100 Years Os Orthodontics

100 Years of Orthodontic

History

A J O - D O C e n t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n H o n o r i n g O u r P a s t1 9 1 5 q 2 0 1 5B u i l d i n g O u r F u t u r e

As the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics marks its Centennial, we pause to recognize some of the important events of the last 100 years. The pages of the Journal, 1915 to 2014, were combed and a list of events was compiled. Some of these events were major, some minor. The importance of others might only be known 100 years from now. This Timeline complements “100 Years of Publishing, 100 People of Influence,” in the May 2015 Supplement, and “Author, Author,” in the July 2015 issue.

Prepared by Rolf G. Behrents, Editor-in-Chief Lisa Troehler, Graphic Designer Chris Burke, Managing Editor

Acknowledgment: Thanks to Norman Wahl, whose 16-part series in the AJO-DO, Orthodontics in 3 millennia, provided much of the information for this display.

1915 First issue of International Journal of Orthodontia published by Mosby Martin Dewey, editor

1915 First article in issue 1 of the Journal features figures created from 4 X 5 glass photographic plates Albert H. Ketcham

1915 World War I waging in Europe (started in 1914)

1915 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO

1915 First graduate orthodontic program initiated (discontinued in 1919) Harvard-Forsyth

1915 “Colorado brown stain” (mottled teeth) described and link with water supply suggested; stained teeth were resistant to decay G.V. Black and Frederick S. McKay

1916 Ribbon arch Edward H. Angle

1916 Plaster facemasks used to align models with the face Justus A.W. van Loon

1917 Lingual arch with soldered springs introduced John V. Mershon

1918 World War I ends

1918 First full-time orthodontic teacher A. Leroy Johnson

1918 High labial arch Lloyd S. Lourie

1918 First woman to head an orthodontic department Elizabeth Richardson

1918 Myofunctional therapy introduced Alfred P. Rogers

1919 Rotary dial telephone Bell System

1919 Crozat appliance George B. Crozat

1920 “Gnathostatic” procedure to reproduce jaw and facial relationships Paul W. Simon

1920s Orthodontic research using monkeys Albin Oppenheim

1922 First use of the term “cephalometrics” Benno E. Lischer

1923 First orthodontic graduate program leading to an M.S. degree University of Michigan

1923 Concept of “apical base” Axel Lundström

1924 First orthodontic college Angle College of Orthodontia

1924 Stainless steel (“18-8”) patented William H. Hatfield

1924 Orbital Law of the Canine (“gnathostatics”) Paul W. Simon

1925 Edgewise arch Edward H. Angle

1925 X-ray holder added to Todd’s craniometer (= roentgenographic craniometer) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.

1925 Norwegian system of orthodontics Karl Haüpl and Viggo Andresen

1925 Last graduate of the Angle School in Pasadena (“Orthodontist to the Stars,” he treated Ginger Rogers, Loretta Young, and children of Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Ronald Reagan, etc.) Matthew Connor Lasher

1926 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (alternate meeting) AAO

1926 Roentgenographic craniometer adapted to hold the head of living person (= roentgenographic cephalometer) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.

1926 Edgewise appliances (“new mechanism”) first used, at request of Edward H. Angle Allan G. Brodie

1926 Carnegie Report on Dental Education issued; it led to the decline of the preceptor program and rise of university-based education William J. Gies

1926 First International Orthodontic Congress New York

1926 Brush Inquiry initiated at Western Reserve University in Cleveland T. Wingate Todd

1926 “Orthodontics: An Historical Overview of its Origins and Evolution” published Bernhard W. Weinberger

1927 Stainless steel (aka “rustless steel”) appliances developed Lucien De Coster and Rudolph Schwarz

1927 McCoy open-tube appliance (self-ligating) James D. McCoy

1928 Edgewise appliance with rectangular bracket slot introduced Edward H. Angle

1928 Root resorption attributed to rigid, strong wires and overloaded teeth Albert H. Ketcham

1928 Slogan “See your dentist twice a year” coined Pepsodent

1929 First dental specialty board formed at the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado American Board of Orthodontics

1929 Law passed recognizing orthodontics as separate from medicine and dentistry (later repealed) Arizona

1929 Universal appliance invented (not introduced until 1937) Spencer R. Atkinson

1929 Bolton Study initiated at Western Reserve University in Cleveland (it was combined with the Brush Inquiry in 1970) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.

