Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno Hospital in Brno Miroslav Votava, Vladana Woznicová Miroslav Votava, Vladana Woznicová PATHOGENESIS PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION – I OF INFECTION – I Lecture for 2nd-year students Lecture for 2nd-year students May 4 May 4 th , 200 , 200 9 9
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Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno
Miroslav Votava, Vladana WoznicováMiroslav Votava, Vladana Woznicová
PATHOGENESISPATHOGENESISOF INFECTION – IOF INFECTION – I
Lecture for 2nd-year studentsLecture for 2nd-year studentsMay 4May 4tthh, 200, 20099
What is the pathogenesis?What is the pathogenesis?
Pathogenesis: Pathogenesis: explains explains the origin and the origin and development of pathological symptomsdevelopment of pathological symptoms
What does the What does the pathogenesis ofpathogenesis of infection infection include?include?
• Way of Way of spreading the agent spreading the agent through through macroorganismmacroorganism
• Mechanisms of Mechanisms of defence defence against it;against it;• Actual Actual causes of symptoms:causes of symptoms:
a) either directly thea) either directly the infectious agent, infectious agent,
b)b) or the reaction or the reaction ofof macroorganismmacroorganism to itto it
Spreading of agent through the Spreading of agent through the macroorganismmacroorganism
Portal of entry Portal of entry (skin, mucosae, placenta)(skin, mucosae, placenta) →→→ → sites of primary multiplicationsites of primary multiplication::
portal of entry vicinity portal of entry vicinity regional lymphatic nodes regional lymphatic nodes
→ → actual spreadactual spread (dissemination of agent): (dissemination of agent): by means of lymph, blood, per by means of lymph, blood, per continuitatem, along nervescontinuitatem, along nerves
→ → target organtarget organ: : typically in viral diseasestypically in viral diseases→ → sites of elimination from sites of elimination from macroorganismmacroorganism: :
may not be the same as portal of entrymay not be the same as portal of entry
ChronicChronic infections: ditto + infections: ditto + Klebsiella Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. rhinoscleromatispneumoniae, K. rhinoscleromatis
Respiratory tract mucosaRespiratory tract mucosa – II – II TonsilTonsilss and pharynx: and pharynx: respiratory viruses, respiratory viruses,
EBV, coxsackieviruses A; EBV, coxsackieviruses A; Str. pyogenesStr. pyogenes, other , other β-hemolytic β-hemolytic streptoc., streptoc., S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, N. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, Arcanobacterium gonorrhoeae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Corynebacterium haemolyticum, Corynebacterium diphtheriae; diphtheriae; Candida albicans; Candida albicans; Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasma gondii
Epiglottis: Epiglottis: Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae type btype b
Respiratory tract mucosaRespiratory tract mucosa – III – III Larynx and trachea: parainfluenza viruses, Larynx and trachea: parainfluenza viruses,
Secondarily: Secondarily: S. aureus, H. influenzaeS. aureus, H. influenzaeBronchi: Bronchi: influenza v., adenoviruses, RSV, influenza v., adenoviruses, RSV,
parainfluenza v., RSV; parainfluenza v., RSV; M. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, Ch. pneumoniae, Ch. pneumoniae, BordetellaBordetella pertussispertussis
Sec.: Sec.: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalisS. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis
Bronchioles: RSVBronchioles: RSV
nasopharyngeal, laryngeal swab
Lungs Lungs Bronchopneumonia: Bronchopneumonia: S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus,
H. influenzae; Legionella pneumophila, K. H. influenzae; Legionella pneumophila, K. pneumoniaepneumoniae, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; , E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis
Atypical pneumonia: Atypical pneumonia: M. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, influenza influenza virus A, virus A, Ch. pneumoniaeCh. pneumoniae; ; Chlamydia psittaci Chlamydia psittaci (ornithosis)(ornithosis), Coxiella burnetii , Coxiella burnetii (Q fever);(Q fever); Pneumocystis jirovecii, Pneumocystis jirovecii, CMV, atypical CMV, atypical mycobacteria, mycobacteria, Nocardia asteroidesNocardia asteroides
