Inundation depth and inundation period ・ Current direction
c) Result of Tsunami/Flood Damage
・ Number of affected people, casualties, and fatalities ・ Damage
to houses, movable assets, crops, livestock, and
infrastructure d) Warning and Evacuation system
・ Tsunami/flood forecasting and warning system ・ Publication of
hazard areas and evacuation areas ・ Results of evacuation (place,
route, period, method, etc.)
e) Hazard Map ・ Awareness of hazard maps ・ Utilization of hazard
maps
Source: Project Team
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-48
3) Methodology To improve the reliability of the survey, the
questionnaire survey was conducted by adopting the following
procedures:
i) Survey respondents were selected from residents actually
affected by the disasters;
ii) The sheet was completed via face-to-face interviews;
iii) Inundation depth was measured from the ground and floor
levels;
iv) High water mark location was confirmed with portable
GPS;
v) Survey responses were compared with responses from neighbors
to determine if
considerable disparities were present in the responses;
vi) The survey sheet, which showed an outline of the survey
results, was pasted on the
mark indicating the highest water level;
vii) Photographs were taken of all height measurements
(corresponding to their survey
sheet) and compiled in photo books; and
viii) Some height measurements of floodwaters were surveyed by
leveling, so as to convert
the inundation depth to the elevation data.
(3) Results of Questionnaire Survey for 2004 Tsunami
1) Characteristics of Respondents
• The total number of respondents for the tsunami disaster was
586, with 44% being male and 56% being female. Approximately 14% of
4,330 houses damaged by tsunami in Matara Division were
queried.
• Out of all respondents, 79% experienced the tsunami disaster
in 2004. • 22% of respondents lived within 100 m of the coast,
67.3% lived between 100 m to 500
m away, and 10.7% lived between 500 m to 1,000 m away,
respectively.
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-49
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.23 Accumulated Number of Houses vs. Distance from the
Coast 2) Results of Inundation by the 2004 Tsunami
• Inundation conditions reported by respondents are summarized
in Figure 10.24. The maximum inundation depth was 410 cm from the
ground at 40 m from the coastline.
• In regards to the inundation depth from the ground, 54% of
houses were more than 2.0 m, 31% were between 1.0 m and 2.0 m, and
32% were between 0.5 m and 1.0 m, respectively.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-50
• Regarding the inundation period, the average time experienced
by the respondents was estimated at 5.9 hours. Some 43.2% of houses
were inundated from longer than four hours.
• Regarding the inundation speed, 75% of respondents felt it was
very fast (within a few seconds), while 17% felt it was fast
(within a minute).
• Regarding the direction of the tsunami wave, it was basically
from south to north, and came through the coastal line. It was very
rare that the direction changed due to the effect of drain canals
and small ponds. Also, respondents who lived close to the Nilwala
River experienced the tsunami from the river.
3) Results of Damage from 2004 Tsunami
Since the respondents for the survey were selected from those
actually affected by disasters and living in their original
locations, the following data may be less accurate:
• 4% of houses were damaged completely and 19% were partially
damaged; • 80% of respondents lost their movable property, 39%
completely lost their crops, while
6% completely lost their livestock;
• From the survey, 60 people from the homes of respondents died
due to tsunami; and • 4% of respondents noted road damage. 4)
Evacuation and Warning System
• 89% of respondents were unaware of tsunami-prone areas and
evacuation locations. • Before the 2004 tsunami, people had never
experienced a tsunami, so there was no
tsunami forecasting and warning system.
• Regarding conditions for dwelling, 150 respondents thought
they did not live in a dangerous place, 286 respondents thought
they lived in a dangerous place, but the danger was not imminent,
and 150 respondents thought they lived in a very dangerous place,
respectively.
• Regarding the first evacuation, the average distance from the
house was 3,132 m; 47.1% of respondents did not evacuate from their
house during the 2004 tsunami. Evacuation locations were schools,
temples, two-story buildings, and elevated areas.
• Regarding the final evacuation, 19% of respondents moved to a
safer location and 81% returned to their houses after the tsunami
water subsided. Evacuation locations included relatives’ homes,
schools, and temples.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-51
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance from Coastline (m)
Eva
cuat
ion D
ista
nce (m
)
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.25 Results of First Evacuation during the 2004 Tsunami
5) Tsunami Hazard Map
• No one knew about the hazard map. • Expected information to be
displayed on a hazard map included evacuation centers,
evacuation routes, hazard areas on evacuation routes, medical
care facilities, and special signs along evacuation routes,
etc.
• Many respondents expected a hazard map to be distributed to
each house. Some expected publishing to be done by public servants,
with maps displayed at public places. Also, there was an idea that
media publicity would facilitate understanding of the findings of
the survey.
(4) Results of Questionnaire Survey for the Flood in 2003
1) Characteristics of Respondents
• The total number of respondents for the flood disaster survey
was 503, with 44% being male and 56% being female.
• Out of the respondents, 94% experienced the flood disaster in
2003. • Those who experienced the flood and responded to the
questionnaire had lived within
6,500 m of the Nilwala River. Those who experienced floods from
the branch rivers (Tributaries) had lived within 2,500 m of the
tributary.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-52
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.26 Number of Houses vs. Distance from the Nilwala
River
2) Result of Inundation by the Flood in 2003
• Inundation conditions related to the number of houses and
distance from the Nilwala River are summarized in Figure 10.27. The
maximum inundation depth was 386 cm from the ground, at a distance
of 200 m from the Nilwala River.
• Regarding the inundation depth from the ground, 18% of houses
were inundated less than 0.5 m, 24% were between 0.5 m and 1.0 m,
51% were between 1.0 m and 2.0 m, and 7% were more than 2.0 m,
respectively.
• 457 houses were inundated above the floor level.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-53
>2.0m, 6.96, 7%
0-0.5 m, 17.69, 18%
0.5m-1.0m, 24.06, 24%1.0m-2.0m,
51.29, 51%
0-0.5 m0.5m-1.0m1.0m-2.0m>2.0m
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.27 Results of Inundation Depth by 2003 Flood
• Regarding the inundation period, 60% of houses were inundated
for more than six days, while 22% were inundated at least 10
days.
• Regarding the inundation speed, 26% of respondents felt it was
very fast (within a few minutes), 28% felt it was fast (within a
hour), and 36% felt it was slow (within a few hours),
respectively.
• Regarding the direction of the flood, it was basically from
the Nilwala River or tributary. At certain locations, some
respondents had experienced the flood from both the Nilwala River
and tributary.
3) Result of Damage by the Flood in 2003
• 9% of houses were completely damaged, 48% were partially
damaged, and 43% were not damaged, respectively.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Distance from Nilwara River (m)
Inunda
tion D
ept
h (
cm
)
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-54
• Inundation levels varied from 40 cm below the floor level to
380 m above it. • 72% of respondents lost their movable items and
54% lost their crops. Only 4%,
however, lost their livestock.
• According to the survey, only one person died and 503 were
injured from the homes of respondents, respectively.
• 2% of respondents mentioned damage to the roads. 4) Evacuation
and Warning System
• Only 71 respondents out of 503 (14%) were aware of flood
disaster warning. Flood warnings were generally disseminated by the
police.