1929 Research on use of the roentgenographic cephalometer presented in Europe B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.

1992 Distraction osteogenesis used in patients with congenital deformities J.G. McCarthy, J. Schreiber,

N. Karp, C.H. Thorne, and B.H. Grayson

1992 PAR index developed S. Richmond, W.C. Shaw, K.D. O’Brien,

I.B. Buchanan, R. Jones, C.D. Stephens,

C.T. Roberts, and M. Andrews

1993 First light-cured adhesive introduced Transbond XT, 3M/Unitek

1994 Name of the specialty officially changed to “Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics” AAO

1994 Digital imaging becomes widespread Mike Collette

1994 Superelastic Copper NiTi introduced Rohit Sachdeva

1994 Yahoo founded J. Yang, D. Filo

1995 World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) created

1995 Managed care widely discussed AAO

1995 Onplant used M.S. Block and

D.R. Hoffman

1995 Seminars in Orthodontics begins publication P. Lionel Sadowsky, editor

1996 AAO on the Internet AAO

1996 Distal jet appliance introduced Aldo Carano and Mauro Testa

1996 First generation Damon bracket introduced Dwight Damon

1997 Google launched L. Page and Sergey Brin

1997 Distraction osteogenesis used in cleft palate patients to advance the maxilla J.W. Polley and A.A. Figueroa

1998 Distraction osteogenesis used in orthodontic treatment E.J.W. Liou and C.S. Huang

1998 First practical cone-beam computed tomography in dentistry (New Tom 9000) Quantitative Radiology

1999 Robotic wire bending (Suresmile) Orametrix

1999 Shift in emphasis from hard- to soft-tissue relationships urged in diagnosis and treatment planning to maximize occlusal and facial outcomes William R. Proffit,

James L. Ackerman, and David M. Sarver

1999 Cloud computing Salesforce.com

2000 Concept of evidence-based research introduced in orthodontics David L. Turpin

2000 AAO celebrates 100th Anniversary AAO

2000 “Orthodontics at 2000” published Eric K. Curtis and the AAO

2000 World Journal of Orthodontics begins publication T.M. Graber, editor

2000 Computerized customized clear aligners become available (Invisalign) Zia Chisti and Kelsey Wirth, Align Tech

2000s Dental cast scanners become available

2000s Surface scanning with lasers and structured light 3dMD

2000s CBCT scanners in common use iCAT

2000s Custom labial bracket system (Insignia) Ormco Corporation

2001 High-heat sterilizers in common use

2001 September 11 attack on the U.S.

2001 Reed Elsevier acquires Harcourt, and Mosby joins Elsevier Elsevier

2001 Impressions become 3D models OrthoCAD

2001 Standards established for needle-sticks OSHA

2001 Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (aka, Wilckodontics, AOO, or PAOO) M. Thomas Wilcko and William M. Wilcko

2002 Who Was Who in Orthodontics published Norman Wahl

2003 Human genome project completed, providing a sequence and map of genes that identify Homo sapiens

2003 Custom lingual bracket system (Incognito) 3M/Unitek Corporation

2003 HIPAA (Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) guidelines for privacy and security of medical information distributed nationally HHS

2004 First year of electronic submission of manuscripts to the AJO-DO, greatly increasing the number of submissions from all over the world David L. Turpin

