10 Taldea Ingeleraz

10 Industrial buildings and equipement.

Industrial steel structure.

Industrial concrete structures and prestressing.

Industrial timber structures..

1.INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Every building in which industrial, agricultural or chemical machinery can be kept is called industrial nave.These buildings can be built in the areas previously fixed by the town hall: the industrial

estates. Because of their position these places result to be particularly appropriate to build the naves: transformers, motorway, train, airport and others. The industrial naves can be built by architects and engineers.

Usually these buildings are made of different bodies that have light more than 10 meters. They usually have a height greater than 5 meters and

it usually offers below. Normally, because of its specific use, must have a specific structure and form to meet the requirements. In the case that the actual use, they are not as multifunctional spaces are often created.

Image: Authors of the publication.Industrial building, Usurbil.

Image: Authors of the publication.Industrial building, Usurbil.

1. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS2. EQUIPMENTS3. CONPARATION

4. METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE

4.1. SYSTEMS4.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD4.3. COMPONENTS4.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES4.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY4.6. TECHNNIQUES4.7.MATERIALS4.8.PROTECTION

5. 3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

5.1. SYSTEMS5.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD 5.3.COMPONENTS5.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES

6. INDUSTRIALIZADE WOOD STRUCTURE

6.1. SYSTEMS6.2. DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD6.3. COMPONENTS6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES 6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY

7. MIRADOR HOUSING8. WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL9. BEIJING STADIUM

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10 ITEM: INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT. INDUSTRIAL STEEL STRUCTURE. INDUSTRIAL CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND

PRESTRESSING.INDUSTRIAL TIMBER STRUCTURES..

Authors: Julen Arteaga, Teresa Cuesta, Itsaso Goñi, Xiker

Lazkano, Asier Mendizabal, Roberto Salvador, Xabier Urra.

1.EQUIPMENTS

Every infrastructure which offers some service and the space equipped with the necessary

resources is called equipment.They are usually the town halls’ property, but sometimes they can be the goberments’, such as the police stations of the basque police (Ertzaintza).Unlike the industrial naves, these will be built in any place needed.

Image: Authors of the publication.Museum Oteiza.











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There are different types of buildings that can be classified as equipments. So as to name some:

- Sports building. It does not require any specific type of structure, but sometimes necessary to

create space without structural element. Building also affects the aesthetics and economics. The latter is the most important factor, and to save industrial elements were used.

Image: Authors of the publication.Anoeta estadium, Donostia.











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- Buildings of teaching. As a general rule parallelepiped shaped and a height of 3 storeys. These plants usually have a height less than 5 meters. It is organized into a modular option is often given to any reform because of the continual change that education suffers.

Image: Héctor Pérez Romero.School ampliation in Indautxu, Bilbo.











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- Gas stations. On the occasion of reducing the presence of vertical elements as we usually find large deck overhangs. Thus we have a large open space that gives rise to the provision of the gas station.

Image: Authors of the publication.Repsol gas station.











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- Supermarkets. They can be of a size or a combination of several. They may have several plants. If you have underground parking, the building structure should be modulated with respect to these car parks will be important therefore to respect the margins.

Image: L35 Arquitectos [www.l35.com]. Supermarket Ballonti ,Portugalete.











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3.CONPARATION

As we see industrial buildings and equipment are completely different. As they have a role completely different social requirements will also be different. With this in mind you should get the

maximum effectiveness of the construction sector to achieve the objectives. This is seen most clearly referring to the industry, which seeks maximum efficiency between the physical element and the economy. In the equipment in hand, looking to be avant-garde buildings, is given greater importance to the compositional aspect. The similarity between these types of buildings is given in the types of space to be created to carry out different activities. These spaces are usually very light and with a height greater than 6 meters. For this reason it is impossible to use a common structure and lattice will have to have other structures: the structure industrialized. Within such structures are very different types according to

the requirement of the program will have one or the other.There is a great deal of advantages that this structure brings us when we want to create very high and bright places. On the one hand, the time spent in the work is shortened. This way, the dangers that are cause because of the bad weather are reduced. The possibility of error is also less because the structure is already done. The best advantage of using this type of structure is specially that the time spent in building it, is cut short.











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Image: Authors of the publication.Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].

4.METALLIC INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE

The steel is light, can be moulded and is resistant. It can’t be cracked, rotted nor burned.