Subacute and chronic pneumonia: anaerobesSubacute and chronic pneumonia: anaerobes ((Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, PrevotellaPrevotella), ), Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
Conjunctiva: Conjunctiva: Strept. pneumoniaeStrept. pneumoniae, S. aureus, , S. aureus, H. influenzae, Moraxella lacunata; Chlam. H. influenzae, Moraxella lacunata; Chlam. trachomatis trachomatis D-K, D-K, N. gonorrhoeae;N. gonorrhoeae; adenovirusesadenoviruses (types (types 3, 3, 88, 19), , 19), enenteroviruses (typeteroviruses (type 70), HSV70), HSV
Cornea: Cornea: S. aureus, Strept. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Strept. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa; Acanthamoeba castellanii;P. aeruginosa; Acanthamoeba castellanii; Bacillus cereus;Bacillus cereus; oportunistically oportunistically pathogenic moulds; pathogenic moulds; HSVHSV, VZV, , VZV, adenoviruses (adenoviruses (type type 8)8)
Skin and hypodermis – I Skin and hypodermis – I Intact skin: Intact skin: leptospirae, larvae of hookworms leptospirae, larvae of hookworms
((Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanusAncylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus) ) and and Strongyloides stercoralisStrongyloides stercoralis, , cercariae cercariae of of schistosomes, bilharziellae and trichobilharziae schistosomes, bilharziellae and trichobilharziae (swimmers itch)(swimmers itch)
Small cracks in skin:Small cracks in skin: S. aureus, S. pyogenes,S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Bacillus anthracis, F. tularensis, Rickettsia Bacillus anthracis, F. tularensis, Rickettsia prowazekii; prowazekii; wartwart viruses, milker´s nodes v., viruses, milker´s nodes v., cowpox virus; cowpox virus; dermatophytesdermatophytes
Bite of arthropods:Bite of arthropods: arboviruses;arboviruses; borreliae, borreliae, ehrlichiae, rickettsiae, coxiellae, bartonellae, ehrlichiae, rickettsiae, coxiellae, bartonellae, Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis; plasmodia, trypanosomes, ; plasmodia, trypanosomes, leishmaniae and others)leishmaniae and others)
Skin and hypodermisSkin and hypodermis – II – II
Wounds: Wounds: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Clostridium S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Clostridium tetani,tetani, gas gangrene clostridia, coagulase gas gangrene clostridia, coagulase negative staphylococci etc.negative staphylococci etc.
Wounds and bites by animals:Wounds and bites by animals: rabiesrabies v.,v., Spirillum minus,Spirillum minus, Pasteurella multocidaPasteurella multocida, , Capnocytophaga canimorsus, S. aureus, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, S. aureus, Streptobacillus moniliformis; Streptobacillus moniliformis; Erysipelothrix Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaerhusiopathiae, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei
Skin and hypodermisSkin and hypodermis – III – III
Wounds in water: Wounds in water: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, AeromonasAeromonas hydrophilahydrophila; ; Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, MycobacteriumMycobacterium marinummarinum
Wounds in the tropics: Wounds in the tropics: Dermatophilus Dermatophilus congolensis, Rhodococcus equi, congolensis, Rhodococcus equi, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycob. marinum; Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycob. marinum; Sporothrix schenckii Sporothrix schenckii and many other and many other micromycetesmicromycetes
PlacentaPlacenta
Congenital infectionsCongenital infections
Viral: rubella v.Viral: rubella v. (Rubivirus(Rubivirus), parvovirus B19 ), parvovirus B19 ((ErythrovirusErythrovirus), ), cytomegaloviruscytomegalovirus (CMV), (CMV), varicella-zoster v. (VZV), herpes simplex v. varicella-zoster v. (VZV), herpes simplex v. (HSV)(HSV)
Spreading by means of lymphSpreading by means of lymphsskinkin →→ regional regional lymphatic nodes: lymphatic nodes: pyogenic cocci, pyogenic cocci,
F. tularensis, Y. pestisF. tularensis, Y. pestis; arboviruses; arbovirusesoropharynx, tonsilsoropharynx, tonsils →→ cervical nodes: cervical nodes: S. S.
