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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 1
Geography Notes for Class: X [Social Science]
Prepared By:
Kapil Mahawar
I N D E X
S. No. Name of Chapter Page No.
01 Resources an Development 01
02 Forest and Wildlife Resources 04
03 Water Resources 06
04 Agriculture 08
05 Minerals and Energy Resources 11
06 Manufacturing Industries 13
07 Lifeline of National Economy 17
CHAPTER 1: RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Remember These Points
Anything available in the environment and can be used to satisfy
the needs of human being is called as resource, e.g. water, land,
air, minerals, wildlife etc.
Leaching is a process which takes place in high temperature and
rainfall area. In this process minerals of the soil are dissolved
into the rainwater and they move down in the soil. Laterite soil is
formed by this process.
Black soil is also called as regur soil. Manganese nodules are
extracted from Indian Ocean. Full form of UNCED is United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development. Rajasthan has abundant
solar and wind energy potential. Earth Summit was held in Rio de
Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992. The book written by Schumacher is Small is
Beautiful. Black soil is formed by weathering of lava rocks. Red
soil is formed by weathering of igneous rocks. It looks red due to
iron-oxide. Land degraded by gully erosion in Chambal River basin
is called Ravines or Bad Land.
Types or Classification of Resources
On the basis of origin:
1. Biotic: Those resources which has life are called biotic
resources e.g. plants, trees, animals etc. 2. Abiotic: Those
resources which do not have life are called as abiotic resources
e.g. land, water,
minerals etc.
On the basis of exhaustibility: a) Renewable [Forest, Wildlife,
Water]
b) Non-Renewable [Metals, Fossils Fuels]
On the basis of ownership:
a) Individual [land, plot, well, pond] b) Community [Grazing
land, burial ground, park]
c) National [Minerals, Forest, Rivers]
d) International [EEZ Ocean up to 200 km] On the basis of
development:
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 2
1. Potential Resources: Resources which are found in an area but
not have been utilized. For
example, Rajasthan and Gujurat has enough potential to produce
solar energy due to cloudless sky and more temperature.
2. Developed Resources: When resources found in a region are
surveyed by engineer and their quality and quantity are determine
for utilization, it is called developed resource. Technology
and
capital help in development of resources.
3. Stock Resources: Material found in our environment can
satisfy many of our need but they are not used because of lack of
appropriate technology. For example, water has hydrogen, a good
source
of energy, but due appropriate technology water is not being
used as fuel. 4. Reserve Resources: Reserve is those parts of stock
which can be utilized using existing
technology. But these resources are not being used and they have
been left for future generation. They are called reserve.
Sustainable Development: Development without damaging the
environment is called as sustainable development. This development
meets the demands of present generation as well as future
generations.
Earth Summit and Agenda 21: Earth Summit is an international
conference on environment. It was
held in Rio de Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992. In the conference
leaders of the words discussed about sustainable
development and they adopted 21 points policy which is called
Agenda 21.
Resource Planning and Its Steps
Resource planning is method to use the resources in optimum way
so that maximum benefit should reach to maximum people. Resource
planning also means avoiding wastage, misuse and overuse of
resources.
There are three steps for resource planning.
a) Identification and inventory of resources by surveying and
mapping b) Evolving a planning structure to use the resources with
appropriate technology
c) Matching resource development plan with national development
plan
Need and Methods of Conservation of Resources
Father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi said that There is enough
for everybodys need and not for anybodys greed. We should conserve
resources for following reasons.
a) Resources are not found everywhere. They are unevenly
distributed.
b) Resources are limited. Many of the resources are
non-renewable.
c) Resources should be conserved for reducing all kinds of
pollution. d) Resources are also conserved for sustainable
development. e) Conservation is needed to protect natural
heritage.
Methods or measurements for resource conservation are as under:
a) Wastage, misuse and overuse of resources should be avoided.
b) Renewable resources should be used more e.g. solar energy,
wind energy etc.
c) Older technology should be replaced with newer, modern and
efficient technology. d) Awareness should be created among the
people.
e) Govt. should pass strict laws for establishment and location
of industries. f) Used items should be recycled using new
technology.
Land Use and Its Category
Land is used for various purposes in a country. India has vast
land resource. Total area of our country is about 3.28 million sq.
km. India ranks 7th in the world in term of size. But most of parts
are covered by
either mountain or plateau. India has only 43% plain where
agriculture is possible. Mountains are good sources of biotic
resources where varieties of minerals are found in the plateau.
There are 5 categories
under land use.
1. Forest 2. Land not available for cultivation
3. Other uncultivated land 4. Fallow land
5. Net sown area
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 3
Land not available for cultivation includes barren land, waste
land and land which is used for building, roads, parks, factories
etc.
Fallow land is that land which is left uncultivated by the
farmer. Farmer leaves some land to give rest to the land. Lands are
also left fallow due low rainfall, lack of capital or seeds etc.
Fallow land
for one or less than one year is called Current Fallow. If land
is left fallow for more than one but less than five years it is
called as Other Fallow land.
Net sown area is the actual land on which agriculture is done.
Some parts of net sown area is used more than one time in a single
agricultural season. When this land is added with net sown area, it
is
called gross sown area or gross cropped area.
Land Degradation and Its Causes
Lowering the quality of land up to such an extent that the land
become unfit for any use, it is called as
land degradation. About 130 million hectare of lands are
degraded in India. Following are the causes of land
degradation.
a) Deforestation cutting of trees and forest b) Erosion by rain
water and wind
c) Water logging in low lying area
d) Increasing salinity [salt] due to over irrigation e) Dumping
of urban and industrial waste on valuable land
f) Mining and quarrying activities for extracting minerals
Soil, Its Formation & Factors Affecting Soil Formation
Meaning of Soil: It is an important an renewable resource. It is
upper part of the crust which is loose and
fragmented. It has air, water and minerals contents and it
support growth of plants. Bacteria and other small organisms are
also found in the soil which makes it more fertile.
Formation of Soil: Soil is formed by weathering and erosion of
rocks. Temperature and rainfall breaks
down the rock into smaller parts. After mixing of water and
minerals in these sediments, it acquires the
form of soil. Following factors affect soil formation.
Factors Affecting Soil Formation a) Parent Rocks: It determined
the colour, texture and mineral contents in soil
b) Climate [Rainfall and Temperature]: It determines rate of
weathering and erosion of rocks.
c) Topography [Slope]: On higher land thin layer of soil is
found, while in the lower valley thick deposition of alluvium is
found.
d) Vegetation [Plants and Trees]: They add organic matter
[Humus] to the soil. e) Time: Older soils are generally more
fertile than newer soil.
Soil Erosion and Methods of Soil Conservation
Soil Erosion: Removal of top and fertile layer of soil by the
agents like rainwater and wind is called soil erosion. Soil erosion
is a acute problem in India. Chambal river basin is so badly eroded
that this entire
area is called as Bad Land or Ravines. There are three types of
erosion, i.e. a) Sheet Erosion, b) Rill Erosion and c) Gully
Erosion [Most Dangerous]. Followings are the reasons for soil
erosion.