2004 Facebook launched Mark Zuckerberg

2005 YouTube activated W. Chen, C. Hurley, J. Karim

2006 iTero in-office digital impressions system Cadent

2006 Twitter launched E. Williams,

N. Glass, J. Dorsey, and B. Stone

2007 iPhone released Apple

2009 Kodachrome slide film discontinued Eastman Kodak

2010s Practical 3-D printers available

2012 3-D printed prosthetic jaw implanted LayerWise

2015 Centennial celebration of the AJO-DO AJO-DO

1978 Speed bracket introduced Herbert G. Hanson

1979 Esthetic brackets become available (ceramic and sapphire)

1979 AAO headquarters relocates to 460 N. Lindbergh in St. Louis AAO

1979 Informed consent first mentioned in AJO-DO title; ADA adopts concept in 1988 Harry H. Hatasaka

1979 Herbst appliance reintroduced Hans Pancherz

1979 College of Diplomates of the American Board of Orthodontics formed Raymond C. Thurow, Chair

1979 Professional advertising allowed U.S. Supreme Court

1980s TMA beta-titanium archwires (Ormco Corporation) Charles J.

Burstone and A.J. Goldberg

1981 AIDS recognized Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention

1982 Tooth-shade ceramic brackets available James Reynolds

1983 Visible-light-cure adhesive

1983 Vari-Simplex system Richard G.

“Wick” Alexander

1983 Vitallium screw used as anchorage Thomas Creekmore and Michael Eklund

1983 First soft-tissue analysis and treatment planning guide introduced Reed Holdaway

1983 McNamara cephalometric analysis James A. McNamara

1983 First cell phones available to the public Motorola

1983 Occupational Safety and Heath Administration (OSHA) issues standards on hazard communications OSHA

1984 Macintosh computer introduced (128k with graphic user interface) Apple

1985 Air-rotor stripping (“slenderizing”) John J. Sheridan

1986 Quick Ceph Systems Günther Blaseio

1986 Repelling magnets used to intrude posterior teeth in open bite (active vertical corrector) Eugene Dellinger

1986 Tip-Edge system Peter C. Kesling

1986 Superelastic NiTi introduced (aka, Japanese NiTi) Fujio Miura

1986 Superelastic NiTi introduced (aka, Chinese NiTi) Hua-Chen Tien

1986 AIDS epidemic leads to systematic changes in infection control David Acer

1987 Digital impression system developed (CEREC 1) Siemans

1987 Michigan court case contends orthodontic treatment affects TMD Brimm v Malloy

1987 Jasper jumper James J. Jasper

1987 Clear ceramic brackets become available James Reynolds

1987 Digital intraoral X-ray sensor developed (radiovisiography) Trophy Radiology

1988 Magnets used to distalize molars Anthony A. Gianelly

1988 “Orthodontic force application to titanium endossous implants” published P.K. Turley, C. Kean, and

J. Schur

1989 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) described P.H. Brook

and W.C. Shaw

1989 Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) described N.C. Cons, J. Jenny, F.J.

Kohout, Y. Songpaisan, and D. Jotikastira

1989 Ultrasound imaging (DigiGraph) Dolphin Imaging

1989 First home-bleaching product marketed (Nightguard vital beaching technique) Van B. Haywood

and H.O. Heymann

1989 Standards established for hazardous wastes OSHA

1989 America Online created Quantum

1989 Titanium implants used for orthodontic and orthopedic anchorage in animals W.E. Roberts,

F.R. Helm, K.J. Marshall, and R.K. Gongloff

1990 National Practitioner Data Bank established

1990 Americans with Disabilities Act passed

1990 Photoshop software introduced Adobe

1990 First commercially available digital cameras Dycam Model 1 and

Logitech Photoman

1990 PowerPoint software introduced Microsoft

1990 Standards established for hazardous chemicals OSHA

1990s Rigid fixation in widespread use in orthognathic surgery

1991 AAO headquarters moves across the street, to 401 N. Lindbergh (present location) AAO

1991 Standards established for blood-borne pathogens OSHA

1992 Stereolithography used to construct 3-D models 3D Systems

1992 Guidelines for infection control in orthodontic practice developed AAO

1992 Pendulum appliance described James J. Hilgers

1924 q Gnathostatics 1927 q McCoy self-ligating appliance 1928 q Edgewise appliance 1930 q Edward H. Angle dies1977 q Twin-block appliance 1986 q Tip-Edge bracket 1986 q AIDS and infection control 1995 q Superelastic copper NiTi 1999 q Suresmile 2000 q Invisalign 2000 q CBCT scanning 2001 q 3D models 2015 q AJO-DO centennial 1915 q International Journal of Orthodontia 1916 q Ribbon arch 1918 q World War I ends 1919 q Crozat appliance