• 12% of respondents were aware of flood-prone areas and
official evacuation locations. Most evacuation locations during the
flood were schools and temples.
• Regarding dwelling conditions, 42% of respondents thought they
lived in a dangerous place, 51% thought they lived in a dangerous
place, but the danger was not imminent, and 7% thought they lived
in a very dangerous place, respectively.
• Regarding the first evacuation, 390 of the respondents (78%)
evacuated to schools and temples, while 113 (22%) did not evacuate
and stayed in their homes. Respondents stayed an average of 10 days
at their first evacuation locations.
• Regarding the final evacuation, only 5% of respondents moved
to a safer location, while 95% returned to their house after
floodwaters subsided. Evacuation locations were mainly the homes of
relatives.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance from Nilwara River (m)
Eva
cuat
ion D
ista
nce (
m)
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.28 Results of First Evacuation during the 2003 Flood
5) Flood Hazard Map
• Only three out of 503 respondents knew of the hazard map. •
Many respondents expected that hazard map would be distributed to
each house.
Some expected publishing by civil servants, with maps being
displayed at public places.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-55
10.5.4 Tsunami/Flood Disaster Map
(1) Basic Specifications for the Disaster Map
Considering the improvements to the hazard map and ease of
utilization, basic specifications for the disaster map were defined
as below:
• Type: Colored Map; • Size: A2 size; • Area: Matara Division; •
Scale: 1:20,000; • Topographic Information: Referring to the map
data of the UDA GIS Division Survey
Department; and
• Disaster Information: Results of the questionnaire survey for
the 2004 tsunami and 2003 flood.
(2) Basic Information
Basic information was plotted on the disaster maps to utilize:
(i) topographic information that was collected from the Survey
Department and UDA GIS Division; and (ii) disaster information
based on the results of questionnaire surveys as listed below. 1)
Topographic Information
i) Topographic data (based on 1:10,000 scale map) ii) Contour
line (from 0 m to 5 m MSL, with intervals of 1 m) iii) Niliwara
River, tributaries, and drainage canals iv) Main roads v)
Divisional boundaries vi) Location of houses vii) High elevation
areas (higher than 5 m MSL) 2) Disaster Information
i) Boundaries of inundation area ii) Locations of inundation
area (grid of 50 m x 50 m) or contour data iii) Inundation depth
(0.0 m to 0.5 m - green, 0.5 m to 1.0 m - yellow, 1.0 m to 2.0 m -
cyan,
more than 2.0 m - blue) iv) Numerical data of inundation depth
v) Flow direction vi) Evacuation direction vii) Location of present
evacuation shelters
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-56
(3) Main Findings
Based on the above works, the 2004 tsunami disaster map and 2003
flood disaster map were prepared as shown in Figures 10.29 and 30.
Main findings are noted below. 1) Tsunami Disaster Map
• Detailed and reliable flood-affected areas were defined. •
Precise tsunami movement was indicated with a scale of 50 m as
noted below: i) The 2004 tsunami penetrated up to 4 km upstream
from the river mouth, along the
Nilwala River; ii) Around the U-shape bay in the Pholhena area,
the inundation height was relatively
high; and iii) Tsunami movement was affected by small
canals.
• The area that was not indicated in the available hazard map
was newly identified as a disaster area.
• The tsunami inundation area was spread approximately 800 m
from the coastline. • Actual flow direction indicated on the map
shows a high correlation between the flow
direction and the direction of inundation.
• Actual evacuation direction indicated on the map shows that
people evacuated to high elevation or inland areas.
2) Flood Disaster Map
• Detailed and reliable flood-affected area were defined. •
Precise flood movement was indicated with a scale of 50 m as noted
below: i) The 2003 flood spread from the northwestern area along
the main body of the Nilwala
River; ii) The inundation depth on the right side of the river
was especially high; iii) The area along some tributaries was
seriously affected by inland water; and iv) The lower river basin
was not flooded.
• Actual flow direction indicated on the map shows a highly
correlation between the flow direction and the direction of
inundation.
• Actual evacuation direction indicated on the map shows that
people evacuated to high elevation or low inundated areas.
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Recovery, R
ehabilitation and Developm
ent Project for Tsunam
i Affected Area of Southern Region in the D
emocratic Socialist R
epublic of Sri Lanka Final R
eport
10-57
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.29 2004 Tsunami Disaster Map (Grid Data)
Inundation Depth 0 – 0.5m 0.5 – 1.0m 1.0 – 2.0m > 2.0m
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Recovery, R
ehabilitation and Developm
ent Project for Tsunam
i Affected Area of Southern Region in the D
emocratic Socialist R
epublic of Sri Lanka Final R
eport
10-58
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.30 2004 Tsunami Disaster Map (Contour Data)
Inundation Depth 0 – 0.5m 0.5 – 1.0m 1.0 – 2.0m > 2.0m
Evacuation Direction
Tsunami Direction
Existing Refugee Shelter
Elevated Area
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Recovery, R
ehabilitation and Developm
ent Project for Tsunam
i Affected Area of Southern Region in the D
emocratic Socialist R
epublic of Sri Lanka Final R
eport
10-59
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.31 2003 Flood Disaster Map (Grid Data)
Inundation Depth 0 – 0.5m 0.5 – 1.0m1.0 – 2.0m> 2.0m
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Recovery, R
ehabilitation and Developm
ent Project for Tsunam
i Affected Area of Southern Region in the D
emocratic Socialist R
epublic of Sri Lanka Final R
eport
10-60
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.32 2003 Flood Disaster Map (Contour Data)
Inundation Depth 0 – 0.5m 0.5 – 1.0m1.0 – 2.0m> 2.0m
Evacuation Direction
Flood Direction
Evacuation Location
Elevated Area
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-61
10.5.5 Tsunami Simulation
(1) Outline
Tsunami simulation was carried out to estimate accurate data
with respect to the area of inundation, the inundation depth, and
the arrival time to Matara City -this in order to make a
preliminary tsunami hazard map, in case of a tsunami on a similar
scale to the 2004 one. The tsunami simulation process is detailed
as shown in Figure 10.33. As shown in Figure 10.34, the simulation
area includes the seismic center, the wave-propagating sea, and
Matara city. The grid size for computation varies and lessens
toward Matara city (with a 50 m grid in Matara city).
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.33 Process of Tsunami Simulation
Development of Geographical Configuration 1) Grid data in sea
area 2) Grid data in land area
Setup of Tsunami Wave Source Model
1) Collection of tsunami wave source model 2) Tsunami simulation
trial by each model 3) Calibration by actual tsunami height 4)
Determination of the model
Calculation of Tsunami Approach 1) Tsunami simulation in sea
areas 2) Tsunami run-up distance in land areas
Setup of Analysis Conditions
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Source: Project Team
Figure 10.34 Area for Tsunami Simulation
(2) Calculation Condition
1) Calculation Method The behavior of tsunamis is known to be
dominated by the law of conservation of mass and the law of
conservation of momentum, and is described by the equation of
continuity and equation of motion, respectively. In this model, the
displacement of sea levels caused by the movement of a tectonic
plate is given as the initial condition. Solving the equations with
a time parameter, tsunami behavior can be expressed numerically.