Reason for Soil Erosion: a) Deforestation Cutting down of trees
and forests b) Torrential [heavy] rainfall c) Overgrazing by
cattle
d) Unscientific agriculture [Ploughing land parallel to the
slope] e) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation
Measurement to Check Soil Erosion:
a) Afforestation Planting trees on degraded land b) Plugging of
gullies
c) Check on overgrazing by cattle d) Scientific agriculture
[Ploughing land at right angle of slope Contour Ploughing] e) Crop
rotation
f) Terrace farming
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 4
g) Preparation of shelter belt
Short Note on Alluvial Soil It is the most fertile and extensive
soil in India. It is found in the river valleys of Ganga, Yamuna,
Indus and Brahmaputra. This soil has been formed by deposition of
sediments in the northern plain. This soil is found from Punjab up
to Assam. It is also found along the coastal areas. Coarse soil
near the mountain foothill is called duars, chos and tarai. In the
plain area, lower parts
are called khadar and upper parts are called banger.
This soil is ideal for the agriculture of rice, wheat,
sugarcane, pulses and many other crops.
Short Note on Black Soil This soil is formed by the weathering
of lava rocks. It looks black due to presence of magnesium in it.
It is found mainly in Maharastra, Gujarat and Karnataka [Deccan
Trap]. Black soil has high capacity to hold moisture. It become
sticky when it is wet and develop crack
when it is dry. It is best for the cultivation of cotton. Hence,
it is called as Black Cotton Soil. It is also known as
Regur Soil.
CHAPTER 2: FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
Remember These Points Biodiversity: Variety of plants and
animals found in an area is called biodiversity. Flora: It refers
to grasses, plants, trees etc of an area. Fauna: It means birds,
animals, reptiles, insects of an area. IUCN: It full name is
International Union for Conservation of Nature. Biosphere Reserve:
It is vast area having great biological diversity. In these areas,
natural plants
and animals are protected for future generation. Example
Nandadevi Biosphere Reserve in Uttranchal.
Biodiversity [Flora & Fauna] in India
India is very rich in biological diversity. There are variety of
plants and animals found in our
country.
India has nearly 8% of the total number of species found in the
world. About 81,000 species of fauna [animals] and 47,000 species
of flora [plants] are found in India. India is famous for rhino,
elephant, tiger, lion, monkey, snakes, peacock etc.
Biodiversity and Its Importance
Meaning of Biodiversity: Various species of plants, trees,
animals, birds, reptiles etc. found in an area is
called biodiversity. They are good natural resources. They are
important because: a) Plants and trees give us oxygen.
b) Woods for furniture and construction are provided by forest.
c) Some plants are of medicinal use e.g. tulsi, neem, sarpgandha,
aawla etc.
d) Leaves, roots, fruits, lac, rasin etc are collected from
forest.
e) Animals provides us meat, fur, skin, bone etc. f) Combine,
plants and animals maintain food chain in the ecosystem.
Importance of Forest in Our Lives
a) Forest provides timber for furniture and construction work.
b) It absorbs CO2 and provides us with oxygen.
c) Branches, leaves and roots of trees protect soil from
erosion.
d) Forests are natural habitat for variety of wildlife. e)
Forest maintains ecological balance and food chain.
f) It provides fuel wood to rural people. g) Lac, honey, herbs
etc are collected from forest for commercial use.
Classification of Species by IUCN
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 5
Many species of plants and animals are under threat due to over
exploitation by the human being. International Union for
Conservation of Nature [IUCN] has classified the species into
following category:
a) Normal Species: There is no threat to these species, their
population is sufficient in the environment.
b) Rare Species: Species with small population is called rare.
They are rarely seen in the forest.
Example Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox
etc. c) Vulnerable Species: Population of these species decreases
to such an extent that they may
become endangered. Example blue sheep, Asiatic elephant etc. d)
Endangered Species: Population of these species become so small
that they come under danger of
extinction. If negative factors continue, they may become
extinction. Example Indian rhino, black buck, crocodile, Indian
wild ass etc.
e) Extinct Species: These species are not found anywhere in the
world. They have gone from our
earth for forever. Example Asiatic Cheetah, pink head duck
etc.
Reasons for Depletion of Biodiversity [Flora and Fauna] Human
activities are mainly responsible for depletion of biodiversity.
Followings are the reasons or causes
behind loss of flora and fauna.
a) Deforestation, illegal cutting of trees, and forest fire b)
Hunting and poaching of wild animals for skin, tusk, bone etc.
c) Construction of dam, road, railways in the forest d)
Pollution and global warming leading to climatic change
e) Increasing human population pressure on the forest
resources
Methods or Measures to Conserve Biodiversity
a) Deforestation should be totally stopped. Instead, trees
should be planted on degraded land and
on land where was forest earlier. b) People should start
movement against tree cutting such as Chipko Movement. c)
Vanmahotsava and similar kind of events should be celebrated to
conserve forest. d) Mass media, e.g. TV, radio, newspapers etc,
should used for creating awareness. e) Govt. should pass and
implement [Indian Wildlife [Protection] Act 1972] strict laws
against
illegal cutting of trees, hunting and poaching. f) Various
project like Project Tiger; Project Rhine etc should be
started.
g) More National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserve
should be identified.
h) There should be frequent survey and census to count
population of different species found in the forest.
Role of Community [local people] in Conserving Forest and
Wildlife
Community or local people are very helpful in conserving
biodiversity i.e. plants and animals. Many
communities live in the forest. Forest is home of many
traditional people.
a) In Rajasthan, local people came forward to stop mining
activities to protect Sariska Tiger Reserve. b) People of Alwar
District of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of land as
Bhairodev Dakav
Sonchuri in which they dont allow hunting. c) In Jharkhand,
Munda tribe worship Mahua and Kadamb trees and they protect them
from cutting.
d) Famous Chipko Movement in Himalaya was started by local
community only. Beej Bachao Andolan
and Navdanya movements have also been started in Himalaya. e)
Joint Forest Management [JFM] stated in India is good method of
involving local community in
forest conservation.
Types of Forests in India
a) Reserved Forests: These forests are earmarked only for
production of timber. Grazing of animals
and cultivation of crops are not allowed in these forests. About
54% forests are grouped under reserved forests.
b) Protected Forests: These forests are protected from further
depletion. Right of grazing and cultivation is allowed with certain
restriction. About 29% forests come under protected forests.
c) Unclassed Forests: There is no restriction in these forests.
These forests belong to government
and private individuals. About 16% forests are unclassed
forests.
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 6
Distribution of Forest in India
About 33% land must be under forest for ecological balance. But,
only 23% land is under forest in India. Distribution of forest in
India is not uniform.
Andman and Nicobar has about 87% [Highest] land under forest
while in Haryana only 4% land is under forest which lowest in
India.
Most of the north-eastern states like Manipur, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh etc. have more 60% land under
forest.
But in Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi and J & K
have less than 10% land under forest.