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1953 Tweed cephalometric analysis Charles H. Tweed

1953 Structure and function of DNA described James Watson and Francis Crick

1954 “Stone Age Man’s Dentition” published P.R. Begg

1954 First orthodontic use of titanium wire P.R. Begg

1955 Human research using bone implants conducted Arne Björk

1955 First acid-etching described Michael G. Buonocore

1955 First FDA- and ADA-approved fluoridated toothpaste available (Proctor and Gamble) Crest

1955 First acid-etched direct bonding George V. Newman (controversial)

1955 Growth prediction Robert M. Ricketts

1955 Sassouni cephalomertric analysis Viken Sassouni

1955 Intraoral sagittal split osteotomy developed R. Trauner

and Hugo L. Obwegeser

1956 Light-wire technique expanded by use of multiband appliances P.R. Begg

1956 Double-plate (activator and active plate) described A. Martin Schwarz

1957 High-speed air-rotor handpiece introduced John Borden

1957 Function regulator developed Rolf Fränkel

1957 Cephalometric analysis to evaluate position of teeth, jaws relative to occlusal plane D. Harvey Jenkins

1957 First practical panoramic X-ray Panorex

1957 First roentgenographic cephalometric workshop, held at Western Reserve University J.A. Salzmann

1957 “A Syllabus in Roentgenographic Cephalometry” published Viken Sassouni and Wilton M. Krogman

1958 Preceptor programs established AAO

1958 Tooth-size analysis developed (a thesis); published in 1962 Wayne A. Bolton

1958 Fully reclining dental chairs become available John Naughton

1959 Cortical bone provides greater resistance to tooth movement Heinrich Köle

1959 Second workshop on roentgenographic cephalometrics held at Western Reserve University J.A. Salzmann

1960 Closed-circuit television used at AAO Annual Session AAO

1960 Handicapping Labiolingual Deviation (HLD) index developed Harry L. Draker

1960 Pretorqued and pretipped anterior brackets Joseph R. Jarabak and James Fizzell

1960 Maxillary jaw surgery developed Hugo L. Obwegeser

1960 Ricketts cephalometric analysis and “dynamic synthesis” described Robert M. Ricketts

1960 Electric toothbrush introduced (Broxodent) Squibb

1960s Sit-down dentistry becomes popular in the U.S.

1960s Dental insurance available

1960s Computers introduced in dental offices, mainly to manage accounts receivable