The numerical analysis method to estimate the inundation situation
in Mantra City is summarized in Table 10.9.
Table 10.9 Numerical Analysis Method for Tsunami Simulation Area
Applied Method
From seismic center to offshore Liner long wave equations
From offshore to coastal line Non-liner long wave equations
(shallow water theory) On-shore Iwasaki and Shinno Theory
(1979)
Source: Project Team
Area for Tsunami Simulation
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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2) Data of Sea and Land Geographic Configurations The grid data
for the geographical configuration are based on the data collected
and surveyed by the JICA Project Team. As stated before, the
minimum size of the grid is chosen to be 50 m. In order to carry
out numerical analysis, continuous geographical configuration data
is translated to an individual elevation value in each grid. When
determining the size of the grid, guidelines advise that it should
be at least 20 m within a wave length. As a tsunami wave approaches
shore, the wave length becomes shorter, the wave height becomes
higher, and the flow speed becomes faster. Thus, the size of a grid
in the open sea including the seismic center is taken to be larger,
while that nearer the shore to be smaller, making computation speed
faster without sacrificing reliability of the analysis. At the
smallest grid area (50 m spacing), the grid data includes not only
elevation values, but also land utilization information (roughness
coefficient, and with/without building), so that the simulation of
the tsunami run-up on the land area can be more accurate.
Table10.10 shows the data used for numerical analysis, while Figure
10.35 shows a 50 m grid and its elevation values on the land
area.
Table 10.10 Data Used for Numerical Analysis Item Name Issue
ETOPO2 2’ Mesh NOAA/NGDC Water Depth CHART WELIGAMA-MATARA
S=1/25,000
National Aquatic Resources and Development
Elevation on Land Topographic Information (DWG) Survey
Department Source: Project Team
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Recovery, R
ehabilitation and Developm
ent Project for Tsunam
i Affected Area of Southern Region in the D
emocratic Socialist R
epublic of Sri Lanka Final R
eport
10-64
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.35 50 m Grid and Elevation on Land Area
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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3) Consideration of Obstacles Such As Structures It is well
known that the existence of seawalls along the coastline,
relatively large reinforcement concrete (RC) structures, greatly
impacts the extent of a tsunami’s reach inland. Thus, these
obstacles are treated as boundary conditions in the numerical
analysis. The locations, figures, and heights of such obstacles are
surveyed by the JICA Project Team, and the information is
simplified and assigned to each grid (as shown in Figure
10.36).
4) Initial Conditions The displacement of the sea level caused
by the movement of tectonic plates is calculated by the earthquake
fault model, and its value is used as the initial condition of the
tsunami inundation analysis. The earthquake fault model explains
that a sudden slip of the adjacent strata is caused by accumulated
energies due to deformation at the crusts. If such a slip occurs at
the seabed strata, the seabed will rise up or subduct, resulting in
a tsunami (refer to Figure 10.37).
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10-66
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ehabilitation and Developm
ent Project for Tsunam
i Affected Area of Southern Region in the D
emocratic Socialist R
epublic of Sri Lanka Final R
eport
10-66
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.36 Location of Boundary Conditions of On-shore
Structures for Numerical Analysis
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Source: Nature Vol433 p352
Figure 10.37 Basic Concept of Seismic Occurrences and Seismic
Foul Model 5) Tsunami Source Model
a) Selection Method of Fault Model Fault Model for the Tsunami
simulation was chosen from issued models for Sumatran Earthquake
Tsunami. Flowchart of Fault Modeling Approach is shown in Figure
10.38, and characteristic of the issued models is shown in Table
10.11.
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Figure 10.38 Choice Flowchart of Fault Model
Table 10.11 Characteristic of issued Models Organization
Characteristics of fault Modeling approach
1.Tohoku Univ. Site investigation result at Kirinda in Sri Lanka
2.Kyoto Univ. Seismographic date by Tokyo Univ. Seismic research
laboratory 3.Koshimura(Tohoku Univ.) Wave height of sea leveling by
artificial satellite over the Indian Ocean 4.JAMSTEC ditto 5.AIST
ditto 6.Akita Univ. Compression with site investigation result at
the South West area in
Thailand
According to the Coastal Development Institute of Technology
(April 2004) the fault models are categorized in Table 10.12.
Because there were no issued models for checking with the site
investigation result in the Matara City, the model for this project
was basically chosen by the data of site investigation result in
Sri Lanka and water levels recorded by satellite remote
sensing.
Table 10.12 Category of Fault Mode Category of Fault Model
Approach accuracy
1 Modeling by Seismographic and Geodesic data 2 Optimum fault
model by re-create tsunami simulation:
3 Modified model by site investigation based on optimum fault
model by re-create tsunami simulation
Low
High
b) Selection of Fault Model Re-create simulations by six issued
fault models were carried out and were checked with tidal level
records at 4 places (Colombo in Sri Lanka and Male, Hanimaadhoo and
Gan in Maldives). The parameters of the models and the location
maps of fault are shown in Annex10.3. From the result of comparison
of re-create simulation with tidal level record as shown in
Annex10.3, the fault model by Tohoku University was most similar to
the first and the second waves. The validity of the model was
identified with site investigation result in Sri Lanka. So the
fault model by Tohoku University was selected for this project.
Issued Fault Models
Checking with 4 tidal level records and
choice the model
Adjustment of Parameter
Fault Model Selection
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
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The selected fault model will be used for not only the Matara
City but also the other cities in Sri Lanka and Maldives.
c) Parameter Modification of Fault Model The parameters of Fault
Model by Tohoku University were modified to be consistent with
inundation conditions at Matara city. Since the wave height of the
Tsunami simulation result by Tohoku University tended to be a
little smaller than the tidal level record at Colombo, the
parameter of slipping volumes was modified. Figure 10.39 show
inundation area at Matara city through 5 cases (11m to 18m) of
slipping volume. The simulation result of 14 m as a slipping volume
matched with site investigation result. Table 10.13 shows the
modification result of parameter fault model.
(a) 11m (b) 13m
(b) 14m (c) 15m
(d) 18m Figure 10.39 Tsunami inundation area by fault slipping
volumes
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Table 10.13 Modification Result of Parameter Fault Model Fault
plate
Upper edge depth
slipping volume
direction angle of inclination
slipping inclination
Length width Base point Crashing time
HH(km) D(m) TH(°) DL(°) RD(°) L(km) W(km) Y0 X0 Fault-1 7 14 329
15 110 330 150 2.5
0 95.75
0
Fault-2 7 14 340 15 110 570 150 5.00
94.00
0
Fault-3 7 14 5 15 110 300 150 10.00
92.00
0
d) Comparison with Tidemark The maximum tsunami water levels at
various points within two hours from the time of the earthquake
were calculated by an applied numerical model, and summarized as a
univariate data distribution. Such calculated values are then
compared with the tidemarks (highest inundation levels) caused by
tsunami inundation. To evaluate the fit of
the model, the calibration indices, Κ and κ , defined by Aida’s
series of study are used.