The steel makes it easier for the structure to be isostatic, due to the use of screws in

metallic elements.

SYSTEMS

It can be used in any type of structure.

If it is used in compression, bending problems can appear (they use pieces with very Little

section, that’s why some pieces can turn out to be very slim and big).

When it is used in traction its capacity would only be surpassed by synthetic fibre and by

materials of plastic resin (there will be problems with its sensibility to the heat and with the

cost).

Bent systems only surpassed in terms of overall performance. Anyway both wood and

concrete as prestressed reach their maximum payload capacity with lights much lower

than steel because of its lower strength / weight ratio

Image: Authors of the publication.











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The most currently used systems are:

1-structure formed by rigid frames made with standard profiles reinforced with gussets at the nodes. The fastening is done by triangulating the quadrilateral formed by the frames with belts and studs enclosures.

Common in small light industrial premises and moderate stability with demands for low fire.

Image: Prado [www.pradotm.com]











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2-Structures by isostatic portics truss consisting of flat and profile support. Middle and large lights. Compounds supports are placed, made with multiple profiles of lattice linked or triangulated, for more rigidity. Bracing related to the distances between gates and belts, being done with profiles (usually circular section) or big structure lattice elements.

3-structure formed by frames made of space truss and lattice special supports compounds.

They are used for large spans. The supports are made with related profiles or more triangulated lattice stiffness.

Bracing related to the distances between gates and belts, being done with profiles (usually circular section), or large elements of lattice structures.













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4-structure consisting of triangular lattice

resisting frames.

Same as above but consists of bars welded or bolted by brackets at the joints or through space bar bolted to pieces (spheres, hemispheres ..) located at the nodes. The mechanical deformation due to bending is reduced, but tensions are due to expansions and contractions and rheological actions.

5-Mesh structure formed by triangulated space: flat, curved or mixed.

They can be fully braced and rigid or be of triangular shaped plates or supported on media whose characteristics may vary. The stiffening of these structures depends on the type of linkage between the plates or sheets blankets and support subsystem and the characteristics of the plates or sheets.












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6-Structures tractocomprimided not self-balancing, (cable-stayed and suspension) comprising a continuous subsystem pulled anchored to the ground, supports compressed and suspended from the beams or plates pulled subsystem and supported media tablets.

The sub-traction can be formed by wires, rods or profiles. The tablets can be elements of different characteristics and the beams or plates to be made with profiles or triangulated elements, depending on the lights.

The stiffness of these structures depends on the characteristics the plates have but it takes advantage of the supports and the system of tightening between the supports and the anchorage.












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DEVELOPMENT AND USE FIELD

These systems developed from the linteled structures and the frame bridges and the deck made

of wooden structure.Important landmarks in its development:- The structure of the Crystal Palace J. Paston. - The Gallery of Machines of Dufert and Contamin. Steel structures are the most versatile because of its cost-resistance, easy handling that keeps unchanged the characteristics of the initial elements and take the degree of precision for each type of execution. The higher yield in the performance of work in workshop and the ease of doing additional work on site with a high degree of quality lead to a maximum process industrialization, limited almost

exclusively to the transport facilities and adjustment to elements outside the system .

Image: Wikipedia [www.wikipedia.org]Crystal Palace











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COMPONENTS

They are made with features and plates with reduced thicknesses, generally mm. The use of thicknesses of centimeters poses problems in its production as well as in the Weld of the joints. Solid superficial elements such as walls, plates or structural sheets. are not produced.

-Supports

They need an anchorage plate so as to pass on the strength to the foundation. It is a thick sheet

metal with holes to pass the anchorage volts and normal stiffness elements to the plate and the support to assure its ability to keep its shape. They have to allow to manage the bonding degree wanted between the plate and the support.













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-Beams

- Full soul beams. Frames are used to form bracketed profilings

established at the nodes. For transport limitations are defined in sections completed connecting plates preferably bolted

joints. - Beams lightened. Made with welded plate are used for large spans with limited vocal requirements, steps to persons or facilities, or for cosmetic reasons. Stiffeners normally need soul and strength / cost is lower than the lattice elements. - Lattice beams. They use different profiles for its realization. L-

shaped and rectangular small and light as I, H, U and large circular lights. Each time the use of fewer elements consisting of elements open doubles. -Belts and joist of the second order. Are determined by the light, the slope of the deck and fastening system requirements. Preference is soul full profiles. The continuity of these elements can increase the strength / weight ratio but requires more control of tensions produciads by thermal variations..












