1.040/1.401 1.040/1.401 Project Management Project Management Spring 2007 Spring 2007 Project Organization Part I Project Organization Part I Delivery Systems Delivery Systems Dr. SangHyun Lee Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Project Organization Part IProject Organization Part IDelivery SystemsDelivery Systems
Dr. SangHyun Lee
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Owner: Internal StructureThe Owner: Internal Structure
Capital Projects Officer: Capital Projects Officer: Strategic PlanningStrategic PlanningFinancial Officer: Financial Officer: Financial PlanningFinancial PlanningOwnerOwner’’s Project Manager:s Project Manager: Tactical Level Supervision Tactical Level Supervision OwnerOwner’’s Inspector: s Inspector: Operational DecisionsOperational DecisionsEnd Users: End Users: Directly or Indirectly Represented Directly or Indirectly Represented
Source: Peña-Mora et al., 2004
Owner's Organization
CPO
Financial Officer
Owner's ProjectManager
Owner's Inspector
End Users
Figure by MIT OCW.
The OwnerThe Owner
Typical InterestTypical Interest
To achieve an efficient product delivery mechanism with a simpleTo achieve an efficient product delivery mechanism with a simplestructure of responsibility structure of responsibility
reduce schedule and cost, increase quality, reduce claims, increreduce schedule and cost, increase quality, reduce claims, increase ase innovation and constructability, and increase flexibility in botinnovation and constructability, and increase flexibility in both their h their capital investment and the construction process)capital investment and the construction process)
Perfect Owner?Perfect Owner?
The one whose only requirement is some respect for the budgetThe one whose only requirement is some respect for the budget
The one that knows exactly what needs to be done and howThe one that knows exactly what needs to be done and how
Public & Private OwnersPublic & Private Owners
Public OwnersPublic OwnersState, Municipal or Federal Government, State, Municipal or Federal Government, DoDDoD, , DoEDoEUsually Large ProjectsUsually Large ProjectsVery WellVery Well--Defined Procedures Defined Procedures Careful Project Financing (Political accountability)Careful Project Financing (Political accountability)
Private OwnersPrivate OwnersRanging from Real Estate Developers to OneRanging from Real Estate Developers to One--Time ProjectsTime ProjectsUsually Smaller Projects (occasionally Larger Projects also)Usually Smaller Projects (occasionally Larger Projects also)More Informal ProceduresMore Informal ProceduresUsually More Innovation, CostUsually More Innovation, Cost--Efficiency and FlexibilityEfficiency and Flexibility
GovGov’’tt Contracts Operations & Maintenance of Existing Facility with Contracts Operations & Maintenance of Existing Facility with a Private Entitya Private Entity
GovGov’’tt Sells a Facility to the Private SectorSells a Facility to the Private Sector
GovGov’’tt Contracts a Company to BuildContracts a Company to Build--OperateOperate--Transfer a ProjectTransfer a Project
The Design TeamThe Design TeamThe ArchitectThe Architect
11stst Contact of the OwnerContact of the OwnerUsually in Contract with the OwnerUsually in Contract with the OwnerSelected by Selected by ““CompetitionCompetition”” Based on Qualifications or Selected based Based on Qualifications or Selected based on Personal Preferenceson Personal PreferencesFiduciary Relationship in which one party, the owner, places speFiduciary Relationship in which one party, the owner, places special cial trust, confidence, and reliance in and is influenced by another trust, confidence, and reliance in and is influenced by another (the (the architect) & vice versaarchitect) & vice versa
Cesar Cesar PelliPelli & Associates Architects& Associates ArchitectsEstablished in 1977Established in 1977Estimated number of employees: 80 Estimated number of employees: 80 Works with corporate, governmental & Works with corporate, governmental & private clientsprivate clientsDesigns public spaces, museums, airports, Designs public spaces, museums, airports, laboratories, performing art centers, laboratories, performing art centers, academic buildings, hotels, office & academic buildings, hotels, office & residential towersresidential towersAwardsAwards