Southern states have moderately covered with forest. About
20-30% land is under forest in these states.
Short Note on Project Tiger
Tiger is one of the most important species among fauna. It was
estimated that population of tigers has
decreased rapidly in the last one hundred years. Major reasons
identified behind depletion of tiger were
hunting and poaching, deforestation, depletion of prey etc.
Project Tiger was started in 1973 to protect them from extinction.
There are 27 tiger reserves in India. Project Tiger has
successfully improved the
condition. Population of tigers increased from 1800 to about
3600 in the last 30 years.
What is Sacred Groves?
In India, it is believed that everything livings and
non-livings, have been created by god. Old tribal and traditional
societies have protected certain species from time immemorial.
Munda tribes of Jharkhand protect Mahua and Kadamb trees and
worship them. People of Bihar, UP worship Peepal, Banyan,
Mango,
Tamarind etc. Not only that, rivers, mountains, forests etc are
considered as god and goddesses and they are worshipped and
protected in India.
CHAPTER 3: WATER RESOURCES
Important Terms
Dam: It is a concrete wall constructed across the river to stop
the river water. The storage of water behind the dam is called
reservoir.
Perennial River: A river having water throughout the year is
called Perennial River. Their water source is melting glaciers,
e.g. Ganga, Brahmaputra etc.
Reservoir: Large collection of river water just behind the dam
is called reservoir.
Water Resources in India
Annual rainfall in India is about 117 cm. Cherapunji receives
highest rainfall in the world. India has many perennial rivers e.g.
Ganga, Yamuna, Indus, Brahamputra etc. Seasonal rivers of
southern India e.g. Godawari, Krishna, Kauveri, Narmada etc are
also good source of water.
India has long seacoast. It is more than 6000 km. Arabian Sea,
Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean surround southern India from three
sides.
India is also rich in groundwater resources. There are many
natural and man-made lakes, ponds, hydraulic structures etc found
in our country.
Water Scarcity and Its Causes
Water Scarcity: When water is not available in sufficient
quantity and quality for all the people in an area,
it is called water shortage or water scarcity. Water scarcity
leads to drought and famine and claims thousand of lives every year
in India. Followings are the causes of water scarcity.
a) Amount of rainfall less than the normal b) Over exploitation
of ground water by tube wells in the cities
c) Excess use of water for irrigation to grow more crops.
d) Water pollution by dumping of waste from city and
industries
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 7
e) Flood [Water is polluted and become unfit for use]
Multipurpose Projects and Its Advantages and Disadvantages
Meaning: A river valley project having many dams, barrages,
canals etc is called as multipurpose project.
It is called multipurpose because it serve many purposes and
solve many of our problems. Example:
Bhakharan Nangal Project, Damodar Valley Project etc. Advantage
of Multipurpose Projects
a) Multipurpose projects provide water for irrigation of crops.
b) They control the flood in the river. Damodar River was called
Sorrow of Bengal. Now, it is a
blessing for that region. c) Multipurpose projects also provide
facility for afforestation and conservation of soil from
erosion.
d) Hydroelectricity, the cheapest source of emery, is produced
from multipurpose projects. About
22% electricity comes from this source in India. e) Canals and
reservoir can also be used for water transportation and
fisheries.
Disadvantage of Multipurpose Projects a) Fertile agricultural
land submerged under the river water.
b) Large no. of people are displaced. They have to leave their
own houses and properties.
c) Forest land are either cleared or submerged under water. It
is great loss for environment. d) Siltation in the dam reduces the
life span of the project.
e) Big multipurpose projects can result into minor
earthquakes.
Rainwater Harvesting and Its Objectives and Methods
Meaning: Capturing and storing the rainwater for recharging the
ground water is called rainwater
harvesting. Rainwater can also be used for domestic and
agricultural purpose. It is a good method of water conservation in
water scarcity areas such as Rajasthan. Rainwater is collected on
the roof of house
and it is stored in dug well or underground tank. This water is
used for washing, animal drinking, irrigation etc.
Objectives of Rainwater Harvesting a) To reduce surface run-off
which cause flooding on the roads.
b) To meet the increasing demand of water. c) To recharge the
groundwater.
d) To reduce groundwater pollution and improve the quality of
water.
e) To supply water during dry season. Methods of Rainwater
Harvesting
a) Collecting rainwater on roof top and diverting it into a dug
well to recharge groundwater. b) Collecting rainwater on roof and
bringing it underground tank in the house for domestic use.
c) Making small check dams to stop surface run-off and allow the
soil to absorb more moisture. d) Using bamboo as pipe to bring
spring water from far away place for irrigation like in
Meghalaya.
Different Methods of Rainwater Harvesting in India
In Rajasthan, rainwater is collected on the roof tank to store
drinking water. Farmer of Rajasthan collects rainwater in their
agricultural fields to increase the soil moisture. It is
called Khadins and Johad in Rajasthan. People of Rajasthan, also
built underground tank [Called as Tankas] to store drinking water
for at
least a year.
In West Bangal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate
their fields. In the hilly and mountainous areas, people build
diversion channel called as Guls and Kuls for
development of agriculture. Collection of rainwater is also done
in Shillong for household requirement. In Meghalaya, people use
bamboo [Bamboo Drip] as pipes to bring water spring water
located
hundreds of meters away from the houses. Tamil Nadu is the first
state to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory in every
house
across the state.
Watershed Development:
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 8
An area drained by an tributary is called watershed. All round
development of this area is called watershed
development. Sukhmajri Village in Haryana is the best example of
watershed development. Attempt made under watershed development
are:
Conservation of soil and moisture, Afforestation and forest
upgradation, Water harvesting, Development of horticulture Pasture
development Supply of drinking water
CHAPTER 4: AGRICULTURE
Important Terms
Agriculture: Cultivation of crops and domestication of animals
is called agriculture. Cash Crops: The crops which are cultivated
for trade and commerce and selling them in the
market to earn money, like tobacco, spices, fruits, sugarcane
etc. Animal Husbandry: Domesticating animals for production of milk
and meat is called animal
husbandry.
Green Revolution: Sudden rise in the production of crops by
using HYV seeds, irrigation water, chemical fertilizers etc. is
called green revolution. It took place during 1960s in our
country.
Horticulture: Cultivation of fruits and vegetables is called as
horticulture. Sericulture: Rearing of silk worm and producing silk
is called sericulture. Jhumming: Shifting agricultural in the north
east is called as jhumming. It is also called slash and
burn agriculture because tree are cut and burnt to clear the
land for agriculture.
PDS: It means Public Distribution System. It is a program which
provides foodgrains and other essential items [Rice, Wheat, Sugar,
Kerosene Oil etc.] to rural people at subsidized rate [low
price].
Minimum Support Price [MSP]: It is a lowest price announced by
the Govt. at which foodgrains are procured by FCI [Food Corporation
of India].
Genetic Engineering: It means developing new and hybrid seed by
using modifying the gene of the crops.