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-Boldness

Prefferably by triangulation. Closed features

are used in the elements subjugated to compression, usually of circular section.

- Vierendel beams

Its worst mechanic capacity compared to he triangular beams is compensated by the accessibility that permits to lodge passages and spaces with the beam’s height and therefore take the most of the buildings’ useful height.

PRODUCTION PROCESSES

Steam procedures of cut and solding are preferably used, by electric arch, oxiacitylene and laser; the mechanization and occasionally the moulding.The mechanization is used in the elements that need finish, while the solding is used because of its minor cost. The laser allows to manage mechanizations’ similar qualities.

Image: Authors of the publication.Boldeness..

Image: Authors of the publication.Vierendel beam.











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TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY

Steel structures have fewer restrictions than those of concrete and wood because of the possibility of unions and other work on site with high reliability. The most important limitation is related to the

song or height of the pieces. The transportation cost is higher in the spatial elements in the plans due to higher volume / weight.


TECHNNIQUES

The fundamental skills are soldering and mechanical bond with high-strength bolts. The weld is preferably made of the second workshop and to join things work and galvanized. Expansion joints isostatic elements are solved by sliding or rotating joints in the direction unrestricted. Leaves are used rubber / neoprene ability to coordinate movement with homogeneous transmission efforts.












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MATERIALS

Steel structures allow using AISI-SAE-1020 iron, with a C 0.20% Mn and 0.40 for profiles and plates and AISI-SAE-1040 for Bhardware. The elements of welded stainless steel stainless steels are used austenitic alloys such as: SAE-AISI-321 and AISI-SAE-347.

PROTECTION

The steelwork (except stainless steel) must have an outer coating to prevent corrosion, whose characteristics are determined according to prescribed levels of demand, which will be related to the following factors: safety, maintenance cost and difficulty of maintenance. The procedures used are: - Hot dip galvanizing finished parts or subassemblies

- Zinc profiles and sheets with welding protection of zinc dust paints - Coating applied by powder thermosetting resins and polymerized in oven. - Coating with resin applied in liquid phase. - Coating with enamel paint on primer.

The degree of protection that each procedure gives is descending.

In every procedure, the preparation and the cleaning of the areas that have to be protected are basic. Once covered, the pieces musn’t be mechanized, soldered or treated in a way that can damage the protecting covering.Each type of covering has to be applied with the appropriate thickness depending the characteristics of the internal environment and the environment

Image: Lacaton y Vassal arquitectos.Steel structures protection.

Image: Lacaton y Vassal arquitectos.Steel structures protection.











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3. INDUSTRIALIZED STRUCTURE OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

The reinforced concrete is a technique in which the concrete is reinforced with bars or steel meshes. It was invented by Joseph-Louis Lambore in 1848. Its advantages:As the factor of dilation in both, the steel and the concrete is similar we don’t have to worry, because there won’t be any internal tension due to dilation. When the concrete is forged

this is compressed and it grasps to the steel.The concrete protects the steel from the corrosion in a very big way.The concrete that goes round the steel, protects it from bulging.

Called to that prestressed reinforced concrete element and before trying to put these to work it produces a compressive force. This will improve the behavior of concrete in tension. The Eugene Freyssinet invented in 1020. There are two ways: - With prestressed reinforcement, but these are given in precast.

- In post-tensioned reinforcement, in cases of spot construction. This is done with machines, for that reason are used more prefabricated elements.











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Image: Selfhor [www.selfhor.com].











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Industrial structures and prestressed concrete to cover large areas of light are always active mass-bearing system, consisting of compressed media and beams, plates, slabs or shell elements bent. The supports are usually made of reinforced concrete as the prestressed not provide advantages in tablets elements. The possibility of concrete molded in any form is an advantage to achieve high yields constructive, although the demands of the elements result in the need for large meetings and

adjustment layers. The industrial structures of reinforced concrete and respond to prestressed patents related to production systems, assembly and joining of parts, so it must take into account constraints and opportunities for assembly systems, molding, transport and assembly.


SYSTEMS

It is always arcaded systems typically unidirectional, with one or two orders of beams. The use of heavy or light cover is of great importance in the design of systems.