AIA 1989 Firm AwardAIA 1989 Firm AwardAIA 1995 Gold Medal AwardAIA 1995 Gold Medal Award
Signature projectsSignature projectsPetronasPetronas Towers Towers –– Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, MalysiaMalysiaCitiCiti Group Tower Group Tower –– London, UKLondon, UKVisit website on Visit website on www.cesarwww.cesar--pelli.compelli.com for for complete list of projectscomplete list of projects
Source: www.cesar-pelli.com
Petronas TowersAmong tallest buildings in the world452 m Above Street Level
The Engineering Team The Engineering Team -- ExampleExampleParsonsParsons
Established in 1944Established in 1944100 % employee owned engineering & 100 % employee owned engineering & construction companyconstruction companyEstimated number of employees: 9,000Estimated number of employees: 9,000Delivers designDelivers design--build projects to governmental build projects to governmental & private clients& private clientsSpecializes in: Aviation, bridges & tunnels, Specializes in: Aviation, bridges & tunnels, commercial & industrial facilities, education & commercial & industrial facilities, education & healthcare buildings, environmental structures, healthcare buildings, environmental structures, roads & highways, rails & transitroads & highways, rails & transitLandmark projectsLandmark projects
BaiyunBaiyun International Airport International Airport –– Guangzhou, Guangzhou, ChinaChinaPierce County Tacoma Narrows Bridge Pierce County Tacoma Narrows Bridge ––Washington, USAWashington, USADominican Republic National Strategic Master Dominican Republic National Strategic Master Plan for ConstructionPlan for Construction–– Dominican RepublicDominican RepublicVisit website on Visit website on www.parsons.comwww.parsons.com for complete for complete list of projectslist of projects
Source: www.parsons.com
Baiyun International Airport-Covering 13.5 square km (8.38 square miles)-Capable of handling 25 million passengers and 186,000 aircraft operations annually
Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions.
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: The ContractorThe Contractor’’s Project Managers Project Manager
Oversees Entire Project but Mainly Deals with:Oversees Entire Project but Mainly Deals with:
Owner RelationsOwner Relations
ScheduleSchedule
ClaimsClaims
Cost and Budget IssuesCost and Budget Issues
Major Engineering Issues related to ConstructionMajor Engineering Issues related to Construction
Subcontractor IssuesSubcontractor Issues
SafetySafety
Quality ControlQuality Control
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: EstimatorEstimator
Quantity Take OffQuantity Take Off
Item Description Drawings Dimension 1 Dimension 2 Units Total SFCA1 SF 2119
1 B1Bottom Forms S-04, S-12 (40'0") 4 18" SF 240Side Forms S-04, S-12 (40'0") 4 28" SF 373
2 B2Bottom Forms S-04, S-12 (36'0") 2 18" SF 108Side Forms S-04, S-12 (36'0") 2 28" SF 168
3 B3Bottom Forms S-05, S-13 (28'0") 6 9" SF 126Side Forms S-05, S-14 (28'0") 6 16" SF 224
4 B4Bottom Forms S-05, S-13 (44'0") 4 28" SF 411Side Forms S-05, S-14 (44'0") 4 32" SF 469
First Floor Level
Formwork For Beams
Error & Omissions are typical in quantity takeError & Omissions are typical in quantity take--offoff’’s, but they cost real moneys, but they cost real money
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: SchedulerScheduler
Produces and Maintains Job Schedule with the Help of the Produces and Maintains Job Schedule with the Help of the Engineers and SuperintendentsEngineers and Superintendents
Early Involvement in the ProjectEarly Involvement in the Project
Dealing with Multiple Interfaces (Owner, Designer, Dealing with Multiple Interfaces (Owner, Designer, Superintendents)Superintendents)
Excellent Understanding of the Construction Technology Excellent Understanding of the Construction Technology and Technique Behind the Scheduleand Technique Behind the Schedule
Continuously Modifying the Schedule Continuously Modifying the Schedule
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: Scheduler Work ProductScheduler Work Product
Screenshot removed due to copyright restrictions.