1960s Preformed bands developed Rocky Mountain and Unitek

1960s Craniofacial surgery developed Paul Tessier

1961 First headquarters of the AAO established at 7477 Delmar Blvd, St. Louis, Missouri AAO

1961 The American Association of Orthodontists Foundation formed AAOF

1961 Differential Force in Orthodontic Treatment published P.R. Begg

1961 First executive director of the AAO hired James Brophy

1961 Cordless, rechargeable “automatic toothbrush” introduced General

Electric

1961 Palate-splitting revived in U.S. Andrew J. Haas

1962 Nickel-titanium wire developed at the Naval Ordinance Laboratory (Nitinol) William R. Buehler

1962 Segmented arch technique Charles J. Burstone

1962 Mesh diagram for growth studies Coenraad F.A. Moorrees

1962 Functional matrix theory Melvin L. Moss

1963 Touch-tone phone introduced AT&T

1963 Plastic brackets introduced by GAC Morton Cohen and Elliott Silverman

1964 Nd:YAG Laser developed at Bell Labs (approved by FDA in 1997) Joseph E. Geusic and Richard G. Smith

1964 Center for Human Growth and Development established at The University of Michigan Robert E. Moyers

1964 CO2 Laser developed at Bell Labs Kumar Patel

1965 Multi-loop light wire appliance (aka, “Begg technique”) P.R. Begg

1965 Direct bonding with epoxy resin George V. Newman

1967 Ortho-Tain (preformed positioner) developed Earl O. Bergersen

1967 Journal of Clinical Orthodontics begins publication (as the Journal of Practical Orthodontics) Eugene K. Gottlieb, editor

1967 Wits appraisal developed at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa Alex Jacobson

1968 Elastomerics (Unitek Corporation) Roland M. Anderson and Paul E. Klein

1968 Newman claims he developed direct bonding in 1950 George V. Newman

1969 Consumer Credit Protection Act establishes “Truth in Lending”

1969 First computer arrives at the AAO headquarters AAO

1969 Blade implants used as anchorage for Class II elastics L.I. Linkow

1969 First human on the moon Neil Armstrong

1969 Computerized cephalometrics Robert M. Ricketts

1969 First computerized cephalometric service Robert M. Ricketts and Rocky

Mountain Orthodontics

1969 Digital photography developed Stanford University

1969 65th Annual Session of the AAO held (see 1970) AAO

1970 70th Annual Session of the AAO held (number adjusted to be coincident with founding of the specialty in 1900) AAO

1970 Sponsored preceptor programs are discontinued AAO

1970 Straight-wire appliance (.022-inch) Lawrence F. Andrews

1970 Supracrestal circumferential fiberotomy (previously used by

Edward H. Angle) John G. Edwards

1970 Direct bonding with acrylic resin Fujio Miura

1970 Two-jaw surgery developed Hugo L. Obwegeser

1970 Bioprogressive straight-wire appliance (.018-inch) Robert M. Ricketts

1970s Clear plastic brackets Lee Pharmaceuticals

1971 Nitinol wire (Unitek Corporation) George F. Andreasen

1971 “Computerized Orthodontic Treatment Planning Services” (aka COT) copyrighted Viken Sassouni

1971 The American Association of Orthodontists: The Biography of a Specialty Organization published Wilbur M. Shankland

1971 Occlusal index developed Chester J. Summers

1972 Article reporting use of Nitinol wire published George F. Andreasen

and Patrick R. Brady

1972 Classic article “The six keys to normal occlusion” published Lawrence F. Andrews

1972 Two-paste chemical cure adhesives available Concise and

Adaptic (3M Unitek)

1972 Computed tomography scanning developed Godfrey Hounsfield (EMI

Laboratory) and Allan Cormack (Tufts)

1972 Computer-driven diagnosis introduced Robert M. Ricketts

1971 Edgelock brackets (Ormco Corporation) Alexander J. Wildman

1972 Glass ionomer cement A.D. Wilson and B.E. Kent

1973 Problem-oriented approach to diagnosis and treatment planning introduced William R. Proffit and James L. Ackerman

1974 Directional force headgear described John Hickham

1974 Ultra-violet light-cure system developed Nuva Tach (Dentsply/Caulk)

1974 First description of lingual brackets Alexander J. Wildman

1975 Occluso-Guide (mixed dentition positioner) Earl O. Bergersen

1975 First no-mix chemical cure adhesive Lee Pharmaceuticals

1975 Little’s irregularity index described Robert M. Little

1975 Bimetric system F.F. Schudy and G.F. Schudy

1976 Apple I introduced Apple

1976 First lingual bracket patented Kinya Fujita

1976 Prototype lingual bracket (Ormco Corporation) Craven H. Kurz

1976 Bioprogressive system described Robert M. Ricketts

1977 Apple II introduced Apple

1977 Twin-block appliance William J. Clark

1977 MRI developed (originally called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Raymond Damadian

1977 Bonded retainers Björn U. Zachrisson

1978 Use of magnets in orthodontics suggested, followed by clinical trials Abraham Blechman and

Harry Smiley

1940s Nuk Sauger nipple and pacifier developed, marketed Adolph Müller

and Rocky Mountain Orthodontics

1941 Pearl Harbor bombed; U.S. enters WW II December 7

1941 The formal Tweed Course established in Arizona Charles H. Tweed

1941 Commercial television begins broadcasting WNBC

1942 The Federal Denture Act becomes law, prohibiting mail-order, direct-to-consumer distribution of dentures by dental laboratories