Geometrical Average ∑=
=ΚΚ
n
i i
i
HR
n 1log1log
Logarithm Standard Deviation 2
1
1
22
)(loglog1log
Κ−
= ∑
=
n
i i
i
HR
nκκ
iR Observation Inundation Level
iH Estimated Inundation Level n Number of Observations Κ Index
Indicating Actual Tsunami Inundation Height Is Κ -fold of
Estimation κ Logarithm Standard Deviation of ii HR /
Κ is the index meaning that K times the calculated height is, on
average, equal to the observed height. Thus, if K is closer to 1.0,
the numerical model can be considered to fit better to the actual
data. κ is the index indicating the variance of the ratio ( ii HR /
), which is comparable to the standard deviation in the normal
distribution. Also, it is construed that the majority of the values
of ii HR / at the observed points are less than Κ x κ . According
to Souda (1986), apart from the value of Κ , the fit of the
numerical model can be evaluated to be
fairly accurate if 2.1≤κ , and very accurate if 4.1≤κ .
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Table 10.14 Comparison Simulation Result with Site Investigation
Result No (i) Investigation
Result (R) Simulation Result (H)
log(R/H) (log(R/H))2
1 0.27 0.29 -0.03103 0.00096 2 0.84 0.86 -0.01022 0.00010 3 0.92
0.81 0.05530 0.00306 4 0.58 0.71 -0.08783 0.00771 5 1.02 1.05
-0.01259 0.00016 6 2.04 2.75 -0.12970 0.01682 7 0.55 0.64 -0.06582
0.00433 8 1.50 1.36 0.04255 0.00181 9 1.90 1.40 0.13263 0.01759
10 1.22 1.14 0.02945 0.00087 11 1.63 1.41 0.06297 0.00397 12
0.89 0.79 0.05176 0.00268 13 1.00 1.03 -0.01284 0.00016 14 3.60
3.26 0.04308 0.00186 15 2.40 2.87 -0.07767 0.00603 16 1.13 1.01
0.04876 0.00238 17 2.08 2.16 -0.01639 0.00027 18 2.55 2.54 0.00171
0.00000 19 1.80 1.96 -0.03698 0.00137 20 1.60 1.63 -0.00807 0.00007
21 2.40 2.28 0.02228 0.00050 22 1.71 1.05 0.21181 0.04486 23 4.10
3.46 0.07371 0.00543 24 2.76 2.17 0.10445 0.01091 24 1.04 0.93
0.04855 0.00236 25 0.93 1.62 -0.24103 0.05810
Σ 0.19883 0.19436 logK K logκ κ 0.007953 1.018 0.087812
1.224
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ehabilitation and Developm
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i Affected Area of Southern Region in the D
emocratic Socialist R
epublic of Sri Lanka Final R
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Source: JICA Project Team, Red: Investigation Result, Blue:
Simulation Result
Figure 10.40 Comparison investigation result with simulation
result
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-73
e) Comparison with Recorded Tide Levels Since there is not any
available recorded tide data of the Tsunami wave in Matara City is
available, the calculated water levels within 2 hours from the time
of earthquake occurrence are compared with the actual water levels
based on the questionnaire survey data. Under this section, the
calculated water levels varied with time are analyzed and evaluated
by the abovementioned method. Figure 10.41 shows that Arrival time
at Matara city is approximately 2 hours from the time of earthquake
occurrence, the first wave of the tsunami was highest and the
following waves came at intervals of 20 or 30 minutes. After 20
minutes, the first wave came from the coastal line and arrived at
the farthest inundation area. Table 10.14 shows the tsunami arrival
time at Matara city and additional cities in the Southern area of
Sri Lanka. Since the arrival time was estimated by questionnaire
and/or site survey, it seems that it was inundation time. Since the
simulation results are the same as the results from the above data,
the simulation was determined to be valid.
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Arrival time
Wav
e h
eight (m
)
Figure 10.41 Tsunami Time Series
Table 10.15 Tsunami Approach Time to the South Area in Sri
Lanka
Earthquake time (Local Time) Tsunami Arrival time
(Local Time) Arrival hour
Yala 6: 58 9:10 1) 2h 12m
Hambantota 9:22 2) 2h 24m
Matara 9:20 1) 2h 22m
Galle 9:20 1) 2h 22m
Source 1) Kiobuchi, JSCE Coastal Engineering Paper (No. 52) 2005
2) NIshihata, JSCE Coastal Engineering Paper (No. 52) 2005
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(3) Result of Tsunami Simulation
The results were summarized by inundation area and depth at each
area.
Table 10.16 Inundation Area and Depth
GN Inundation Area (%) (Rate for Total Area) Inundation Depth
(m)
Madiha West 40 0.1~5.0 Madiha East 90 0.1~4.0
Walgama Central 15 0.1~1.0 Walgama South 50 0.1~2.5 Welegoda
West 20 0.1~1.0 Welegoda East 15 0.1~0.5
Polhena 100 1.0~3.5 Pamburana 100 0.5~3.5
Noope 70 0.1~1.0 Thotamuna 100 0.5~4.0
Kadaweediya West 15 0.1~0.5 Kadaweediya South 60 0.1~2.0
Fort 100 0.2~3.5 Uyanwatta North 5 0.1
Uyanwatta 40 0.1~1.0 Kotuwegoda North 100 0.1~2.0 Kotuwegoda
South 100 1.0~4.5
Weragampita 10 0.1~0.5 Navimana South 20 0.1~1.2
Weraduwa 20 0.1~0.5 Eliyakanda North 5 0.1~0.5 Eliyakanda South
15 0.3~2.5 Meddawatta South 5 0.2~4.3
(4) Conclusion
Simulated and surveyed results of inundation depth generally
matched (refer to P.10.70 Comparison with Tidemark). The arrival
time and inundation area of Tsunami wave generally matched, too.
Accordingly, it was confirmed that the simulation results were
suitable. Therefore, these results are satisfactory for planning
the disaster prevention and mitigation of Matara city.
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Figure 10.42 Results of Tsunami Simulation
10.5.6 Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map
(1) Overview
A preliminary tsunami hazard map for the tsunami of 2004 was
prepared for basic information on planning of disaster prevention
and mitigation, as well as enhancement of disaster awareness for
both residents and local authorities. This preliminary tsunami
hazard map does not include some information that needs to be
authorized by local agencies as shown in Table10.16. As described
in Section 10.3, local authorities are expected to use the map for
various measures as soon as possible.
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Table 10.17 Comparison of Tsunami Hazard Map and Preliminary
Tsunami Hazard Map Item
HM Classification Item Resi-dents
Author-ities
PHMRemarks
Information about External Force ○ ○ ○
External Force Unused Information about External Force
○ ○
In case of a tsunami equivalent to the 2004 tsunami
Expected Inundation Area ○ ○ ○
Have to be careful to fix disaster image for inhabitants
Area for Refuge ○ ○ △ To indicate a draft buffer zone that is
decided by elevation
Maximum Inundation Depth ○ ○ ○
Forecasted Arrival Time ○ ○ ○
Starting Point of Inundation ○ ○ ○
Information of Inundation
Current Speed ○ ○ ○
Shelter ○ ○
Evacuation Route ○ ○
Disaster Prevention Shelter Base ○ ○
Information of Disaster Prevention
Inundation Record ○ ○ ○ On Disaster Map
Area Condition ○ ○
Shelter Condition ○ ○
Ground Elevation ○ ○
Necessary Rescue Institutions ○ ○
Others
Evacuation Guidelines, etc. ○
* HM :Tsunami Hazard Map * PHM :Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map
Source: Project Team.
