10 February 20141 AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ACCRA AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ACCRA EBENEZER FIAHAGBE EPA.

April 10, 2023 1

AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ACCRAAIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ACCRA

EBENEZER FIAHAGBEEPA

April 10, 2023 2

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Major air pollution problemsAir quality monitoring project in AccraProgress of implementationConclusion Way forward

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Accra-capital city of GhanaAccra-capital city of Ghana Accra is a medium-size city

with a population of approximately 2.0 million people

Located in the southeastern part of Ghana on the Gulf of Guinea Coast

land elevation ranges from 10 to 100 feet above sea level.

Accra has a total area of approximately 2,592 km2 and is the fastest growing urban area in Ghana

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Major Sources of Air Pollution in AccraMajor Sources of Air Pollution in Accra

The major sources of ambient air pollution are :Vehicular exhaust emissions: the largest emitters

being older unmaintained vehicles Emissions from Industrial sources

Open burning of waste and other materials

Road and wind blown dustDry harmattan winds

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AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME IN ACCRAIN ACCRA

The US EPA, USAID and UNEP in July 2004, selected Accra, Ghana as one of two cities in Africa to benefit from an Air Quality Monitoring Capacity Building Project.

REASON

Ghana has successfully phased out lead in gasoline

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Goals of the ProjectGoals of the Project build and establish local capacity on air

quality monitoring,

collect and analyse air quality data on key pollutants..

provide policy-makers with information on the air quality in Accra and its impacts on health

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Goals of the project ( cont.)Goals of the project ( cont.) Formulate a basis to further develop an air

quality management strategy for the abatement of air pollution in Accra

provide recommendations on next steps in developing a broad base air quality program for Ghana.

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Institutional Arrangement -Core Implementing Institutional Arrangement -Core Implementing PartnersPartners

EPA-GHANA: local institution responsible for the coordination and implementation of the project

USEPA: Provided training, information materials, and references, as well as providing monitoring equipment and technical support

USAID: Provided the key financial and short-term contractor support for the project

UNEP: Provided funding support to facilitate in-country implementation

Research Triangle Institute : RTI was the technical consultant to USEPA on air monitoring strategies and implementation.

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TASK 1: ESTABLISH STAKEHOLDER TASK 1: ESTABLISH STAKEHOLDER COMMITTEECOMMITTEE

An institutional Stakeholder Committee was constituted in November 2004 to be responsible for decision making on all aspects of the project

comprises representatives from relevant stakeholders including: EPA, MEST, CSIR, GMA, FOE, AMA, GHS, UG, DVLA, MRT, TCPD

The committee held progress meetings on the project

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TASK 2 : DEVELOP QUALITY ASSURANCE TASK 2 : DEVELOP QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN(QAPP)PROJECT PLAN(QAPP)

The QAPP defines the project’s goals and objectives, illustrates the procedures for selection, sample collection and analysis; data quality objectives and validation protocols and management plans

Draft QAPP was generated, finalized and adopted for the programme

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Task 3. ESTABLISH AIR QUALITY Task 3. ESTABLISH AIR QUALITY MONITORING SITESMONITORING SITES

Establish Air Quality Monitoring Sites– Seven permanent sites at residential, industrial, and

commercial locations– Four roadside sites along major traffic routes

OUTCOME To date there are10 monitoring sites established made of Residential (3) Commercial(2) Industrial (2) Roadside (4) (2)

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TASK 4: IMPLEMENT AIR QUALITY TASK 4: IMPLEMENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING PLANMONITORING PLAN

Air pollutants being monitored:A) Particulate matter (PM10)

B) Ozone (O3)

C) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

D) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

E) Carbon Monoxide (CO)

F) Lead (Pb) and Manganese (Mn) in PM10

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Draeger DiffusionTube for CO

Ogawa Passive Badges for SO2, NO2, and O3

SSI PM10

Sampler

Airmetrics MiniVol PM10

Sampler

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OUTCOME AND OUTCOME AND PROGRESS OF PROGRESS OF

IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION

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Monitoring ScheduleMonitoring Schedule Monitoring follows a six-day schedule PM10 –24- hour sampling every 6 days SO2/NO2/O3 –6-day sampling every 18 days CO – 24 hours to 3-day sampling at roadside locations Pb/Mn –24-hour sampling every six days Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer used for the

determination of lead and manganese Ion Chromatograph used for the determination of SO2,