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: SuperintendentSuperintendent
General SuperintendentGeneral Superintendent
Oversees All Operations of Building the ProjectOversees All Operations of Building the Project
Coordinates Subcontractors and Various Field SuperintendentsCoordinates Subcontractors and Various Field Superintendents
Deals with Craft UnionsDeals with Craft Unions
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: SuperintendentSuperintendent
Field (i.e., Assistant) SuperintendentField (i.e., Assistant) SuperintendentOversee Their Specific Field (i.e., expertise) Operations (e.g.,Oversee Their Specific Field (i.e., expertise) Operations (e.g.,Utility, Earth Support, Concrete, Mechanical, Equipment)Utility, Earth Support, Concrete, Mechanical, Equipment)
Direct the Crews that Work in This AreaDirect the Crews that Work in This Area
In Charge of:In Charge of:Time SheetsTime Sheets
SchedulingScheduling
PlanningPlanning
SafetySafety
Quality ControlQuality Control
SubcontractorsSubcontractors
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: EngineerEngineer
Project EngineerProject Engineer
Oversee All Engineering and Administration Functions of the ProjOversee All Engineering and Administration Functions of the Projectect
Work closely together with project managerWork closely together with project manager
Leads problem identification, definition, analysis, solution genLeads problem identification, definition, analysis, solution generation, solution eration, solution implementation and pay requirementsimplementation and pay requirements
ClaimsClaims
Cost ControlCost Control
SubcontractorsSubcontractors
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: EngineerEngineer
Field EngineerField Engineer
Daily Reports of ActivitiesDaily Reports of Activities
Measure Quantities of Work CompletedMeasure Quantities of Work Completed
Help Superintendents with Planning and Ordering Permanent Help Superintendents with Planning and Ordering Permanent MaterialsMaterials
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: EngineerEngineer
Resident EngineerResident Engineer
The Owners Representative on the Job SiteThe Owners Representative on the Job Site
Makes the Decisions for the Owner and the Owners EngineerMakes the Decisions for the Owner and the Owners Engineer
The Construction Team: The Construction Team: SubcontractorSubcontractor
The term refers only to the contractual arrangement not to the The term refers only to the contractual arrangement not to the scope of workscope of work
Company X performs 2 contracts; one for Owner A and the other foCompany X performs 2 contracts; one for Owner A and the other for r Contractor BContractor B
Contractual obligation to the original contractor not the ownerContractual obligation to the original contractor not the owner
Traditional Design Bid BuildTraditional Design Bid Build
Hire a Design Professional in Charge of the Preparation of Hire a Design Professional in Charge of the Preparation of the Design and Contract Documentsthe Design and Contract Documents
Usually Competitive Bid or Negotiation with ContractorsUsually Competitive Bid or Negotiation with Contractors
Contractor in Charge of the Delivery of the Completed Contractor in Charge of the Delivery of the Completed Project (May Decide to Subcontract)Project (May Decide to Subcontract)
The Contractor is the Only One Responsible of the The Contractor is the Only One Responsible of the Execution of the WorkExecution of the Work
Sequential Construction Process Sequential Construction Process
Lump Sum Bid Commonly Adopted whereby Owner assigns Lump Sum Bid Commonly Adopted whereby Owner assigns Project Risks to the Contractor: builtProject Risks to the Contractor: built--in adversarial relationshipin adversarial relationship
TrustTrust--based Collaborative Relationship between A/E (Chosen on based Collaborative Relationship between A/E (Chosen on Qualification Basis) and OwnerQualification Basis) and Owner
Different ParticipantsDifferent Participants’’ Interests:Interests:
Owner: Quality and Value Product, Delivery Schedule, Site SafetyOwner: Quality and Value Product, Delivery Schedule, Site Safety
Contractor: Profit, Construction Time, Relationships, ReputationContractor: Profit, Construction Time, Relationships, Reputation
Advantages of the Traditional MethodAdvantages of the Traditional Method
Well Known MethodWell Known Method
Cost Already DefinedCost Already Defined
Good Contractual Protection for the OwnerGood Contractual Protection for the Owner
Owner Not too Involved in the actual Construction ProcessOwner Not too Involved in the actual Construction Process
Disadvantages of the Traditional MethodDisadvantages of the Traditional Method
Generally, Design not Reviewed for Constructability Before Generally, Design not Reviewed for Constructability Before Construction (i.e., contractorConstruction (i.e., contractor’’s small role in the design phase)s small role in the design phase)
Sequential and Linear Process which Prevents Task Overlapping Sequential and Linear Process which Prevents Task Overlapping and Implementation of Time & Money Saving Strategiesand Implementation of Time & Money Saving Strategies
Few Interactions among the ParticipantsFew Interactions among the Participants
Construction canConstruction can’’t Start until Design is Completet Start until Design is Complete
Campus Recreation Center East, UIUCCampus Recreation Center East, UIUC
Source: http://www.acta.org
GroundbreakingGroundbreaking : : OctoberOctober 20032003FacilityFacility OpenedOpened: March, 2005 : March, 2005 Architect: VOA Associates Inc.Architect: VOA Associates Inc.General General ContractorContractor: William : William BrothersBrothersConstruction, Inc.Construction, Inc.CostCost : $22 million: $22 millionNew additions and New additions and renovationsrenovations includeinclude110,000 sq. 110,000 sq. FtFt of of activityactivity spacespaceAquaticAquatic center center withwith temp. temp. controlledcontrolledpool, pool, waterslidewaterslide and and waterfallwaterfall3 court gymnasium3 court gymnasium1/8 1/8 thth mile, 3 mile, 3 lanelane tracktrack
Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions.