Shifting Agriculture: It is also called as slash and burn
agriculture. In this agriculture forest land is cleared and they
are burnt. Agriculture is done using very old tools on very small
scale. After one or two year new land is selected and same process
is followed. This method of agriculture is very
old; and gives very low production; and also it degrade forest.
In the north-east this agriculture is
called as jhumming or jhum cultivation. Important Crops in
India:
o Cereal Crops: Rice, Wheat, Bajra o Millets: Jowar, Bajra and
Ragi
o Pulses: Tur [Arhar], Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas, Gram o
Oilseeds: Mustard, Coconut, Groundnut, Coconut, Sunflower,
Soyabean
o Beverage: Tea, Coffee
o Fiber Crops: Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Natural Silk o Cash Crops:
Sugarcane, Rubber, Tobacco, Spices
Operation Flood: It means sharp rise in the production of milk.
It is also called as White Revolution.
Important Features and Characteristics of Indian Agriculture
a) Indian agriculture is subsistence in nature. It means produce
is consumed by the farmer itself. b) Agriculture is dependent on
monsoon rain. Only 1/3rd net sown is under irrigation.
c) Consumption of chemical fertilizer, HYV seeds, pesticide etc
is very low. d) Size of agriculture fields is very small.
e) Machines and modern farm implements are used only in small
area.
f) Food crops [rice, wheat] are more important than commercial
crops. g) There are poor banking and insurance facility available
to the farmers.
Agricultural Seasons [Cropping Pattern]
Agricultural Seasons Period Important Crops
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 9
Kharif Rainy [Jun Oct] Rice, Maize, Cotton, Groundnut, Moong
Rabi Winter [Nov Apr] Wheat, Barley, Gram, Oilseeds Zaid Summer
[May Jun] Watermelon, Cucumbers, Vegetables
Difference between Subsistence Farming and Commercial
Farming
Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming
1. Subsistence farming is done for self consumption not for
market.
2. It is done where population pressure on the
land is very high. 3. Size of agricultural fields is very
small.
4. Consumption of chemical fertilizers, HYV
seeds, insecticide etc is low.
5. Use of machines and modern farm
implements are less. 6. Important crops are rice, jowar, bajra
etc.
1. Commercial farming is done for market, trade and
commerce.
2. It is done where population pressure on
the land is low. 3. Agricultural fields are bigger in size.
4. Consumption of chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds, pesticides
etc is high.
5. Modern machines e.g. tractors, harvesters, combine etc. are
used.
6. Wheat, cotton, sugarcane, tea, coffee
are important crops.
Plantation Agriculture
It is a type of commercial agriculture which need huge
investment of money. It is single crop farming practiced on large
land. Plantation agriculture was started by British in India.
Generally it is done in hilly and sloppy area where rainfall is
high and water can drain easily. Heavy dose of fertilizers,
pesticides etc are required. Efficient and fast transport and
communication help this farming to connect with market. Important
crops are tea, coffee, banana, spices, rubber etc.
Technological and Institutional Reforms
Agricultural in India is thousands of year old. It is
subsistence in nature because farmers consume most of
the produce by themselves. But because of use of modern
technology and institutional reform Indian
agriculture is becoming commercial. Green Revolution [Crops] and
White Revolution [Milk Operation Flood] is the result of these two
reforms.
Technological Reforms:
a) Wooden plough was replaced with tractors and tillers.
b) Drip irrigation and sprinklers are now used for irrigation
which irrigates more area in less water. c) Use of chemical and bio
fertilizers have increase manifold. HYV Seeds, pesticide,
insecticides are
also used more. d) Biotechnology has developed much genetically
improved variety of seed which are resistant to
drought and pest. They give more production also. e) Farmers are
now using TV, Radio, Newspapers and Cell Phone to know about
weather condition
and according they plan agricultural activities.
Institutional Reforms:
a) Zamindari system was abolished by the Government of India. b)
Small fields were consolidated to make large fields.
c) Agriculture was the main focus in the first Five Years
Plan.
d) Kissan Credit Card [KCC], Personal Accident Insurance Scheme
[PAIS] was started by Govt. to help the Indian farmers.
e) Govt. also announces Minimum Support Price and has abolished
the role of middleman in the market.
Difference between Dryland and Wetland Farming
Dryland Farming Wetland Farming 1. It is practiced in low
rainfall area where 1. It is practiced in high rainfall and
well
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 10
irrigation facilities are not available.
2. More emphasis is done on conservation of soil moisture.
3. This agriculture faces the problem of drought.
4. Jowar, Bajra and Pulses are grown in this
agriculture.
irrigated area.
2. It is practiced in north, north-east and some part of Western
Ghat.
3. This agriculture faces the problems of flood.
4. Important crops of this farming are rice,
jute and sugarcane.
Difference between Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture Commercial Agriculture 1. Agriculture is
done only for self consumption.
2. More importance is given to food crops like
rice, wheat, maize, Jowar and Bajra. 3. Most of the works are
done manually. Human
labour is used more. 4. Size of the field is very small and they
are
scattered.
5. Investment of capital for HYV seeds, fertilizers,
insecticides etc. is very low.
1. Agriculture is done for trade and
commerce.
2. More importance is given to cash crops like tea, coffee,
spices, sugarcane and
cotton. 3. Modern machines are used in various
activities of agriculture.
4. It is done on large size fields. 5. There is huge capital
investment on
machinery, fertilizers, labours etc.
Contribution of Agriculture to National Economy
a) Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. About 63%
people are directly dependent on
agriculture for their livelihood. b) About 40% of national
income comes for agricultural sector alone.
c) Agriculture also provides raw materials to many industries
e.g. sugar, textile, food and beverage industries.
d) It also has ensured food security. FCI procure crops at
minimum support price to stock. It also
distribute among people under PDS [Public Distribution System].
e) India export wheat, sugar, fruits, tea to foreign countries and
earn foreign exchange.
f) Agriculture also brings happy, prosperity and development in
rural economy.
Food Security and Methods of Ensuring Food Security
Food Security: Food is the basic requirement of all the people
in the country. But many people are not
able to get sufficient meals at least two times in a day. During
natural disaster like earthquake, flood, drought there is shortage
of food all over the country. Food security is a method to ensure
at least
minimum quantity of food for all the people round the year. Food
Corporation of India [FCI] procure foodgrains at Minimum Support
Price and maintain food security by two ways: a) Buffer Stock and
b)
Public Distribution System [PDS].
Methods of Ensuring Food Security in India
a) More area should be brought under cultivation of foodgrains
like rice, wheat, pulses and oil seeds. b) HYV Seeds should be used
which gives more production per hectare of land.
c) Biotechnology can be used to modify genetics of seed so that
it can resist drought, flood and
diseases and give more production. d) More multipurpose projects
should be undertaken to improve agriculture.
e) Modern machines and tools should be used in agriculture like
tractor, harvester, sprinklers etc. f) Farmer should be given
banking and insurance facilities.
g) All forms of soil erosion should be checked and soil should
be conserved.