1 - Porches formed by rectangular beams or section I supported on insulated supports. The height can reach 16 meters and 30 meters light. On the facades light is reduced by closing requirements. The front plate is usually alveolar plates TT straps profile I and II. This system is covered with flat roofs or water. Distance between frames 5 to 10meters.












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2 - Gantry beams formed by triangular (delta) supported on insulated supports.

Similar features to the previous system, but can reach more light due to improved mechanical variable that produces its song. Transport produced by semi-beams that meet at work.












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3 - Portals consist on Vierendel or triangulated beams supported on insulated supports.

Similar features to the previous system, can achieve greater light due to improved mechanics that causes weight reduction, but are more fragile and difficult to handle and require more labour.

The Vierendel beam is a beam composed of the top and bottom cord. To tie the two cords only need some vertical elements.

The prefabricated structural system is as follows: four beams Vierendel two are built on a piece and these are the first to build. The other two beams pointing in the other direction and they are built after a 3 piece.

4 - Rectangular beams or sections I, delta and on porches and rectangular beams or section I.

This system can achieve higher light in both

directions with a high load capacity.













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5 - Arched laminated plates resting on insulated supports.

6 - Arched laminated plates resting on beams.













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Lazkano, Asier Mendizabal, Roberto Salvador, Xabier Urra.Authors: Julen Arteaga, Teresa Cuesta, Itsaso Goñi, Xiker


DEVELOPMENTAND USE FIELD

The first prefabricated reinforces concrete structures for big openings are relatively premature and didn’t develop more due to the trasportation difficulties.The possibilites of the systems increase progressively in a way that increases the versatility of the moulds and its usefulness is higher.The concepts have not changed since the early days of use but have increased the resistance of

materials and optimizing the geometry of the parts due to improved knowledge of the operation of the transmission system of effort. In industrial buildings, commercial and sports equipment and entertainment. Its greatest strength and stability to the fire without additional treatments, low maintenance requirements ... Its hard and rough finish image is increasingly considered a virtue.

5- oinarri bakunetan eutsitako plaka laminatu gangadunak.

6- habeetan eutsitako plaka laminatu gangadunak.

7- oinarri bakunez osatutako portikoak eta postentsatutako habe gangadunez egindako habeak.












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COMPONENTS

- Foundations.

The use of prefabricated isolated footings is unusual. Foundations generally performed in situ binding to the brackets with calyces and pods that are filled with mortar without retraction. The use of metal anchor plates can reach a maximum degree of stiffness, but requires the intervention of welders in unusual phases.

-Supports.

Generally modulated square section with sides of 10 cm. They may have one or more plants and

liaison with the beams and plates are made on the upper face or by corbels. The link can also be performed using pieces of steel bolted to the shaft. Shafts can be linked using threaded rods, with sleeves, and plates bolted or welded, but the sensitivity of the process do you prefer one-piece shafts. They can industrialize media with various

forms of construction material constraints and the means of production and transport and the additional cost involved in making specific molds.













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-Beams.

The small elements are built with rectangular sections. With lights mean, common in industrial buildings, using beams with section I. The lights are covered with more beams of Y and V, which can reach 45m light. (If you want to reduce the height of the beam sections will be inverted T and L).

-Slabs and ceiling tiles.

Normally such spaces are covered with light elements, usually metal, but for reasons of maintenance and stability are also used to fire heavy covers. One of the areas most frequently used for prefabricated structural elements is the active mass of the grandstands for shows, which are used for elements with sections L and Z.













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-Beams triangulated.

They are little used by the requirement of the process..

-Vierendel beams and perforated.

Allow for greater accessibility to its triangulated through the beams, although with poorer mechanical performance.

-Elements vaulted.

They have the advantage of good mechanical performance and the inconvenience of the greatest difficulty in all processes. The cylindrical configuration elements important-saving lights, incorporating elements of lighting and ventilation without a second structural order.

Image: Authors of the publication.Triangulated beams.

Image: Authors of the publication.Benidorm, vaulted elements.