pyogenes, C. diphtheriae, M. tuberculosis, pyogenes, C. diphtheriae, M. tuberculosis, anaerobes (anaerobes (Actinomyces israeliActinomyces israeli, , PrevotellaPrevotella), ), T. gondiiT. gondii
llungsungs →→ hilar nodes: hilar nodes: M. tbc, B. anthracis, M. tbc, B. anthracis, other respiratory pathogensother respiratory pathogens
Spreading by means of bloodSpreading by means of bloodAgents of all generalized infections: Agents of all generalized infections:
exanthematic viruses, enteroviruses, exanthematic viruses, enteroviruses, arboviruses, arboviruses, Treponema pallidum, Treponema pallidum, Salmonella Salmonella Typhi and many othersTyphi and many others
Agents of pneumonia commonly appear in Agents of pneumonia commonly appear in blood: blood: especially especially Strept. pneumoniaeStrept. pneumoniae
More rarely agents of other systemic and local More rarely agents of other systemic and local infections: infections: during meningitis, pyelonephritis during meningitis, pyelonephritis (urosepsis), suppurating wounds and (urosepsis), suppurating wounds and suchlikesuchlike
http://www.msevans.com
Spreading Spreading per continuitatemper continuitatemFrom cell to cell: From cell to cell: HSV, RSV, listeriae, yersiniaeHSV, RSV, listeriae, yersiniae
By means of secretion down the mucosa: By means of secretion down the mucosa: agents of agents of respiratory, enteric and urogenital infectionsrespiratory, enteric and urogenital infections
From the site of arthropod biting to its vicinity: From the site of arthropod biting to its vicinity: arboviruses, arboviruses, Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia burgdorferi
From the wound to adjacent tissue: From the wound to adjacent tissue: Streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes, Clostridiumpyogenes, Clostridium perfringensperfringens
From the middle ear to meninges: From the middle ear to meninges: S. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae type btype b
From lungs to pleura:From lungs to pleura: agents of pneumonia agents of pneumonia
Spreading along nervesSpreading along nerves
Either Either axonallyaxonally (within nerve fibres), or by (within nerve fibres), or by
progressive progressive infection of Schwann sheathinfection of Schwann sheath
Elimination of agent from the bodyElimination of agent from the body
From the mucosa of From the mucosa of respiratory tract respiratory tract and oral cavity, and oral cavity, intestine, intestine, urogenital tract, urogenital tract,
eye eye
From skin lesionsFrom skin lesions
By means of urineBy means of urine
From bloodFrom blood
Elimination from respiratory tractElimination from respiratory tract
Sneezing: Sneezing: in particular agents of common cold in particular agents of common cold (rhinoviruses, coronaviruses), (rhinoviruses, coronaviruses), fromfrom bacteria bacteria e.g.e.g. Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria meningitidisCoughing: Coughing: other respiratory viruses (primarily influenza other respiratory viruses (primarily influenza virus), virus), exanthematic viruses (VZV, morbilli virus, exanthematic viruses (VZV, morbilli virus, rubella virus), rubella virus), N. meningitidisN. meningitidis, , B. pertussis, M. tuberculosis, B. pertussis, M. tuberculosis, Y. pestisY. pestis
Elimination from alimentary tractElimination from alimentary tract
enteroviruses (incl. poliovirus), HAV, HEVenteroviruses (incl. poliovirus), HAV, HEV
salmonellae incl. salmonellae incl. S. S. Typhi, shigellae, EPEC, Typhi, shigellae, EPEC, ETEC etc., ETEC etc., V. cholerae, C. difficileV. cholerae, C. difficile
Elimination from urogenital tractElimination from urogenital tract
From diseased mucosae:From diseased mucosae:
Agents of classic venereal infections: in Europe Agents of classic venereal infections: in Europe N. gonorrhoeae, T. pallidumN. gonorrhoeae, T. pallidum
Agents of other sexually transmitted diseases Agents of other sexually transmitted diseases (STD): (STD): C. trachomatis C. trachomatis D-K,D-K, papillomaviruses, papillomaviruses, HSV-2HSV-2