Campus Recreation Center East, UIUCCampus Recreation Center East, UIUC
Source: http://www.acta.org
OwnerUniversity of Illinois Board of
Trustees
Architect of RecordVOA Inc. of Chicago
(Illinois)
General ContractorWilliams Brothers Construction Inc.
Pure Construction ManagementPure Construction Management
The Owner hires, based on qualifications, both a Design Firm The Owner hires, based on qualifications, both a Design Firm and a Construction Management Firm before the beginning of and a Construction Management Firm before the beginning of the construction of the Projectthe construction of the Project
Pure Construction ManagementPure Construction Management
Owner in Fiduciary Relationship with the PCMOwner in Fiduciary Relationship with the PCM
PCM as Facilitator/Mediator in Conflicts PCM as Facilitator/Mediator in Conflicts
PCM Generally Paid a Fixed FeePCM Generally Paid a Fixed Fee
Advantages of Pure CMAdvantages of Pure CM
One Trusted Common Reference Point for Construction: The CM One Trusted Common Reference Point for Construction: The CM
Great Flexibility in the ScheduleGreat Flexibility in the Schedule
Great Flexibility for ChangesGreat Flexibility for Changes
Small Financial Risks for PCMSmall Financial Risks for PCM
Disadvantages of Pure CMDisadvantages of Pure CM
Participants Must All Be Cooperative and have Open CommunicationParticipants Must All Be Cooperative and have Open Communication
All Parties Must Be Committed from the BeginningAll Parties Must Be Committed from the Beginning
Small Incentive for CM (they get paid anyway)Small Incentive for CM (they get paid anyway)
High Risk of Loss of ReputationHigh Risk of Loss of Reputation
Central Artery / Big DigCentral Artery / Big Dig
Source: http://www.bigdig.com
Photograph of elevated Central Artery removed due to copyright restrictions.
Central Artery / Big DigCentral Artery / Big DigMost Complex Highway Project in American HistoryMost Complex Highway Project in American History at at thatthat timetime
The Project Consists of Building 161 Lane Miles of Urban HighwayThe Project Consists of Building 161 Lane Miles of Urban Highway –– About About Half Underground in a 7.5Half Underground in a 7.5--Mile CorridorMile Corridor
Planning for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project Began in 1982Planning for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project Began in 1982
Congress Approved Funding and the Project's Basic Scope in AprilCongress Approved Funding and the Project's Basic Scope in April 19871987
Construction Schedule: 1991 Construction Schedule: 1991 -- 20062006
The CA/T Consists of 118 Separate Construction Projects & 26 GeoThe CA/T Consists of 118 Separate Construction Projects & 26 Geotechnical technical Drilling ContractsDrilling Contracts
During Peak of Construction (1999During Peak of Construction (1999--2002):2002):
Work Completed per Day: $ 3 Million Work Completed per Day: $ 3 Million
Workers on Job Site: 5,000Workers on Job Site: 5,000Source: http://www.bigdig.com
Central Artery / Big DigCentral Artery / Big Dig
Source: http://www.bigdig.com
MTA MTA -- Massachusetts Turnpike AuthorityMassachusetts Turnpike AuthorityB/PB B/PB –– Joint venture of Bechtel & Parsons BrinkerhoffJoint venture of Bechtel & Parsons Brinkerhoff
Construction Management at RiskConstruction Management at Risk
Contractual Relationships between CM and Trade ContractorsContractual Relationships between CM and Trade Contractors
CM usually Guaranteeing Maximum Price (GMP) to Give the CM usually Guaranteeing Maximum Price (GMP) to Give the Owner Security that the Project Will Be Built within BudgetOwner Security that the Project Will Be Built within Budget
Advantages CM at RiskAdvantages CM at Risk
Reduced OwnerReduced Owner’’s Risk for Constructions Risk for Construction
Disadvantages CM at RiskDisadvantages CM at Risk
Owner takes responsibility for design defects / omissionsOwner takes responsibility for design defects / omissions
Owner may not have full control on contract changes as desiredOwner may not have full control on contract changes as desired
The GMP is A Defined Price for An Undefined ProductThe GMP is A Defined Price for An Undefined Product
Source: CII., 1997
