10/24/2015 Peter I (the Great) and his reforms History 304.

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Peter I (the Great) and his reforms

History 304

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But first…Pre-Petrine Muscovy• Kievan Rus’, 880-

1250• First East Slavic polity• Founded by

Varangian traders – Rus’

• Not “Russian” or “Ukrainian” or “Belorussian”

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Kievan Rus’ – Key Moment

•Volodymer the Great, 958-1015

•Converted to Christianity in 988.

•Linked to Byzantium.

•Christianization was a slow process, never completed.

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The Mongol Empire, 1206-1368

Mongol Conquests (1206-1258)Mongol Conquests (1206-1258)

• Temujin (TEH-moo-jeen)• Declared himself: Genghis

Khan (b. 1162; r. 1206-1227)• Really: Чингис Хаан, Chingis

Khaan = “Ocean King” (Turkish: Cengiz Han)– United Mongol tribes,

“of all those who live in felt tents.”

– Used Tengri - the Sky-God - to justify his rule

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Why did they begin to expand?Why did they begin to expand?

• No one really knows• few written records• Booty?• Climatic change? – Population high, temperatures

fell, pastures decreased• Population growth?• Steppelanders being steppelanders?

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Pre-Mongol EurasiaPre-Mongol Eurasia

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Conquests by Chingis’s death (1227)Conquests by Chingis’s death (1227)

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Why were the Mongol armies so successful?Why were the Mongol armies so successful?

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Why were the Mongol armies so successful?Why were the Mongol armies so successful?• Simple, but effective

• All males, 15-60, were eligible for conscription

• army was only source of honor

• Trained using massive hunts

• Great discipline

• Equipped for mobility and speed: lightly armored, no supply lines; couriers

• Careful planning, reconnaissance, intelligence

• Decimal system of organization: arbats (tens), zuuts (100s), myanghan (1000s), tumen (10,000s = roughly a division)

• Very good at adapting to various conditions.

• Became adept at siege warfare; recruited well; built effective catapults.

• Combined various types of armed force: mounted archers, lancers, engineers, rockets, and smoke.

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Ghengis Khan died in 1227 C.E.Ghengis Khan died in 1227 C.E.• Mongol leaders

returned to Karakorum, capital of Mongolia, for a kuriltai.

• The empire at this point covered nearly 26 million sq. km.

• About four times the size of the Roman or Macedonian Empires.

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Conquests by Chinggis’s death (1227)Conquests by Chinggis’s death (1227)

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Post-Chingis conquestsPost-Chingis conquests• 1237: Under the leadership of Batu

Khan, the Mongols returned to the West and began their campaign to subjugate Kievan Rus’.

• 1240: Mongols sacked Kiev.• 1241: Mongols destroyed German,

Magyar and Polish forces, and seemed unstoppable, but Ogodei khan’s death forced kuriltai; replaced by Mongke.

• 1258: Mongols occupied Baghdad ending Abbasid caliphate.

• 1260: The battle of Ain Jalut: Mamluks defeated Mongols.

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Mongol rule and Mongol PeaceMongol rule and Mongol Peace• Khanates• Use of local elites (Persian merchant was the

great Khan’s ambassador to the Mongol Il-khan in Persia.)

• Tax farming• Mongol rulers tended to focus on feasting,

hunting, and internal disputes rather than day-to-day governing.

• Very flexible and tolerant: “But just as God has given different fingers to the hand, so He has given different religions to people.”

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Mongol Conquests in the Slavic Mongol Conquests in the Slavic worldworld

• Fall of Kiev, 1240• “Mongol Yoke”?• Batu (r. 1240-1255)

established “Golden Horde” rule– Mongol capital at Sarai– Taxes eventually

farmed out to local princes.

• Rise of Novgorod and Moscow– Alexander Nevskii (ca.

1220-1263) argued for cooperation with Mongols rather than resistance.

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Grand Duchy of Muscovy, 1263 and 1547

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Map of Muscovy, 1533

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Ivan III (the Great; r. 1462–1505)

• Grand Prince of Moscow• "Grand Prince of all Russia"

(Великий князь всея Руси) • “Gatherer of the Russian lands“• Tripled the territory of his state• Renovated Moscow’s kremlin• Laid the foundations of the

emerging state. • Supposedly, threw off the “Tatar

Yoke.”• Quran in the Kremlin!• “Albus Rex” to the West

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Ivan IV (the Formidable), b. 1530; r. 1533-1584

•“Terrible” is a poor translation of “Groznyi.”•Very misunderstood•Became “Grand Prince” at age three; mother Elena then ruled till 1538.•Horrible childhood•Crowned “tsar” 1547•Conquered Kazan (1552), Astrakhan (1556) and Siberia•Endured great pain

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Time of Troubles, 1598-1613• 1565 – Ivan created the Oprichnina• not “the first secret police”• 1581: killed his son, Ivan (b. 1554).• 1584: Ivan IV died.• Feodor I, not raised for it, then “ruled” 1584-1598 • Boris Godunov, his brother-in-law• 1598: Feodor died without male heir.• Godunov elected to replace him, but died

suddenly in 1605.

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Time of Troubles, 1598-1613

• Godunov’s son Feodor took the throne, but was soon murdered, along with his mother.

• Chaos ensued.• Ended with the victory of Filaret, Patriarch of

the Romanov family.• Mikhail Romanov elected tsar in 1613.• Stressed connection to Ivan IV through

Anastasia and often sought nobles’ advice.

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The Romanovs

• Mikhail Romanov ruled 1613-1645, a long life (1596-1645).

• But Filaret really ruled until his death: 1633.

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Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, b. 1629, r. 1645-1676

•Bohdan Khmelnytskyi uprising•Pereyaslav Treaty (1654): Ukraine as breadbasket and window to West•Polish war•Treaty of Andrusovo (1667): Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine•Then wars with Sweden and Poland – few gains

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Wives and Children and Alexei Mikhailovich

•1649: Alexei married Maria Miloslavskaya.•Maria gave birth to thirteen children over twenty-one years : •five sons and eight daughters•She died in 1669, a few weeks after giving birth to the 13th child.

Nataliya Naryshkina, 1651–1694

•January 1671: Alexei married Nataliya Naryshkina.•1672: She bore him Peter, eventually Peter I, “the Great.”•Two daughters: •Nataliya•Fyodora

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Peter Alekseevich (I, the Great)

• Born 30 May 1762 (actually: 7180)• Two surviving older, half-brothers

(Miloslavskaya): Feodor (b. 1661) and Ivan (b. 1666).

• Feodor III reigned 1676 to 1682 (with Artamom Matveev).

• Feodor died without leaving an heir.• Ivan was sickly and “weak-minded.”

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Artamom Matveev, (1625 - 1682)

• Kingmaker• Alexei’s chief advisor• Naryshkin family

leader• Tried to get Peter

made sole ruler in 1682

• Killed in streltsy revolt (1682)

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Sophia Alekseyevna (Miloslavskaya), r. 1682-1689

• Very intelligent• Ruthless• Used the Streltsy to

gain power.• Allied with Prince

Vasily Golitsyn.• Destined to fail.