Globalization and Its impact on Indian Agriculture
Meaning: Integrating the national economy with the economy of
other countries of the world is called
globalization. It has made cross-border flow of money,
technology and people very easy.
Positive Impact of Globalization
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 11
a) Indian farmers will have access to internal market. They can
sell their produce at international
prices. b) Capital investment from foreign countries will
develop the Indian agriculture.
c) Globalization will bring competitiveness among farmers which
will lead to commercialization of Indian agriculture.
d) Indian farmers can also use modern technology and machineries
which are now used only in
foreign countries. e) Globalization will also help in
biotechnology and genetic engineering in India.
Negative Impact of Globalization
a) Multinational Companies [MNCs] of developed countries will
exploit our farmers as Indian farmers are poor and illiterate.
b) Small farmers of India cannot compete with farmers of
developed nations.
c) Indian farmers may not get the international buyers as
quality of our crops is not as per the international standard.
d) Due to globalization, Indian farmers will try to grow more
cash crops and there will be shortage of food in our country.
CHAPTER 5: MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Important Terms to Remember
A rock having high content of a particular mineral is called as
ore. Coal, petroleum, natural gas are called as fossil fuel.
Manganese is used for making iron-steel, alloys, bleaching powder,
insecticides, paints and
batteries.
Aluminium is extracted from mineral called bauxite. Lignite coal
is mined from Neyvali in Tamil Nadu. Solar energy is producing
using photo-voltaic cell which made of silicon. Uranium and thorium
are used to produce nuclear or atomic energy. Copper is good
conductor of electricity. It is used for making utensils, electric
wires, utensils and
alloys. Copper is found in Jharkhand [Singbhum] and Rajasthan
[Khetri]. Lead is used in cable covers, ammunition, paints, glass
and rubber making. Aluminum is obtained from bauxite. Aluminum is
used in manufacturing of aeroplane, utensils,
house-hold items, wires etc. Mica can withstand very high
temperature. It is resistant to high voltage. It is bad conductor
of
electricity. It is used in electrical and electronic industries.
Mica is found in Jharkhand [Hazaribag, Kodarma, Gaya].
Limestone is used in making cement and smelting iron ore in the
blast furnace. Thermal electricity is produced from fossil fuel
like coal, petroleum and gas. Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained
from uranium and thorium. These minerals are found in
Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Kerala. Electricity from sunlight is
produced using photovoltaic cells. Largest solar plant in India is
located
in Madhapur [Gujurat]. Largest wind farm cluster in India is
located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Biogas is produced
from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste. It is better then
cowdung
and charcoal. Gobar Gas Plants are now being installed in rural
areas of our country. Gulf of Kuchchh has ideal condition for
producing tidal energy. Heat of the earths interior is used to
produce geothermal energy. Hot water coming from depth
[geysers] produced steam which runs terbines to generate
electricity. Geothermal energy is
produced from Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in
Ladakh. Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur [HBJ] Pipeline is longest in
India [1700 km]. Nuclear Power Plants in India:
1. Naraura [UP] 4. Tarapur [Maharastra] 2. Rawat Bhata
[Rajasthan] 5. Kaiga [Karnataka]
3. Ukai [Gujarat] 6. Kalpakkam [Tamil Nadu]
Mineral and Its Classification
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 12
Meaning: Minerals are natural substance which has certain
physical and chemical properties like colour,
hardness, texture, crystals etc. Minerals are very important as
most of the things we use in our lives are made of one or other
minerals. Minerals are mined from earth surface. There are about
2000 types of
minerals identified so far but few of them are very important
like iron, cooper, mineral oil, bauxite etc. Minerals can be
classified as under:
1] Metallic Minerals: Metals are obtained from them. a) Ferrous
[Contain Iron]: Iron Ore, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt
b) Non-Ferrous [No Iron]: Copper, Lead, Tin, Bauxite c) Precious
[Costly]: Gold, Silver, Platinum
2] Non-Metallic Minerals: Metals are not obtained from them.
Mica, Salt, Potash, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone
3] Energy Minerals: These minerals provide us energy.
Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Mode of Occurrence [Where are minerals found?]
Minerals are found in the earth surface [crust]. They are
extracted by mining activities. Minerals take
millions of year to form; therefore they are called as
non-renewable resource. h) In the veins and lodes of igneous rock
and metamorphic rock important metallic minerals are
found like cooper, zinc, tin, lead etc. i) Energy minerals such
as coal, petroleum and natural gas are found in the beds and layers
of
sedimentary rocks.
j) Alluvial deposits [also called as placer deposits] contain
very precious minerals like gold, silver, tin, platinum etc.
k) Ocean water also contains many minerals like salt, magnesium,
bromide etc. l) Weathered materials of the rocks contain bauxite
[aluminum].
Iron Ore, Its Types and Distribution
It is a ferrous mineral and backbone of any economy. Industrial
development of any country depends on availability of iron ore.
Iron is used in making from needle to big ship. India is rich in
good quality of iron
ore. There are four types of iron ore.
a) Magnetite [Contains 70-80% Iron Best Quality] b) Hematite
[Contains 50-60% Iron]
c) Siderite d) Limonite
Iron ore found in the peninsular plateau of India.
a) Orissa-Jharkhand Belt: Iron ore is mined from Mayurbhanj,
Kendujhar, Singbhum, Gua and
Noamundi Districts. b) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt: Good quality
hematite ore are found from Bastar and Durg districts.
Iron ore is exported to Japan and Korea. c)
Bellary-Chtradurga-Chikmaglur Belt: This belt is in Karnataka. Iron
ore mined from Kudremukh
[Largest deposit in the world]. Ore is exported to USA and
Europe.
d) Maharastra-Goa Belt: Goa and Ratnagiri are important mining
place of iron ore.
Coal, Its Types and Distribution
Coal is a type of fossil fuel and the most important source of
energy in our country. Coal is formed by burial of plants and
animals in the rocks for million of years. Coal is used for
generating thermal electricity
and for smelting iron ore. Coal in India is found mainly in
Gondwana Rocks series of river Damodar,
Mahanadi, Godawari etc. There are four types of coal as per
carbon content. a) Anthracite [Best Quality]
b) Bituminous [Mainly found in India] c) Lignite [Low grade coal
found in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu]
d) Peat
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 13
Gondwana coal is found in West Bengal and Jharkhand. Important
mining centres are Raniganj, Jharia,
Dhanbad, Bokaro. River valleys of Damodar, Mahanadi, Son, Wardha
have many mining centres. Tertiary coal [new coal] is found in
north-eastern part of the country like Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal
Pradesh.
Difference between Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy
Sources
Conventional Source Non-Conventional Source 1. These energy
sources are being used since
a long time, hence they are called conventional source.
2. Wood, coal, petroleum and gas are conventional sources of
energy.
3. These sources are non-renewable. They will
finish one day. 4. Use of these sources pollutes the
enrolments. They are not eco-friendly.
1. These sources are new and modern,
therefore called as non-conventional source.
2. Wind, tides, solar, biogas are non-conventional sources of
energy.