(2) Methodology
1) Necessity of Input for Preparation of Preliminary Tsunami
Hazard Map The necessities of input for the preparation of a
preliminary tsunami hazard map are extracted from the results of
the tsunami simulation, and are indicated on a base map made from
satellite photographs of Matara city.
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-77
Source: GIS Division, UDA
Figure 10.43 Satellite Photograph of Matara City 2) Presumption
of Damage
Displaying the number of victims and damage to the houses are
effective for gathering basic information on planning disaster
prevention and mitigation, as well as enhancement of disaster
awareness for both residents and local authorities. The number of
victims and damage to the houses are commonly presumed from
structure (Brick, Wooden or RC Structure) and people in houses
based on the disaster caused by the past Tsunami in the area.
Therefore, the number of victims calculated from the damaged houses
was presumed from the disaster record of the 2004-Tsunami. The
Presumption methodology is shown in Figure 10.44.
Source: Project Team
Figure 10.44 Procedure of Presumption of Damage by Tsunami
Relation with Tsunami current and damage1) Damaged area is
presumed from site survey 2) Tsunami current are calculated by
Tsunami simulation by equivalent 2004-Tsunami
Current by equivalent 2004-Tsunami1) Current are presumed from
Tsunami simulation
Presumption of Damage1) Damage of houses are presumed
roughly
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(3) Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map
Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map is shown in Figure 10.44. Basic
information was mentioned for planning of disaster prevention and
mitigation in Matara city (refer to Table 10.15). The information
is the following:
- Information about External Force; - Expect Inundation Area; -
Maximum Inundation Depth; - Forecast Arrival Time; and - Current
Speed.
Animation of simulated Wave Spreading from the seismic center
and Inundation Condition are made in order to increase the
understanding of disaster awareness as shown in Figure10.45 and
Figure10.46.
Figure 10.45 Animation of simulated Wave Spread from the seismic
center
Figure 10.46 Animation of simulated Inundation Condition
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Source: Project Team
Figure 10.47 Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map
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Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-80
10.6 Implementation of Awareness Activities
10.6.1 JICA-Net Seminar
(1) Background
Tsunami-affected people and officers in the local public
administration in Matara District are well aware that Japan is a
very experienced nation in terms of disasters such as earthquakes,
typhoons, tsunamis, and flooding. Local people are extremely
interested in mitigating damage from the next possible disaster.
The JICA Project Team has continually been asked questions such as,
“How are Japanese people preparing for disaster?” In order to
satisfy this interest in Japanese disaster management, the JICA
Project Team conducted seminars and transferred lessons learned
from Japanese disasters to residents and officers of the Matara
District.
(2) JICA Net Seminars
JICA-Net is an interactive Internet-television-computer system
that connects studios in Colombo with JICA Headquarters in Tokyo,
Japan. Seminar participants in the studios, who are thousands of
kilometers apart, can attend a seminar together in real-time. In
the seminars, resource persons in Japan come to the Tokyo studio
and make presentations on various topics. Participants in Sri Lanka
assemble in a studio in the JICA Colombo Office and are free to ask
questions and discuss topics from their own viewpoints so that they
can obtain a good understanding of the topic in the context of Sri
Lanka. The JICA Project Team carefully prepared and held two
seminars on disaster management and rehabilitation in order to
facilitate the transfer of knowledge. This included:
• Community Initiatives in Disaster Management and
Rehabilitation, and • Role of the Local Authorities in Disaster
Management.
Detailed program information is discussed below.
(3) Seminar 1 - Community Initiative in Disaster Management and
Rehabilitation
This seminar was held on the 13th December at the JICA Sri Lanka
Office as one of the activities of the JICA Project. There were 30
participants from the pilot project organizations, such as refugee
camp societies, fishery corporative societies, and small
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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industry associations. For seminar participants, it required a
full-day round trip from Matara to Colombo and back, spending eight
hours in the bus. Despite this, the seminar was greatly
appreciated. The program was as follows.
Table 10.18 JICA-Net Program for Community Initiative on
Disaster Management Module Facilitator or lecturer
1 Introduction to JICA-Net Seminar Katsura MIZUNO, PADECO, Tokyo
2 1st lecture
Okushiri Tsunami and disaster management of the town council
Mr. Kakemi NAGASAKI, Officer in charge of tourism and planning,
Okushiri Town Council
3 2nd lecture What we learned from the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
and the importance of community initiative in disaster
management
Mr. Masakiyo MURAI, Director, CODE
4 Question & Answer Mr. Dahanayake 5 Group discussion on
what we can do in Matara,
and presentation from three groups Coordinators of the JICA
Project Team
6 Mechanisms of a tsunami Mr. Ryo MATSUMARU, JICA expert for
disaster management
Source: Project Team.
Based on the evaluation sheets collected after the session, it
appeared that the participants recognized the importance of this
kind of disaster management seminar for communities, and were
satisfied with information and lessons offered by the seminar.
(4) Seminar 2 - Disaster Management for Local Public
Administrations
This seminar was held on the 14th December at JICA Sri Lanka
Office as one of the activities of the JICA Project. In total, 24
participants came (mainly from the Matara area, but also some from
Colombo). Participating organizations included the police, army,
divisional secretariat, Urban Development Authority, Fishery
Department, Corporative Department, and Matara Municipal Council,
etc. Since co-assistance among community people produces
significant impacts in terms of disaster management and
rehabilitation works, it is very important for officers of local
public administrations to be aware of this and to know how to draw
such effects out of communities. This seminar explained Japanese
disaster experiences and systems for disaster management
(particularly how to enhance community participation). The program
was as follows.
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Table 10.19 JICA-Net Program for Public Administration Module
Facilitator or lecturer
1 Introduction to JICA-Net Seminar Katsura MIZUNO, PADECO, Tokyo
2 1st lecture
Okushiri Tsunami and disaster management of the town council
Mr. Kakemi NAGASAKI, Officer in charge of tourism and planning,
Okushiri Town Council
3 2nd lecture Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and community involvement
in disaster management
Mr. Isamu OKADA, Director, Suma Fire Station, Kobe Municipal
Council
4 Question & Answer Mr. Dahanayake 5 Group discussion on
what we can do in
Matara, and presentation from three groups Coordinators of the
JICA Project Team
6 Mechanisms of a tsunami Mr. Ryo MATSUMARU, JICA expert for
disaster management
Source: Project Team.
The public administration participants understood the necessity
to involve local communities in counter-disaster
administration.
(5) Feedback from Seminar Participants
Since the participants are all interested in disaster
management, the vast majority of the participants appreciated the
seminars. Requests and suggestions mentioned in the evaluation
sheets included:
- A half day was insufficient for this kind of seminar; - Many
more people should attend the seminar; - This seminar should be
held in every region of the country; - This seminar should be aired
as a television program; and - Besides disaster preparedness,
subjects such as rehabilitation should also be
discussed. Participants mentioned in the evaluation sheets that
they have:
- Shared Japanese disaster experience; - Learned how to protect
themselves from tsunamis; - Received useful knowledge and
information; and - Realized the importance of co-assistance.