Albert and Barrie Albert and Barrie ZesigerZesiger Sports and Sports and Fitness Center, MITFitness Center, MIT
GroundbreakingGroundbreaking : : OctoberOctober 20002000OccupancyOccupancy : 2002 : 2002 DesignedDesigned by the Architectural by the Architectural FirmsFirmsof Roche & of Roche & DinkelooDinkeloo and and SasakiSasakiAssociates Associates CM @ CM @ RiskRisk: Turner Construction Co.: Turner Construction Co.CostCost : $45 million: $45 millionOlympicOlympic--class 50class 50--meter pool meter pool An 11,000An 11,000--squaresquare--foot Fitness Centerfoot Fitness Center
The Owner hires a Design/Build Firm that will complete The Owner hires a Design/Build Firm that will complete both Design and Constructionboth Design and Construction
This firm can be a Design/Build Firm but also a JointThis firm can be a Design/Build Firm but also a Joint--Venture Firm of a Design Firm & Construction Firm for this Venture Firm of a Design Firm & Construction Firm for this specific projectspecific project
The Design/Build Firm hires subcontractorsThe Design/Build Firm hires subcontractors
DesignDesign--BuildBuild
One Contractual Team Responsible for Design and Construction One Contractual Team Responsible for Design and Construction FunctionFunction
Owners put More Emphasis on Schedule Owners put More Emphasis on Schedule
Owner with Enough Knowledge about Design and Construction Owner with Enough Knowledge about Design and Construction to Establish the Initial Parameters, Review Proposals and Monitoto Establish the Initial Parameters, Review Proposals and Monitor r the Processthe Process
Advantages of DBAdvantages of DB
Allows fast tracking Allows fast tracking
Good interactions among Design & Construction participants Good interactions among Design & Construction participants
Easier incorporation of changes in most casesEasier incorporation of changes in most cases
Good for complex projectsGood for complex projects
Disadvantages of DBDisadvantages of DB
Pricing isnPricing isn’’t possible at the beginningt possible at the beginning
Risk of sacrificing quality to protect profitRisk of sacrificing quality to protect profit
May take a direction that the Owner does not really wantMay take a direction that the Owner does not really want
Lack of checks and balancesLack of checks and balances
Alameda CorridorAlameda Corridor
A 20A 20--mile mile RailroadRailroad ExpresslineExpressline thatthatConnectsConnects the Ports of Los Angeles the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, CAand Long Beach, CA
Construction Schedule: 1997Construction Schedule: 1997--20022002
Facility financed, designed, built, and operated by a private Facility financed, designed, built, and operated by a private developerdeveloperLegal way to Legal way to ““leaselease”” to a concessionaire for a fixed time period to a concessionaire for a fixed time period governmentgovernment--owned/ governmentowned/ government--built facilitiesbuilt facilitiesConcession that at the completion of the concession period, the Concession that at the completion of the concession period, the facility is facility is ““returnedreturned”” to the original owner (government agency)to the original owner (government agency)The government may guarantee a level of service & pay if it is The government may guarantee a level of service & pay if it is shortshortEither agreedEither agreed--upon price or as payment for the concessionupon price or as payment for the concessionDesigned to take advantage of lower cost or Designed to take advantage of lower cost or ““tax freetax free”” funding funding provided by governmentsprovided by governments
The Channel Tunnel, England-France
A 50 Km undersea / underground tunnel connecting England to FranceInfrastructure consists of two main tunnels and one service tunnel (located in the center) Construction Schedule: 1987-1994Estimated Cost (1987 Dollars): $9.1 Billion Actual Cost on Completion (1994 Dollars): $21 Billion Eurotunnel, a consortium of Channel Tunnel Group (British Contractor) and France Manche (French Contractor) is the owner and operator of the channelThe English Channel Consists of Multiple Construction Projects
Source: Winch, 1998 Figures by MIT OCW.