3. These sources renewable and can be
used for longer period. 4. They are eco-friendly and clean
sources of energy.
Difference between Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals
Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals
1. These minerals are melted to obtain metals. Metals can be
beaten into sheet or wire.
2. Iron, copper, bauxite, manganese are example of metallic
minerals.
3. These minerals are generally found in
igneous and metamorphic rocks. 4. These minerals are used in
metallurgical
industries. 5. They are hard, ductile and malleable.
6. When hit, they are not broken.
1. These minerals do not contain metals. Sheet and wire can be
made from them.
2. Sandstone, limestone, marble etc. are example.
3. These minerals are generally found in
sedimentary rocks. 4. These minerals are used generally in
construction and building. 5. They are not so hard and do not
shine.
6. When hit, they break into pieces.
Difference between Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy
Commercial Energy Non-Commercial Energy
1. Commercial energy has great economic values.
2. This energy pollutes the environment badly. 3. Commercial
energy sources are limited in the
nature. 4. It is used mainly in the towns and cities.
5. Coal, petroleum, gas, nuclear energies are its examples.
1. Non-commercial energy sources are
cheaper. 2. They are pure and keep the
environment clean. 3. They are abundant [unlimited] in
nature.
4. It is mainly used in rural areas. 5. Cowdung, charcoal,
firewood,
agricultural waste are its example.
Need for Conservation of Minerals
a) Minerals should be conserved because they are limited in
nature.
b) Minerals are also not found at every place. They occur at
certain place only.
c) Most of the minerals are non-renewable and finish one day. d)
Use of mineral produces waste and pollute environment. Mineral
should be conserve to make the
environment clean. e) Minerals should be conserved for
sustainable development.
Measurement [Methods] for Conservation of Minerals
a) Judicious use of our mineral resources. It means misuse and
overuse of minerals should be avoided.
b) Public transport system [Bus, Train, Metro Train etc] should
be used instead of personal transport like car and bike.
c) Switching off electricity when it is not in use.
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 14
d) Power saving devices should be used. Modern technology which
consume less energy and give
more output should be adopted [like CFL Bulb]. e)
Non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal energy should be used in
the place of coal, petroleum and gas.
CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Important Terms
Manufacturing: Processing of raw material to make another
valuable product in large quantity is called as manufacturing.
Light Industries: Industries which uses light raw material and
produces light goods are called as light industries e.g. electric
fans, bulb, button, toys etc.
Integrated Steel Plants: It is a large steel plant which handle
everything under one complex from smelting, rolling and shaping of
steel. Ex Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur etc.
Remember These Facts
First cement plant was set in the year 1904 in Chennai. Chemical
industry produces fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastic, adhesive,
paints, dye, glass, soap,
acids, detergents etc.
Smelting of bauxite to produce aluminium needs very high
electricity [18,600 Kwh for one ton of ore]. Therefore, aluminium
smelting plants are located near the source of
hydroelectricity.
IT Industry and Electronic Industry includes manufacturing of
television, telephone, mobiles, computers, IC, radars etc.
Bangalore is called Electronic Capital of India. It is also called
as Silicon
Valley of India.
Sugar industry is located in the sugarcane producing area
because sugarcane is a perishable item. It cannot be transport for
longer distance and time.
First Cotton Mill was started in 1854 in Mumbai. Four famous
variety of Indian silk are: a) mulberry, b) tasar, c) eri and d)
muga. Four well known synthetic fibers are: a) rayon, b) nylon, c)
terelene and d) decron. Three types of fertilizers manufactured in
India are: a) Urea, b) Phosphatic Fertilisers, c)
Ammonium Phosphate [DAP].
Importance of Manufacturing Industries
a) Manufacturing industries are the backbone of our economy.
Economic strength of any country depends on manufacturing
industries.
b) Manufacturing industries help in modernization of
agriculture. Tractor, harvester, thresher, irrigation pipes,
sprinklers, fertilizers etc are made in these industries.
c) It is a great source of employment. Millions of people are
directly engaged in manufacturing. These industries also help in
eradicating unemployment and poverty.
d) Export of manufactured items help trade and commerce and our
country earn foreign exchange.
e) Manufacturing meet the basic need of the people i.e. food,
cloth and shelter. f) Highest contribution to our national economy
comes from manufacturing industries. It brings
prosperity, social and economic development.
Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries
A] On the basis of Raw Materials [Input]
1. Agro Based: Those industries where raw materials come from
agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Wollen, Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea,
Edible Oil
2. Mineral Based: Those industries where minerals are used as
raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminum, Machine
Tools etc.
B] On the basis of their Main Role
1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material
to other industries are called basic industries. These industries
help the
development of other industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and
Aluminium Smelting
2. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for
consumers are called
consumer industries. Finished goods of these industries are
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 15
directly sold in the market for consumers, e.g. Sugar,
Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc. C] On the basis of Capital
Investment
1. Small Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of
capital in less than rupees one crore is called as small scale
industries, e.g. Mat,
Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc.
2. Large Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of
capital is more than rupees one crore is called as large scale
industries, e.g. Iron &
Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton Textiles etc. D] On the basis of
Ownership
1. Public Sector: These industries are owned, operated and
maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, IISCO
2. Private Sector: These industries are owned, operated and
maintained by
individual or group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Dabar India.
3. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by Govt. and
group of individuals. It is mixture of public and private sector,
e.g. Oil
India Ltd. [OIL].
4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned, operated and
maintained by supplier of raw materials and workers of the
industries, e.g.
Sugar industries in Maharastra, Coir industries in Kerala. E] On
the basis of Finished Goods [Output]
1. Heavy Industries: Those industries which use heavy and bulky
raw materials and produced heavy goods in large quantity are called
heavy
industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting.
2. Light Industries: Those industries which use light and small
raw materials and produced light goods are called light industries,
e.g. Electrical,
Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.
Which factors affect the location of an industry?
Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain
places only where they get favourable condition. Location of an
industry is governed by mainly by the following two factors.
1. Raw Materials 2. Source of Energy
3. Source of Water 4. Availability of Capital and Finance
5. Demand in Market 6. Skilled Labourers and Workers
7. Banking and Insurance 8. Transport and Communication
Cotton Textile Industry and Its Problems
It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India. First
cotton mill was established in 1854 in
Mumbai. At present, it the largest industry in our country.
There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our country.
Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and
Gujarat due to favourable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai,
Pune, Ahmedabad, Suar, Rajkot etc. Other centres are Agra, Kanpur,
Hugli, Chennai, Madurai etc.
Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a)
Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills Cotton textile industry
involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, tailoring
and
packaging to produce readymade garments. India export yarn and
readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.
Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as: a)
scarcity of good quality cotton, b)
main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery, d)
erratic power supply, e) low productivity of labour, f) tough
competition from synthetic fibers.
Iron & Steel Industry and Its Problems
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 16
This industry is called as basic industry because it provide raw
material to many other industries such as machine an tools,
transport equipment, construction material etc. It is also called
as heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone]
are bulky in nature.
Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace
using coking coal to produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore,
limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1.
Pig iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make
it more stronger steel. Most of the steel plants are located in
Chotanagpur region due to its favourable conditions. At
present there are 10 integrated iron and steel plants and many
small and mini plants. Important
integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro,
Bhilai, Burnpur etc. India produces about 33 million tons of steel
every year even though per capita consumption of
steel is very low i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has low
economic and industrial development. Today steel industries in
India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production, b)
Limited
availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of labour, d)
Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw
materials are found in a certain pocket of India only, f) Poor
infrastructure like transport and communication etc.
Jute Industries and Its Problems
India is largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are
about 70 jute mills in our country. First jute mill was setup in
Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859. Most of the jute mills are located along
Hugli
River in West Bengal due to favourable condition. Jute is used
in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura
also have jute miils. Jute industries are facing problems like: a)
main jute producing area went to Bangladesh, b) high
production cost, c) declining demand of jute in international
market, d) tough competition from
synthetic fiber industry.
Why cotton industries are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and
Gujarat?
Cotton textile industries are located mainly in Maharastra
[around Mumbai] and Gujarat [around
Ahmedabad] because of the following reasons.
a) Raw Materials: These areas have easy access to raw material
i.e. cotton. Maharastra and Gujarat are the largest producer of
cotton in India.
b) Favourable Climate: Humid climate is required for cotton
textile. Maharastra and Gujarat have humid climate as they are
located near to Arabian Sea. This climate is also good for
cultivation of
cotton.
c) Availability of Capital: Mumbai is the financial capital of
our country. It provides finance and capital to cotton textile.
d) Labour: Maharastra and Gujarat are heavily populated area.
Cheap labours are available in this region.
e) Transport and Communication: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Pune
etc are well connected by road and rail with other part of the
country. Mumbai port is used to export readymade garments to
European Countries.
Why iron and steel industries are located mainly in Chotanagpur
Region?
Most of important integrated steel plants are locate in
Chotanagpur region i.e in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh,
Orrisa etc. It is because of the following reasons:
a) Raw Material: Chotanagpur area is rich in iron ore. Iron ore
is extracted from Singbhum, Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar etc.
b) Energy: Coal is used for smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace. Coal is available from Raniganj, Dhanbad, Jharia and
Bokaro.
c) Cheap labour: Bengal, Bihar and Orissa have high density of
population. Therefore, cheap labour is available in this
region.
d) Transport: This region is well connected by road and railway
with other parts of the country.
Nantional Highway 2, Delhi Howrah and Howrah Mumbai rail route
passes through this region.
e) Capital: Kolkata is a megacity which provide capital, banking
and insurance facility.
Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River. Why?
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 17
There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along
Hooghly River. This area provides many
favourable conditions required for this industry. a) Raw jute is
available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of
jute.
b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute.
d) Warm and humid climate is very favourable for cultivation of
jute and jute industry.
e) Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and market. f)
Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.
Sugar industry is shifting from northern to southern India.
Why?
Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producer of sugarcane.
Therefore, most of the sugar mills were
located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are
shifting towards Maharastra and Karnataka
because of following reasons. a) Per hectare production of
sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite suitable
for
cultivation of sugarcane. b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is
higher in Maharastra and Karnataka. It means more sugar can
be produced for less sugarcane.
c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and modern
machines increase the productivity.
d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states.
e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern
states.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2, Carbon
Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc. Chimneys of the industries produce
heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. Use of CFC
in
various industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters
ultraviolet rays of the sun. b) Dumping of organic and inorganic
industrial waste into water bodies pollute the water.
Industries
which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes,
fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic
waste which kills the aquatic life. c) High intensity sound
generated by running machines, siren, drilling, fans etc leads to
noise
pollution. It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart
attack etc. among the nearby people. d) Mining activity to get raw
material for industries also degrade the environment. Land
degradation,
deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. of result of
mining activities.
Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution
and Degradation
a) Industries should be located with careful planning and better
design.
b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of
coal. c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead
of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and
separate harmful materials from the
waste. e) Waste water should be properly treated before
discharging into rivers.
f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.
g) Polluting industries should be located away from town and
cities.
CHAPTER 7: LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
Important Terms
Transport: Movement of people and goods from one place to
another place is called transport.
Modes of transport are: a) Land [Road, Rail, Pipeline], b) Water
[Inland, Oceanic] and c) Air
[Domestic, International] Communication: Transfer of idea,
message, and information from one place to another place is
called communication. Modes of communication are TV, radio,
cellphone, newspaper, magazines, internet. Communication has two
types: a) Print Media [Newspaper, Magazines] and b) Electronic
Media [TV, Radio, Internet].
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 18
Harbour: It is an area of sea which provides safe entrance to
ships. It also protects ships from waves and storms.
Port: It is a point on the coast which provides facility of
anchoring of ship. It also provide facilities like loading and
unloading, berth, cold storage. A port is connected with its
hinterland. Seaports help in international trade and commerce.
Hinterland: It is an area which serves port for international
trade. For example, Maharastra, M P, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana are
hinterland for Mumbai seaport. Various things produced in these
states are exported through Mumbai port.
Express Highway: These are 6 lanes best quality of roads. They
have been constructed to connect important cities of India and to
provide fast traffic from one place to other place.
International Trade: Exchange of goods and services between two
or more countries is called international trade.
Remember These Facts
Golden Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with
west. It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. It is 6 lanes
good quality super express highway. It total length is
5846 km.
East West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar
[Gujurat]. It connects Guwahati, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Jhansi and
Rajkot.
North South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with
Kanyakumari. It connects Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Hydrabad and
Bangalore.
Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. It is only 10 km
for 100 sq. km. area. Density of road is low in this state because
this is a hilly state with very low populaton.
Highest road density is found in Kerala. It is about 375 km. for
100 sq. km. area. Longest pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline
[Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. It is about 1700 km. long. Indian
railway is divided into 16 railway zones. NH 1 connects Delhi and
Amritsar. NH 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata. It is also called as
Grand Truck Road. NH 3 connects Mumbai and Agra. NH 7 connects
Varanasi and Kanyakumari. It is longest in India.
Road Transport and Its Types
India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Total
road length in India is about 2.3 million km. There are various
types of road in India.
Golden Quadrilateral: It is a 6 lane super highway. This
connects four mega cities of our country i.e Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai
and Kolkata. East-West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with
Porbandar [Gujarat]. North-South Corridor connects Srinagar [J
& K] with Kanyakumari [Tamil
Nadu]. National Highways: These roads are most important in
India. National Highways are constructed
by CPWD. Important National Highways are NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 etc.
These highways connects
important cities, railways stations, port, mining areas, capital
towns etc. State Highways: These roads connect state capital with
district headquarters. They are
constructed by SPWD [State Public Work Dept.]. District Roads:
These roads are found in rural areas. They connect district
headquarter with village
and blocks.