As a part of the seminar program, participants held group
discussions on what they can do for disaster management in Matara.
Three groups were formulated for discussion, with each group
proposing dozens of ideas for effective preparation against
disaster. They are motivated to have the same kind of discussions
in their communities and offices. Some ideas derived from the group
discussions are the following:
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
10-83
- Community and government should conduct annual evacuation
drills like Japan; - Every family should check evacuation routes in
the case of an emergency; - We (participants) will organize
disaster committee in every community under
Grama Niladari (community chief); - School children should learn
disaster management to protect themselves; - We will discuss the
warning system of our village; - Our community should prepare a
storehouses to keep tools, equipment, and food
to survive disaster; - We should edit a manual of lessons
learned from our disaster experience and
keep it for generations; - Police officers need practical
training for disaster management; - Community should cooperate on
protecting children, the elders, and disabled in a
disaster; and - Every public agency should prepare for next
tsunami in order not to be
affectedand still maintain its ability to save citizens.
10.6.2 Seminars on Disaster Management
The JICA Project Team conducted seminars on disaster management
to raise awareness of disaster management for both government staff
and community members. The details of the seminars are found
below.
• Date and Place 6th of March 2006 in Matara and 8th of March
2006 in Colombo
• Agenda Opening Speech Presentation of the Project and Outcomes
Presentation of Disaster Management Coffee Break Presentation by a
Sri Lankan Expert Open Discussion Handover Ceremony of the Hazard
Map Best Practice Award Giving Ceremony (only in Matara) Closing
Speech
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• Attendees Matara
- Government officials: GA office, Police, DMCC - Pilot Project
related agencies. - PP representatives - Donors and NGOs -
Academics
Colombo - Government officials: Central ministries, DMC, - McRAP
Committee - Donors and NGOs - Academics
Presentation materials used for the seminars are found in Annex
10.4.
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11-1
Chapter 11 Conclusions
11.1 Conclusions
11.1.1 Summary of Conclusion
The JICA Project Team has done various work for in
rehabilitation process in the southern region of Sri Lanka. To
examine the achievements, the results of the Project were
summarized below against the objectives of the Project, as stated
in Chapter 2.
− To formulate a plan for the recovery, rehabilitation, and
development of tsunami- affected areas in the southern region of
Sri Lanka.
The JICA Project Team introduced two approaches for developing
the rehabilitation program, which were based on the Japanese
experience in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, that is the
bottleneck identification approach and co-assistance approach. The
bottleneck identification approach is based on lessons learned in
the aftermath of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and was used
for identifying rehabilitation bottlenecks and identifying
necessary activities quickly. Co-assistance, defined as mutual
assistance among victims, is employed for expediting livelihood
rehabilitation. Utilizing the bottleneck identification approach,
strategies for rehabilitation of the southern region were
developed. The strategies included assessment and identification of
necessary rehabilitation activities. For verification of the
co-assistance approach, three Pilot Projects for community
assistance were formulated and implemented. A fisheries sector
rehabilitation strategy was also developed. The JICA Project Team
implemented three Pilot Projects in the following aspects: refugee
camp support, fishery cooperative support, and small industry
association support. These Pilot Projects consisted of various
community activities with full consideration of the co-assistance
approach, such as the establishment of associations and steering
committees, publishing of newsletters, and lending of equipment.
Through implementation of the Pilot Projects, the JICA Project Team
assessed these two approaches. It was found that the two approaches
generally worked well for the rehabilitation process in Sri Lanka.
Based on these results, lessons learned and follow-up work of the
Pilot Projects were prepared.
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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The JICA Project Team also developed suggestions for the
disaster management plan in the Matara area. These suggestions
included disaster prevention measures and emergency preparedness
and response measures. The community activities for disaster
preparedness were also included, based on the co-assistance
approach. As a part of disaster management, the JICA Project Team
prepared a preliminary tsunami hazard map and tsunami/flood
disaster maps. Disaster awareness workshops were also held.
− To assist and monitor technically the implementation of
recovery and rehabilitation projects to be funded under Japanese
Non-project Grant Aid and ODA Loans.
The JICA Project Team technically assisted and monitored two
rehabilitation projects funded under Japanese Non-project Grant Aid
and ODA Loans: (i) the reconstruction of the Matara Aqueduct
Bridge; and (ii) the rehabilitation of fishery harbors at Galle and
Tangalle. The JICA Program Team has been in charge of technical
assistance of design, tender, and monitoring of construction.
Construction work is being implemented by the Non-Project Grant Aid
scheme.
− To share Japanese experiences in disaster management through
implementation of the Project.
The two approaches: the identification of bottleneck and the
co-assistance were adapted from Japanese experience. These
approaches formed the backbone of the Project. In particular, Pilot
Projects applying the co-assistance approach were well-accepted and
appreciated by the subject persons. This success, however, was
derived partly from the traditional propensity for group work in
Sri Lankan rural societies. Nevertheless, differences between Sri
Lanka and Japan in coping with tsunamis on the one hand and
earthquake on the other, each with different social settings, were
made apparent in details. It is very much desirable to formulate
approaches fully reflecting Sri Lankan realities. Also, some
concrete measures concerning disaster management suggested for the
Matara area were adapted from measures developed in Japan,
including tsunami hazard maps and tsunami signboards, etc.
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
11-3
11.1.2 Lesson Learned from the Project
(1) Identification of Bottlenecks
The list of possible bottlenecks adapted from ones prepared in
Japan proved to be quite useful. However, it is strongly
recommended that the list be modified to reflect the actual
circumstances in Sri Lanka by planners of the regional
rehabilitation plan especially in the following aspects:
- The dual structure of local administration in Sri Lanka; -
Involvement of a large number of donors and NGOs; - The
co-assistance approach; - Availability of land for evacuees; -
Roles of the Urban Development Authority, Provincial Government,
and
Municipality; - Adequately reflecting the needs and opinions of
victims themselves; - Reviving small-scale industries; and -
Expanding to include public health and education anticipated in
earlier stages.
(2) Co-Assistance
The co-assistance approach proved to be quite effective in
post-disaster management. There are a number of points that have
emerged in the course of implementing the Pilot Projects, which, if
properly done, would make the approach even more effective. These
points are as follows:
- Members of a newly formed society should be of a similar
background (as much as possible);
- Societies should be given an opportunity to negotiate with
external organizations to the extent possible;
- Meetings should be held as frequently as possible; -
Micro-finance can serve as a glue to keep society cohesive, while
its interest
payments can be used for the society’s own activities; -
Training can enhance the standing of society to individuals, a
mutually reinforcing
cycle; and - Formation of internally-cohesive and
outwardly-oriented societies enables them
to link up with existing organizations to enlarge their
scope.
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(3) Priority Projects for Infrastructure
• Smooth Project Identification
The Steering Committee, which included both Sri Lankan and
Japanese representatives concerned with Non-Project Grant Aid, has
selected projects quickly. In the course of selecting candidate
project components, the Steering Committee has widely gathered
information on components with urgent restoration needs from local
and central government agencies. This action was performed in a
short time period, resulting in the selection of project components
that obviously required urgent restoration as claimed by the local
residents affected by the tsunami.