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The production system of prefabricated objects of reinforced and prestressed conrete suposes

always the moulding of a concrete mould with a steel framework and its compression by vibrating.The supports and the beams are manufactured by steady metalic moulds,destachable or moulds that have an opening system to take the pieces out, provided with prestressed tolos in the edges of big beams’ moulds.The compaction of the concrete surface is produced by vibration applied to the walls of the molds. To accelerate curing of the parts can be used to heating circuits also applied to the mold. The massive deck plates, and alveolar-TT-veined and straps section I, are made directly on the ground, on runways equipped with banks prestress at the ends.











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Triangulated beams and rafters are built Vierendel usually on the ground due to their large size. Flipping to the vertical position, the transport and assembly are delicate tasks. Implementation techniques used do not differ from those used directly in the work, but are

reached higher grades. The biggest difference lies in the existence of joints between components. In most cases the answer together isostatic resistant mechanisms that do not produce shifts in the joints. The most common solution is a simple support with the interposition of a flexible piece elastic (rubber, neoprene). When the union is necessary hyperstatic steel fittings and union rigidities prevent the relative rotation of the pieces together. The boards are large and apparent. In buildings of reinforced and prestressed hg boards have great relevance in the architectural space. If meetings are closed to be used a paste of low modules of elasticity, adhesive compatible with

the hg and pre-cleaning the surface. Structures exposed to aggressive environments can be coated with paint to allow exchange of moisture with the environment.






Until the very end of the 20th century, the wooden structures were the most used for the covering of big spaces. The bigger development of iron and concrete techonologies, the wrong consideration of the fire’s affection left the wooden structures apart.

The biggest advanage of the wood is that gives the option the structure to be isostatic. Nevertheless, it is ought to be used with additives in case its performance is bad.The most important principle of the wooden structure is that the elements are well linked together. Depending on the quality of these unions will be the quality of the structure.

The joints shall be in two ways: Joining metal parts with wood elements together. To fit the elements of wood, making shapes in them.

Plywood is a composite material composed of layers of wood glued together. Avoids the drawbacks of wood wholehearted to cover large spans. Clearly what this material is reliable, since it is a very elastic fiber work is totally reliable.











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Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera]

The dimensions of the pieces are determined by transport and characteristics of the tooling for the manufacture, not by their mechanical properties. Advantages: - In the manufacturing process eliminates many defects of the material, which increases their safety.

- Are reduced to the maximum strains due to different causes. - Allows use of auxiliary elements with high mechanical union. - Good strength to weight ratio. - Greater energy efficiency and environmentally friendly.

Requirements: - Due to the organic origin of wood is vulnerable to biological attacks, particularly in environments constantly saturated with moisture. - In normal environments, requires the inspection of:

- Deformation and cracks - Auxiliary elements binding - Fixed support and blind spots











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SYSTEMS

The most currently used systems are:

1 - Structures formed by rigid frames made with pieces of variable section.

The labor union of the pieces is made by steel supporting elements. The fastening is done by triangulating the quadrilateral formed by the frames with belts and studs enclosures. In buildings of small and moderate light.

2 - Structures formed by porticos articulated pieces Reliz variable section.

The joints are made by steel supporting elements. They are used for medium and large buildings with lights and high fire resistance.













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3 - Structures formed by arcs of constant or variable section, articulated or rigid.

The joints or seams are made by steel supporting elements. They are used for medium and large buildings with lights.












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4 - Structures formed by articulated or rigid frames of lattice planes.

They are used for medium and large lights. Bracing members are related to the distance between frames and belts in terms of mechanical requirements.












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5 - Structures formed by triangulated meshes flat space.

They are used to light large spaces. They are very rigid structures and do not require bracing

in the planes defined by the mesh.

6 - Structures formed by spatial meshes triangulated dome-shaped curves or compressed sheet.

They are used for spaces with large spans. May consist of a single layer or sheet or two layers with intermediate lattice.













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7 - Spatial Structures formed by triangulated mesh membrane-shaped curves.

They are used for spaces with large spans. They consist of a single layer triangulated.

8 - not self-balancing tractocomprimided structures (cable-stayed and suspension).

Are formed by a continuous subsystem pulled anchored to the ground, supports compressed and beams or plates pulled subsystem suspended and supported in compressed media. The sub-traction can be formed by wires or

rods. The advantage rigidification of these structures essentially props and stiffening system between the supports and the anchoring in the ground.

Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera]Menbrana forma duen malla.