Other Roads: It includes village roads. They are mainly
non-metalled roads. Many roads have been constructed under Pradhan
Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
Border Roads: Border Roads are constructed by Border Road
Organisation [BRO]. These roads are constructed along the borders
which are used to connect isolated parts with main country.
These
roads are very important from strategic point of view.
Merits or Advantage of Roadways
a) Construction and maintenance of road is much lower than
railways.
b) Roads can be constructed on hills, plateaus, forests and
desert also. c) Road can negotiate high degree of slope and can
take sharp turns.
d) It provides door-to-door service facilities.
e) Roads can be constructed in the hills and forest also.
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 19
f) It is economical for few passengers and small amount of
goods.
g) Transportation of perishable items e.g. milk, fish,
vegetables are more reliable by roads. h) Cost of loading and
unloading of goods is much lower.
i) Road transport provide link between other mode of transport
such as rail, airport, seaport etc.
Indian Railway at a Glance
Indian railway is about 150 years old. First rail was started in
1853 between Mumbai and Thane. It connects State Capital with
Capital of India. It also connects major towns and cities,
tourist
places, mining centers, seaports, airports etc.
There are about more than 7,000 stations on 63,000 km. long
railway tract. Indian railway is divided into 16 zones for proper
administration. Railways in India have three gauge system: a) Broad
Gauge [1.676 m]
b) Meter Gauge [1.0 m] c) Narrow Gauge [0.762 and 0.610 m].
There are various types of train running in India such as
Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Mail and Express, Local and Special Trains
which carry passengers.
About 80% of freight [goods] and 70% of passenger traffic is
carried by railways. Konkan Railways is built in Western Ghat
Mountain. It is an example of best railway engineering in
India. It has hundred of tunnels and bridges.
There is marked improvement in Indian railways. They are: a)
Computerised Reservation System, b) Waiting Room Facilities on
Stations, c) Catering Facility, d) Electrification of Tracks, e)
Uni-
Gauge System [Conversion of all gauges into broad gauge], f)
Replacement of Steam Engine with Electric Engine, g) Special Trains
like Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Jan Shatabdi, Summer Special etc.
Merits or Advantage of Railways
Good for transportation of bulky and heavy materials It is
cheaper for transporting goods for longer distances. Best for
transportation of raw materials e.g. iron ore, manganese, coal etc.
It is fast mode transportation. Large number of passengers can be
transported. Railway provides various facilities such as night
berth, catering, computerized reservation etc.
Pipelines in India and Its Advantages
Pipelines are used to transport gas and liquid materials such as
mineral or refined oil, natural gas,
water or even milk. Solid items can also be transported after
making it slurry. Pipelines are found from oil producing centers to
oil refinery plants and from oil refinery plants to
the market [city]. Minerals oil from upper Assam is transported
to Barauni and Allahabad oil refinery through
pipeline.
Pipeline from Salaya to Jalandhar via Mathura and Delhi is also
very important pipeline. The longest pipeline in India is H-B-J
pipeline which connect Hazia, Bijapur and Jagdishpur. It is
about 1700 km. long.
Advantage of Pipeline Transportation
Pipeline is best for transportation of gas and liquid materials
e.g. oil, natural gas, water and milk. Construction of pipeline is
cheaper than road and railways. Pipeline can be constructed in
forest, swampy area, hills and desert. It can also be laid down
under river and ocean water. Pipeline can ensure regular, quick
and on-demand supply of liquid and gaseous materials. Pipelines can
be operated at low energy cost and it does not pollute
environment.
Water Transportation in India
Water transportation is cheapest among all mode of
transportation because there is no need to
construct any route.
They are cheaper for transporting bulky and heavy raw
materials.
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 20
India has many perennial and seasonal rivers which offer
transport facility. India has about 14,500 km long inland
navigation waterways.
India also has long sea coast on which there are many ports like
Mumbai, Goa, Kochhi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia etc.
India has three National Waterways: o National Waterways 1 Ganga
1620 km. Allahabad Haldia o National Waterways 2 Brahmaputra 891
km. Sadiya Dhubri o National Waterways 3 West Coast Canal 205 km.
Kollam - Kottapuram
There are some problems in using waterways like: a) Peninsular
rivers are seasonal, b) Many rivers make waterfalls in their
course, c) Water transportation is slowest among all transport
modes, d) Construction of dams and barrage also blocks
waterways, e) Many rivers flow in uninhabited area, f) Indian coast
are shallow and we have less natural ports.
Distinguish between Ports on West and East Coasts
West Coast Ports East Coast Ports 1. West coast ports are
located in the west
along Arabian Sea.
2. Important west coast ports are Mumbai, Mangalore, Marmagao,
Cochin.
3. Cotton, spices, coffee, rubber, iron ore, manganse etc are
exported to USA and
European countries. 4. Mumbai is the largest port on west
coast.
1. East coast ports are located in the east
along Bay of Bengal.
2. Important east coast ports are Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam,
Chennai and Tuticorin.
3. Hinterland of these ports are rich in resources like iron
ore, bauxite,
manganese, mica. 4. Kolkata is the largest port on east
coast.
Airways in India and Its Advantages
It is fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. It can
cover long distance within hours. River, hills, forest, oceans etc.
do not come in the way of air transport. Air transport play very
important role in rescue operation during natural disasters like
flood and
earthquake. It also connects isolated and far away places with
main stream of the country. It is best for north-
eastern states and Jammu and Kashmir. In India, domestic service
is provided by Indian Airlines. It covers major cities of India
and
neighboring countries. International air transport service is
provided by Air India. Pawanhans provides helicopter facility.
Private companies like Sahara, Kingfisher are also
operating air transportation in India.
Problems: a) Air transport is very costly and not suited for
common people, b) Construction of airport needs huge capital and
technology, c) Airports cannot be constructed everywhere.
Difference between Personal and Mass Communication
Personal Communication Mass Communication a) Personal
communication takes place between
two people or among very few people at a time.
b) Means of personal communication are letters,
postcards, telephone, mobile, telegram etc. c) It is handled
mainly by Indian Postal Network
and telephone companies.
a) Mass Communication takes place among
many people at a time. Many persons can interact with each
other.
b) Means of mass communication are TV, radio,
magazines, newspapers, internet, films etc. c) Mass
communication includes print media
and electronic media.
India Trade and Its Types
Meaning of Trade: Exchange of goods and services among people is
called as trade. In other words, buying and selling goods and
services is called trade. The place where trade takes place is
called as
market or trading center. Trade takes place because all parts of
world do not have same resources and they do not produce same
commodity. Higher amount of trade indicate higher economic
development of a country.
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Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 21
Balance of Payment: The ratio between value of export and import
is called balance of payment. If export is higher than import, it
is called favourable balance of payment. If import is higher than
export, it is called negative balance of payment.
Export from India: Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems
and jewellery, computer software, chemical products and
agricultural products are exported by India to other countries.
Import to India: Petroleum, pearls and precious stones, coal,
inorganic chemicals, fertilizers, electronic consumer durables are
imported by India from other countries.