1942 Quantitative relationship between fluoride, mottled teeth, and dental caries proven H. Trendley Dean

1943 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO

1943 Activator reintroduced Viggo Andresen

1944 Interproximal reduction described Bibb H. Ballard

1944 Tooth positioner developed Harold D. Kesling

1944 First intermaxillary tooth-width ratios published in Swedish (in English in 1955) Anders Lundström

1945 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO

1945 World War II ends

1945 Vitallium implants used as anchorage to move teeth in laborabory animals B.L. Gainsforth and L.B. Higley

1945 First city to fluoridate its water supply Grand Rapids, Michigan

1947 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (unknown reason) AAO

1947 Modern facebow introduced (with a cervical strap for early treatment) Silas J. Kloehn

1947 Term “leeway space” coined Hays N. Nance

1947 “Sutural theory of bone growth” described Harry Sicher

1947 The Face in Profile published Arne Björk

1948 First practical cephalometric analysis William B. Downs

1948 Riedel analysis Richard A. Riedel

1948 National Institute of Dental Research established to support dental research H. Trendley Dean,

director

1948 Wylie cephalometric analysis introduced Wendell L. Wylie

1949 “Gebisformer” (Bimler appliance) Hans Peter Bimler

1949 First course in cephalometrics Alton W. Moore

1950 Bionator developed Wilhelm Balters

1950 Titanium developed for use in orthodontics P.R. Begg

1950 Lewis bracket introduced Paul Lewis

1950 Laminagraphy (i.e., body section radiography) for imaging the TMJ described Robert M. Ricketts

1950 Elgiloy wire introduced Elgin National Watch Company

1950 Twin (“Siamese”) brackets Brainerd F. Swain

1950s X-rays routinely used in dentistry

1950s Stainless steel bands widely accepted and used

1950s Serial extraction in common use

1950s Inferential statistical testing appears in the AJO

1950s Electromyography research initiated Robert E. Moyers

1950s Lingual brackets placed with copper cement Glen Terwilliger

1951 Distraction osteogenesis used to repair fractures and nonunion of long bones Gavril A. Ilizarov

1951 Swirl tube self-locking bracket (Aderer) Alexander Sved

1951 First television spot about orthodontic treatment (30 minutes) WOW (NBC), Omaha

1952 Federal Trade Commission complaint against the AAO settled (involved attempt to restrict advertising of some dental laboratories) AAO

1952 Adams clasp C. Philip Adams

1952 Titanium shown to fuse with bone (osseointegration) Per-Ingvar Brånemark

1952 Burlington Growth Centre for Craniofacial Growth at the University of Toronto initiated Robert E. Moyers

1952 Light-wire technique developed E. Storey and R. Smith

1953 Magnets used for orthodontic purposes Jef M.M. Crefcoeur

1953 Color television becomes available NBC and CBS

1953 One of the first uses of computers in dentistry/orthodontics (ENIAC) Viken Sassouni

1953 The .018-inch slot bracket introduced Cecil C. Steiner

1953 Steiner cephalometric analysis Cecil C. Steiner

1929 Term “serial extraction” coined Birger Kjellgren

1929 Monograph published describing treatment with the Monobloc (device was first developed in 1902) Pierre Robin

1929 Curriculum II Orthodontic Program at University of California at San Francisco admits its first class (until 1969) Ernest M. Setzer and George W. Hahn