• Quick Preparation of Facility Design Draft tender documents
were prepared within two months after the commencement of the
Project due to the urgency of facility rehabilitation and to resume
their functions as early as possible. The other reason why the JICA
Project Team prepared the design and tender documents in such a
short time was that damaged facilities simply required restoration
to their original forms, without time-consuming studies.
11.2 Recommendations
This section summarizes recommendations on rehabilitation
activities in Sri Lanka, based on achievements and evaluations of
the Project.
11.2.1 Preparation of a List of Lessons and Checkpoints on the
Disaster Rehabilitation
In the Project, the JICA Project Team made the hypothesis that
the methodology of using a list of lessons and checkpoints for
disaster rehabilitation would be useful to identify bottlenecks and
necessary administrative activities quickly. The bottlenecks and
necessary activities were clarified according to the list developed
after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Japan. Through the
evaluation, it became clear that the methodology was quite useful
for tsunami rehabilitation in Sri Lanka, although it was necessary
to adapt contents to the situation in the Sri Lanka case. It is
recommended that one government agency collect issues on tsunami
rehabilitation from various government agencies, donors, and NGOs,
and summarize them into one list. This list should be open to the
public and disseminated to local authorities for rehabilitation of
additional disasters.
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Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
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Since the situation varies considerably according to the phase
of rehabilitation, lists for each phase need to be prepared. In the
Project, the JICA Project Team used only the list for initial
recovery phase. At least, it is necessary to prepare lists for the
emergency phase, evacuation phase, initial rehabilitation phase,
and full-scale rehabilitation phase. Besides the list for tsunamis,
it is also considered beneficial to have ones for floods and
landslides, as these will be quite useful for effective
rehabilitation in Sri Lanka.
11.2.2 Enhancement of Co-assistance Activities for Community
Rehabilitation
Based on Japanese experience, the JICA Project Team introduced
the concept of co-assistance to develop the strategy of community
rehabilitation. Three Pilot Projects for community assistance were
formulated and implemented from the point of view of enhancement of
co-assistance activities such as the establishment of committees,
recovery of micro-finance schemes, and provision of training
opportunities. Through the evaluation of these activities, it
became clear that co-assistance activities improved internal
relationships, mutual trust, and external networks. It was also
observed that these improvements improved synergies in terms of
assistance for physical, financial and human assets, and promoted
rehabilitation of community. Considering the above findings, it is
recommended that assistance of co-assistance activities be expanded
to other tsunami-affected communities nationwide. As the first
step, it is very important to disseminate a concept of
co-assistance among government authorities, communities, and NGOs.
Local authorities need to take the initiative of enhancing
co-assistance activities in all affected communities, closely
cooperated with NGOs and donors. The details are shown in Section
11.1 in the report.
11.2.3 Promotion of Regional Disaster Management
As well as rehabilitation, preparation for future disasters is
quite an important issue in this stage. The JICA Project Team
focused on disaster management in the Matara urban area. Through a
review of existing measures, it was clear that disaster management
in Matara was insufficient. It is recommended that comprehensive
disaster management measures be implemented in Matara area as soon
as possible. Disaster prevention measures are expected to prevent
or reduce physical damage from disasters directly, such as the
construction of seawalls and strong buildings in dangerous
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area. Emergency preparedness and response are measures for
planning and preparing for emergency activities, including
early-warning systems and emergency evacuation areas/routes, as
well as disaster awareness measures. In addition, establishment of
the Disaster Management Committee in Matara is recommended for
promotion of the implementation these measures. The details of each
measure are shown in Section 10.3 in the report. As a priority
measure for disaster management, the JICA Project Team prepared a
preliminary tsunami hazard map and tsunami/flood disaster maps. It
is recommended that local authorities effectively use these maps in
the following ways: (i) to authorize dangerous zones in reference
to them; and (ii) to distribute them to government staff and
community members for disaster awareness.
1) Phasing of Disaster Rehabilitation As is explained in Chapter
2 of this report, there are several phases in disaster
rehabilitation, including the: (i) emergency rescue phase; (ii)
evacuation phase; (iii) initial full-scale rehabilitation phase;
and (iv) full-scale rehabilitation phase. Co-assistance can be
applied in any of these phases.
2) Motivation to Prepare for Another Disaster Many communities
and governmental agencies are still very much motivated for
disaster prevention. It is best to disseminate the lessons learned
while people are motivated. 3) Integration of Disaster Preparation
and Rehabilitation If the co-assistance approach is to be
disseminated, the three steps mentioned in the previous section
(i.e., survey, policy, and training) should include aspects of
disaster preparedness.
11.2.4 Dissemination of the Project Results
As described above, the Project produced valuable
recommendations on regional rehabilitation processes. It is very
important to widely disseminate these results. There are two
targets for dissemination, communities and government officers. All
three recommendations (including a list of lessons and
checkpoints), as well as co-assistance, and disaster management
aspects, needs to be disseminated to central government agencies
and local authorities through workshops and seminars. For
communities, it is useful to raise the awareness of co-assistance
and disaster management through
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11-7
workshops, seminars, and public relations. The details of the
awareness activities are shown in Sections 10.4 and 11.1.
(1) Dissemination of Co-assistance Approach
Through implementation of the Pilot Projects, the JICA Project
Team realized that the co-assistance approach works. The question
is how this approach can be spread to other parts of Sri Lanka.
Since the Pilot Projects targeted a very limited part of the
tsunami-affected population (even in Matara) and only a few
government officers were actually involved in their implementation,
the immediate influence of the co-assistance approach has been
quite limited. People in Sri Lanka are relatively well-educated and
have a tradition of mutual help. Community development projects of
the National Housing Development Authority, as well as of
Sarvodaya, are widely-practiced in Sri Lanka in line with the
co-assistance approach. Communities in this country have
substantial foundations to build co-assistance structures upon.
(2) Target Community Groups
One year after the disaster, all the tsunami-affected population
has received external assistance to some extent, recovering their
livelihoods that existed prior to the disaster. As such, it may not
be the best time to organize new societies and associations in
order to start co-assistance work for rehabilitation. However,
strengthening existing grassroots organizations has enough
justification to accelerate the well-being of the people.
Co-assistance work can be applied to many kinds of organizations
such as:
• Various cooperatives (agriculture, fishery, consumers, etc.);
• Community-Based Organizations like committees under Grama
Niradari; • Age-based groups like community youth associations; •
Parent and teacher associations at each school or student groups;
and • Religious groups at each Buddhist temple, Hindu kovil,
mosque, and church.
These parties or Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) can be the
targets for dissemination work, however, there should also be
facilitators of co-assistance extension work.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
11-8
(3) Three Steps of Co-assistance Dissemination
The JICA Project Team has experienced various constraints
concerning how to buildup co-assistance during the course of Pilot
Projects. This experience should be shared with a broad set of
disaster rehabilitation stakeholders in Sri Lanka. Three steps to
disseminate co-assistance are proposed as follows.
1) Survey Of Existing Community-based Organizations and Their
Achievements This survey is to identify effective CBOs for
rehabilitation. Good practices were collected from all the
potential target areas. These results may be used to develop CBO
database and used to repeat good practices. Survey results can be
used for subsequent steps.