Sea
Seabed
Westbound Tunnel Piston Relief Ducts
Service Tunnel
Eastbound Tunnel
English Channel
England
France
London
Folkestone Coquelles
Paris
The Channel Tunnel, EnglandThe Channel Tunnel, England--FranceFrance
Advantages of the 3 Most Common Advantages of the 3 Most Common Delivery MethodsDelivery Methods
Type of contracts Trad
itio
nal
App
roac
h
Des
ign
Build
Cons
truc
tion
M
anag
emen
t
AdvantagesLegal and contractual precedent XCost determined before contract commitment XFast-tracked construction allowed X XMinimum owner involvement X XCost benefit from competition X XNegotiation with quality contractor for unique expertise X XAllow adjustment to new conditions without changing agreement X XSingle firm control of design/construct process X
Adapted from: Gould & Joyce, 2003
Disadvantages of the 3 Most Common Disadvantages of the 3 Most Common Delivery MethodsDelivery Methods
Type of contracts Trad
itio
nal
App
roac
h
Des
ign
Build
Cons
truc
tion
M
anag
emen
t
DisadvantagesDesign does not benefit from construction expertise XDesign construction time is the longest XAdversarial relationship owner/designer vs contractor XContract agreement affected by changes XFew checks and balances XCost control occurs late in project XContract amount may be complicated by continual contractor negotiations XContract agreement affected by unforeseen conditions X
~x~x
~x~x
Adapted from: Gould & Joyce, 2003
CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB -- ComparisonComparison
Adapted from: CII, 1997
Study Study conductedconducted by CII (Construction Industry Institute) on 350 by CII (Construction Industry Institute) on 350 construction projectsconstruction projectsProvides industry with considerations to aid in delivery method Provides industry with considerations to aid in delivery method selectionselectionKey project data for projects under a certain delivery system weKey project data for projects under a certain delivery system were re collected. These include:collected. These include:
Design & construction cost growthDesign & construction cost growthDesign & construction schedule growthDesign & construction schedule growthConstruction Speed (Sq. Ft./Month)Construction Speed (Sq. Ft./Month)Quality / Turnover: startup difficulty, call backs, operations &Quality / Turnover: startup difficulty, call backs, operations & maintenancemaintenance
CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB -- ComparisonComparison
Adapted from: CII, 1997
Design & construction cost growth = 100 * (Final Project Cost – Contract Award Cost)/ Contract Award Cost
DBB has highest cost growth at 4.83 percent
DB has lowest cost growth at 2.17 percent
Design & construction schedule growth = 100 * (Total As Built Time – Total As Planned Time)/ Total As Planned Time
DBB has highest schedule growth at 4.4 percent
DB & CM@R have zero schedule growth
0 1 2 3 4 5
3.37
2.17
4.83DBB
DB
CM@R
Median Cost Growth (%)
Design and Construction Cost Growth
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0
4.4DBB
DB
CM@R
Median Design & ConstructionSchedule Growth (%)
Design and Construction Schedule Growth
Figure by MIT OCW.
CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB -- ComparisonComparison
Adapted from: CII, 1997
Construction Speed (Sq. Ft./Month) = [Area / (Total As Built TimConstruction Speed (Sq. Ft./Month) = [Area / (Total As Built Time in Days/30)] e in Days/30)] DB & CM@R have median in 8,000 to 9,000 square feet per monthDB & CM@R have median in 8,000 to 9,000 square feet per monthDBB has median in 5,000 to 5,500 square feet per monthDBB has median in 5,000 to 5,500 square feet per month
0 2 4 6 8 10
8192
9091
5135DBB
DB
CM@R
Median Construction Speed(1000s of Square Feet/Month)
Construction Speed
Figure by MIT OCW.
CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB CM @ Risk, DB, & DBB -- ComparisonComparison