1929 Stainless steel adapted for orthodontics (not generally accepted until the 1950s and 60s) Wilkinson Sword

1930 Founder of modern orthodontics dies on August 11 Edward H. Angle

1930 Herbst’s findings published (Herbst appliance originally developed in 1905) Emile Herbst

1930 Removable active plate developed Charles F.L. Nord

1930s “Painless” Parker, an early advertising dentist, sets up dental clinics in California Edgar R.R. Parker

1930s Preformed bands introduced Rocky Mountain Metal Products

1931 First journal devoted exclusively to orthodontics published The Angle Orthodontist

1931 First woman editor of an orthodontic journal Anna H. Angle, editor

1931 First practical cephalometer and teleradiographic procedure introduced B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.

1931 Trace elements of fluoride indentified in the water supply of Bauxite, Arkansas H.V. Churchill and Alcoa

1931 Independently developed teleradiographic procedure paper published Herbert Hofrath

1931 Relationship between fluoride and mottled teeth confirmed Frederick S. McKay

1931 It is suggested that orthodontic force should not exceed capillary blood pressure A. Martin Schwarz

1931 Semi-adjustable articulator developed Charles E. Stuart and

Beverly B. McCollum

1933 Begg bracket introduced (i.e., upside-down ribbon-arch) P.R. Begg

1933 Spot welder produced Rocky Mountain Metal Products

1934 Issue of mail-order orthodontics by laboratories raised AAO

1934 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (Depression) AAO

1934 American Society of Orthodontists reorganizes as the American Association of Orthodontists AAO

1934 Twin-wire appliance introduced Joseph H. Johnson

1935 Kodachrome slide film first produced Eastman Kodak

1936 Commission on Journalism of the American College of Dentists instigates vitriolic battle over relationship of AAO and AJO; continues for over a decade AAO

1936 Term “activator” coined Karl Häupl

1936 Third molar enucleation advocated Oscar Henry

1936 “Active plate” constructed (originally introduced by Nord) Alfred Kantorowicz and Gustav Korkhaus

1936 Extraoral traction devices developed, re-introduced in the U.S. Albin Oppenheim

1936 Term “anchorage preparation” coined Charles H. Tweed

1937 Acrylics introduced in the U.S.; they gradually replace vulcanite (vulcanized rubber) appliances Otto Röhm

1938 Roentgenphotogram developed (i.e., superimposed photo and cephalogram) Hans Peter Bimler

1938 Cephalometric appraisal of orthodontic treatment results published Allan G. Brodie

1938 The Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic established Herbert K. Cooper

1938 Nylon bristle toothbrush introduced (Doctor West’s Miracle Toothbrush) Dupont de Nemours

1938 First brigadier general of the U.S. Army Dental Corps Leigh C. Fairbanks

1938 Concept of “maxillofacial triangle” published Herbert I. Margolis

1939 World War II begins

1939 Connection between high levels of fluoride in drinking water and mottled enamel discovered H. Trendley Dean

1939 First successful dental implants (vitallium) placed in humans reported in the AJO Alvin E. Strock

1940 Labiolingual appliance developed Oren A. Oliver

1940 Retreatment of 100 patients originally treated according to Angle’s ideas reported Charles H. Tweed

1940s Stainless steel “Australian wire” developed P.R. Begg and A.J. Wilcox

1930 q Herbst appliance 1931 q The Angle Orthodontist 1931 q B. Holly Broadbent, Sr. and the cephalometer 1933 q Begg bracket 1934 q Twin wire 1939 q Dental implants 1943 q Vulcanite activator 1945 q World War II ends 1950 q Swirlok self-locking bracket 1953 q Steiner cephalometric analysis 1954 q Begg’s “Stone Age Man’s Dentition” 1955 q Fluoridated toothpaste 1957 q Fränkel appliance 1957 q X-ray machine 1961 q AAO headquarters 1961 q Haas palatal expander 1967 q Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 1972 q Six keys to normal occlusion 1975 q Little’s irregularity index 1976 q Lingual brackets

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