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3.EVOLUTION AND USABLE PART

Soon, the iron structures took the place of the wooden structures, because the setting techniques were easier, more resistant and

secures.The development of the technology to produce metallic auxiliary pieces for connection was determinant to renew the wooden structures’ technology.The establishment of factories for medium-size parts, competitive with steel or concrete, and social positioning on sustainability edification, contribute to growth of such

structures. It is broader than that of steel structures, although the existence of an initial investment cost of these exceed limits their use to situations in which demands the use of steel prevents or reduces their overall performance.COMPONENTS

- Supports.

When not part of a rigid frame parts are formed by single or double square or rectangular base provided with a concrete or steel that insulate the soil, which should never

be built. (Often the use of composite structures in which the supports are made of reinforced concrete and other armor of wood.)










6.1. SYSTEMS6.2. EVOLUTION AND USABLE PART6.3. COMPONENTS6.4. PRODUCTION PROCESSES 6.5. TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY


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- Beams.

Laminated wood beams are usually slender rectangular section, since it is more efficient to

resolve the slenderness by stiffening the bracing. When the lights are large sections of the beams meet the mechanical needs resulting in variable sections. Whether the beams are supported, articulated or rigidly attached to brackets or other structural elements, joints are metal and are attached to pieces of wood by mechanical fasteners (screws, perforated plates, toothed plates, rings, ball joints .. .). Often the union of pieces with lateral fixation instead of testa.












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- Portals.

They consist of single or double elements of variable section. In its basic configuration is the

study of the transport system, although they have brought to manufacture parts up to 60m in length.

- Forging.

-Pieces are made with one-piece or laminated rectangular uniform section. Usually joined laterally to the beams or frames instead of supporting them. This will reduce the height of

the truss and reduces the slenderness of the main element of soul. When the distance between major elements is reduced one-piece parts can be used directly supported on the main elements, thus avoiding the use of expensive auxiliary elements.













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- Fastenings.

Elements are used rectangular, square or circular in response to mechanical requirements of each case.

- Arcos.

Besides its guideline curve characteristics do not differ significantly from those of beams or frames.













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- Beams and Frames triangulated.

Are commonly used pieces of constant section. When the dimensions of the pieces are small you can use wood piece, although it is less reliable than plywood. Marriages are performed by

auxiliary pieces of metal.

-Beams Verendel.

-They are commonly used. The great song of

horizontal cords, the increased complexity of the knots and the lowest yield on triangulated beams, make them unattractive as structural proposal.

-Structure triangulated space.

The characteristics differ little from the corresponding metal. Unlike the latter, have always with auxiliary parts to solve the knots.

Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera]Beams and Frames triangulated.

Image: AR Nevado [Book: Diseño estructural en Madera] Structure triangulated space.











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The sawing of the wood offers squared and

rectangular wing pieces that will become in structural objects and planks that are used for the production of rolled wood.The one-piece wood as well as the rolle done are later mechanized to form the joint with the auxiliary metallic pieces.The manufacture of the rolled wood demands instalation in which the wood is prepared (refination of the adhesion sides and mechanization of the

edged for joint) pasted and shaped by pressure.

TRANSPORT AND MUNTAIN

These labours and the steel structures have similar characteristics, but they don’t have the capacity of dividing in smaller elements that steel structures have.This difficulty is specially obvious in arch structures.











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7.MIRADOR HOUSING [more information : TECTONICA 5]

The project was created for housing design competition OPV in 1993. The condition was that the construction should be quick and materials should be industrialized. To achieve this purpose, we used precast concrete panel with a thickness of 12 cm. Once assembled, these panels would function structure and enclosure.

The concrete panels placed in the facade will have a lighter color, an air of 3.5 cm and a polyurethane insulation, a layer of drywall on the inside of 13 mm. This system besides making structure function gives rise to take the role of lightweight cladding, core floor slabs, beams, lintels and special items to stairs and slopes, that could be combined with the technique and elements of traditional construction.

In this case, the forged slabs will be supported by a linear structure placed parallel to the facade, with the measurement from front façade and 10 meters.











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The panels and the different pieces join each other with steel parts, using bolts and welds as the building is going up. The sum between vertical and horizontal elements will be in situ, using formwork. Among these pieces is put a mortar to fill the empty seats and prevent moisture and condensation.