NO2 and O3 Reporting period (April 2005 - April 2006) for ten

monitoring sites

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0

50

100

150

200

co

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. (u

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Date

Residential areas PM10 conc. (ug/m3)

East Legon Dansoman Asylum down

EPA-Ghana Guideline (70ug/m3)

Commercial Areas PM10 conc. (ug/m3)

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Date

Co

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. (

ug

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EPA-Ghana Guideline (70 ug/m3)

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Industrial Area PM10 conc.(ug/m3)

0

50

100

150

200

South industrial Area

EPA-Ghana guideline (70ug/m3)

Roadside sites PM10 conc (ug/m3)

0

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400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Date

Co

nc 9

ug

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Kaneshie First Light Tetteh Quarshie Interchange Achimota

EPA Ghana Guideline(70 ug/m3)

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Particulate lead conc at various sites

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EPA Ghana Guideline (2.5 ug/m3)

Manganese concentration at various sites in Accra

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Sampling dates

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Dansoman Asylum Down Wire Weaving Odorkor First Light Tetteh Quarshie Interchange

EPA- Ghana Guideline ( 1.0 ug/m3)

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Findings –PM10Findings –PM10

38 % of the samples collected at 3 residential sites exceeded the EPA-Ghana 24-hour PM-10 air quality guideline of 70 ug/m3.

79 % of the samples collected at 3 roadside sites exceeded the EPA-Ghana 24-hour PM-10 air quality guideline of 70 ug/m3

83 % of the samples collected at the commercial site and 31% of samples collected at the industrial site exceeded the EPA-Ghana 24-hour PM-10 air quality guideline of 70 ug/m3.

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Findings –(Lead/Manganese)Findings –(Lead/Manganese) Significant reduction in the roadside lead levels

from a range of 2 – 188 ug/m3 in (2002-2003) before the phase out of leaded gasoline to a range of 0 – 0.38 ug/m3 in 2005/2006(below the Annual EPA-Ghana guideline of 2.5 ug/m3)

Particulate manganese concentration ranged from 0.0001 – 0.177 ug/m3 , all the results were below the 24-hour EPA guideline 1.0 ug/m3

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Findings -Gaseous PollutantsFindings -Gaseous Pollutants ( Sulphur dioxide/Nitrogen dioxide) ( Sulphur dioxide/Nitrogen dioxide)

SO2 concentration measured at both the permanent sites and the roadside locations were below the 24-hour EPA guideline of 0.04ppm and the WHO guideline of 0.05 ppm

NO2 concentration measured at both the permanent and roadside sites were below the 24-hour EPA-Ghana guideline of 0.075ppm and the annual WHO guideline of 0.02 ppm. 12 of the 16 samples collected at the roadside locations were above the annual WHO guideline of 0.02ppm

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Findings - ( Ozone / Carbon Monoxide)Findings - ( Ozone / Carbon Monoxide)

All the results for the permanent sites and the roadside locations were below the 8-hour WHO guideline of 0.06 ppm and the 8-hour US NAAQS of 0.08 ppm

the CO concentration ranged from 0.174 – 4.196 ppm. Results for the permanent sites and the roadside locations were below the 8-hour EPA and WHO guideline of 10 ppm

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ConclusionConclusion roadside locations and the commercial site have high levels

of particulate. This can be attributed to road dust, wind blown dust and vehicular exhaust emissions in particular.

At present, lead and manganese do not seem to be a major issue in Accra’s ambient air quality

Low SO2 concentration measured at the roadside locations despite the heavy vehicular traffic at these sites could be attributed to the low sulphur content of the crude oil used by Tema Oil Refinery

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Way ForwardWay Forward

Continue monitoring of PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, CO and lead and Manganese at ten (10)permanent and roadside sites

Establish similar air quality monitoring programme in other major cities in Ghana.

In collaboration with local stakeholders transform the EPA’s air quality guidelines into air quality standards.

 Create awareness on the health effects of air pollution .

Source for funding to ensure long term sustainability of the monitoring programme.

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsExpress our gratitude to UNEP USAID RTI USEPA Stakeholders

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Thank you