2) Policy Development at the Government Level A central
government agency, together with the District Secretaries of each
area, should take initiatives to establish policies and rules of
co-assistance. An example of this policy is the organization of
residents associations in each refugee camp during the next
disaster. Typical dissemination tools include seminars and training
sessions for government officials at the central or local level as
following.
• Training on public administration for co-assistance
facilitation This training is for high-ranking government officials
and includes investigation of disaster- prone communities and
discussions about disaster rehabilitation, disaster awareness, and
disaster preparedness.
• Training on enhancement of co-assistance activities for
tsunami-affected communities This training is designated for
government officials on the rural or grassroots level. Venues
include best practices of community rehabilitation in
Tsunami-related countries and training of facilitators for
enhancement of community activities. Participants have received the
training in a practical manner, so that officers can obtain
distinct ideas on how co-assistance works on the community
level.
• Policy coordination with NGOs NGOs’ activities contribute a
great deal to community rehabilitation. Government agencies,
especially at the local level, need to coordinate with NGOs for the
dissemination of co-assistance. Local agencies should have seminars
or meetings with NGOs on how to introduce and implement
co-assistance activities for sustainable rehabilitation.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
11-9
3) Dissemination on the Community Level The following measures
are proposed for dissemination of co-assistance on the community
level.
• Group training for community leader Until each community
understands the importance of co-assistance, co-assistance
activities will not be disseminated widely. Government agencies
closely cooperating with NGOs should provide group trainings for
community leaders and committee members in order to introduce the
co-assistance activities into the community as a first step to
disseminate co-assistance to each community.
• Assistance of establishment of community organization The
establishment of community organization is essential. During the
Pilot Projects preceding the actual Project, the JICA Project Team
promoted target communities to establish steering committees and
the committees took an important role for various community
activities. Local agencies, or NGOs, should assist to establish
such committees in target communities, and encourage them to take
leadership in their communities.
• Monitoring of co-assistance activities Even though
co-assistance activities can promote sustainable rehabilitation
with the initiative of communities, it is expected that there are
many implementation issues on various co-assistance activities,
especially in the introduction period. Local agencies and NGOs
should frequently monitor community activities and advise them or
provide assistance if it is necessary. Financial or physical
assistance through committees is highly recommended because such
assistance can enhance internal coordination and bonding of
communities. On the other hands, assistance directly to each
community member can easily discourage the initiative of
coordination and cooperation among community members.
11.2.5 Subsequent Follow-up for the Project
1) Necessary Activities for Project Follow-up In regards to the
implementation of recommendations, the following activities are
recommended for short-term implementation by the Sri Lankan side
and JICA.
• Sri Lankan side: - Dissemination by distributing copies of the
report to concerned agencies; - Handover of the Pilot Project from
the JICA Project Team to government agencies;
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
11-10
- Continuation of the Pilot Projects by government agencies,
with close cooperation from Berendina;
- Promotion of co-assistance dissemination through the following
three steps: (i) survey of existing community-based organizations
and their achievements; (ii) policy development at the government
level; and (iii) trainings and seminars;
- Preparation of lists of lessons and checkpoints according to
the phase of rehabilitation and type of disaster (by a committee
specifically formed for the purpose); and
- Promotion of short-term measures on disaster management, such
as the implementation of awareness programs with hazard maps and
the establishment of a disaster management committee.
• JICA: - Support of the continuation of Pilot Projects, which
are to be implemented by GA
and Berendina (NGOs). In regards to the follow-up of the Pilot
Project, the following institutional settings should be
implemented.
2) Proposed Institutional Settings for Pilot Projects The JICA
Project Team has built the following structures to execute the
Pilot Projects:
• Each project has one or two government agencies as the
counterparts; • For each Pilot Project, beneficiaries formed a
society or an association for the purpose
of achieving project goals;
• Berendina, a Sri Lankan NGO, has managed the operation of the
Pilot Projects; and • The steering committee of each Pilot Project
includes representatives from
beneficiaries, government agencies, local NGOs, and the JICA
Project Team. Co-assistance is a mechanism that tsunami-affected
people use to organize their own society or association to
effectively control and facilitate rehabilitation. This does not
mean that co-assistance mechanism should be free of external
assistance, however. On the contrary, obtaining assistance from
government, donors, and NGOs is a very important part of the
co-assistance mechanism. The diagram below illustrates the
operational structure of the Pilot Projects.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
11-11
Source: Project Team
Figure 11.1 Organizational Structure for Pilot Project
Implementation
Figure 11.2 shows a suggested structure for Pilot Project
implementation after the JICA Team departs in March 2006.
Source: Project Team
Figure 11.2 Pilot Project Structure after March 2006
Finally, it was concluded that governmental agency involvement
is essential. The JICA Project Team exchanged Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) with the governmental agencies mentioned in
Table 11.1 below. MOUs for the three Pilot Projects are attached
in
Association of Affected People
Local NGO Government Agencies
Beneficiary
Association of Affected People
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Additional Support from Donors
(Including Japan)
Association of Affected People
JICA Project Team
Government Agencies
Steering Committee (JICA Team as Secretariat)
Local NGO (Contract with JICA)
Beneficiary
Association of Affected People
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
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Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for Tsunami
Affected Area of Southern Region in the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report
11-12
Annexes 4-8, 5-8, and 6-7. These government agencies are also in
a position to extend co-assistance approaches to other parts of the
nation.
Table 11.1 Government Agencies that Supported Pilot Projects
Pilot Project Government Agencies
1 Refugee Camps District Secretary, Divisional Secretary 2
Fishery Cooperative
Societies Fishery Department (Matara branch office of Central
Government Department) Cooperative Office (Matara branch office of
Southern Provincial Council)
3 Small Industries Industrial Development Board Source: Project
Team
A local NGO, the Berendina Foundation, has been undertaking the
manager of Pilot Project implementation, while the JICA Team has
acted as the supervisor. Considerable know-how in managing
co-assistance projects has been accumulated in this NGO. The JICA
Team also expects Berendina to stay in Matara and continue its
support of beneficiary societies and associations. The associations
have reached a point where they do not require daily support for
their activities, thus only monitoring and occasional consultation
activities would be sufficient for sustainable co-assistance
activities.
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PART IV SUPPORT OF MID-TERM REHABILITATION PLANChapter 10
Suggestions for Regional Rehabilitation Plan10.5 Preparation of
Hazard Maps10.5.3 Questionnarie Survey10.5.4 Tsuanami /Flood
Disaster Map10.5.5 Tsuanami Simulation10.5.6 Preliminary TSunami
Hazard Map
10.6 Implemetation of Awareness Activities10.6.1 JICA-Net
Seminar10.6.2 Seminar on Disaster Management
Chapter 11 Conclusions11.1 Conclusions11.1.1 Summary of
Conclusion11.1.2 Lesson Leamed from the Project
11.2 Recommendations11.2.1 Preparation of a List of Lesson and
Checkpoints on the Disaster Rehabilitation11.2.2 Enahancement of
Co-assistance Activities for Community Rehabilitation11.2.3
Promotion of Regional Disaster Management11.2.4 Dissemination of
the Project Results11.2.5 Subsequent Follow-up for Project