In short, we can say that the structure is created four elements: - Precast concrete panels 12 cm wide, 290 cm high and 10 m long. - Precast concrete panels 12 cm wide, 290 cm high and 10 m long, but this time with a colored concrete to keep the aesthetics, and that will be placed on the facade. - Forged firm, with internal lines of 70 cm, with a width of 210 cm and a ridge of 26 cm. - Several pieces of geometry changing for different elements: stairs, hills ...











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8.WOOD ENGIRENING SCHOOL[more information : TECTONICA 13]

It is a draft submitted in 1990. The program required

to maintain the already existing flags and create a new flag. The purpose was to experiment with new manufacturing processes and mounted, using new techniques. On the occasion of reducing the cost of the project, part of the structure and foundation were built in concrete, but the material most used is the prefabricated wood, far removed from the building and the traditional technique.

CORE The centerpiece of the building is concrete, giving the piece a touch of monumentality. It was built before putting the pieces of wood was built in its entirety. The slabs are supported by precast concrete boxes, found within these stairs and services. This centerpiece, like any other transition element

was built on pivots, since the firm was about five meters.

BOXES The classrooms that are in the study area are miss school "wooden boxes", being completely separate items, prefabricated self-supporting. On the ground floor and two first floor are six classes per plant, and on each side of the building, a total of ten and eight classes.











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Each box is surrounded by walls that are load-bearing walls function as do all structure function as each box contains the weight of the box placed just above and then transmitting these loads to the footingsThe walls are prefabricated frame sections 9,60 m x 3,40. It is a modulation mode, since the classroom is over twice the width, and thus saves a lot.

COLD DECK

On the top floor is the classroom teacher and the library. These walls, unlike the walls of the boxes, should not bear any weight and are very light, and thus give rise to put windows.

The roof structure is very different, with beams and columns, with the edge of the beams gradually changing and thus giving rise to the slope of the roof to conduct water to the central

part of the building. The beam half, is placed so spine and has a hollow U-shaped cover cink forming a gutter carrying water to the downspouts. This beam has two functions: the gutter and the other of driving loads produced by horizontal pushing the concrete structure.











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9.BEIJING’S STADIUM

The Beijing National Stadium, the main stadium for the 2008 Olympics, is best known as the "Bird's Nest" for its innovative ways. Hacques Swiss architects Herzog and Pierre de Meuron and

Chinese Li Xianggang were the designers, who presented the project in the competition for the world sports arena in 2003. It is a steel skeleton 340 m long and 68m high.

OVERVIEW

The features of this project are the horn-shaped structure and the cup-shaped roof. The huge steel skeleton of the project weighs 42000 tonnes, deck and hanging items weighing 11,200 tons. To endure this load had to build a temporary structure, starting in 78 games spread over different sites.

DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING

To reduce the construction of the formwork, the design group decided to use precast concrete elements. The stadium is creating 24 columns of 1000-ton heavier than the conventional stadiums.











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The main elements are held together and unite in a training network. The stadium has 7 floors, with a system of reinforced concrete walls. The top and the steel structure are separated from each other, but both are held on the same foundation.

The roof was covered with a double-skin membrane. One of them in the top of the structure, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) transparent. The one at the bottom of the deck, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) translucent. On the facade, the ramparts are located inside the structure for maximum protection against the wind.

All facilities (restaurant, suit, shops, baths ...) are autonomous units. This leads to the natural ventilation of the stadium is, and this is a sign of sustainable design. To lower project costs, all structural elements are inside the stadium, no towers or cable systems either. The area of the structure is divided into 8 parts, each part with your system stability.











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BIBLIOGRAFY

www.selfhor.com

www.pradotm.com

www.lacatonvassal.com

www.L35.com

www.wikipedia.org

www. en.beijing2008.cn

Diseño estructural en madera, AR Nevado. [editorial AITIM]











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AUTHORS [2008-2009]

Héctor Pérez Joseba Larratxe Zuriñe Piñán Jokin Sánchez

Daniel Eguren Pello Torre Mercedes Ibáñez Oscar Torres Berta Martín Unai Apraiz Alexander de Luis Olalla ArrienAmaia Díaz

AUTHORS [2009-2010]

Julen ArteagaTeresa CuestaItsaso GoñiXiker LazkanoAsier MendizabalRoberto SalvadorXabier Urra

The intellectual property of every image holds in its author, all the rest contents are under the license Creative Commons by-sa 3.0











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