Psychology 2200 Developmental Psychology I: Fundamentals Emotional Development learning objectives • describe the various attachment styles and how researchers measure them • explain if and why they are stable • describe evidence that supports the claim that attachment expectations are in place by the end of the first year • describe five factors that influence attachment style • explain (using evidence from studies with monkeys and the case study of Genie) what happens when children are deprived of emotional intimacy “I have a friend...” bad day sees close friend/partner feels comforted gets annoyed with partner just wants to be alone A B C insecure: resistant - 14% secure - 65% insecure: avoidant - 21% attachments styles adolescent & adult attachment • many measures exist • e.g., Adult Attachment Interview • measure your own attachment style • http://www.web-research-design.net/cgi-bin/crq/crq.pl 1 2 3 4
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10 Emotional Development notes€¦ · theory on parenting & attachment •Q: how do people come to be securely attached? •nursing (breast feeding) •Skinner’s behaviorism -
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Psychology 2200
Developmental Psychology I: Fundamentals
Emotional Development
learning objectives
• describe the various attachment styles and how researchers measure them
• explain if and why they are stable
• describe evidence that supports the claim that attachment expectations are in place by the end of the first year
• describe five factors that influence attachment style
• explain (using evidence from studies with monkeys and the case study of Genie) what happens when children are deprived of emotional intimacy
5. parent internal working model (nurture)• how we view our childhood• not so much what actually happened
2. attachment styles are stable into adulthood
meta-analysis of stability of attachmentFraley (2002)
• question: how stable is attachment?
• N = 27 longitudinal studies
• method included
• Strange Situation at age 1
• Attachment measure at later time (up to 20 years old)
• coding: secure = 1 vs. insecure = 0
• correlation between them
• r = 1.0 means “attachment is set in stone”• secure at 1 year? always secure at age 2, 8, 20, etc.• insecure at 1 year? always insecure at age 2, 8, 20, etc.
• r = .0 means “the future is unwritten”
set in stone
the future is unwritten
r = 0
r = 1
resultsFraley (2002)
attachment securityage 1
attachment securityage 2
attachment securityage 8
attachment securityage 20
r = +.40
r = +.40
r = +.40
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what causes attachment styles to be stable?
internal working model
• John Bowlby (1969)
• internal working model = a set of expectations about...
• the availability of attachment figures
• their likelihood of providing support during times of stress
• and how to interact with those figures
• becomes self-fulfilling prophecy
• insecure expectations cause insecure behaviors, which elicit insecure reactions from others
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unresponsive condition responsive condition
look
ing
time
(s)
secure infantsinsecure infants
Johnson, Dweck, & Chen (2007)12-16 month olds
unresponsive condition
responsive condition
theory on parenting & attachment
• Q: how do people come to be securely attached?
• nursing (breast feeding)
• Skinner’s behaviorism - paired with tension relief from being fed
• Freudian view - context of close, emotional bond
• cuddling
• behaviorism: it will spoil a child
• Harlow’s challenge
• intimate cuddling is important in and of itself
• feeding & cuddling usually happen at the same time
• correlational study would be limited
• experiment with monkeys
• Q: do infants attach more to feeding parent or cuddling parent?
• IV: separate cuddling and feeding (which usually co-occur)
• DV: amount of time and quality of infant interaction with each “mother”
Freud
Skinner
Harlow
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importance of cuddlingHarry Harlow
main point
wire, feeding parent
cloth, cuddling parent
baby monkey spends most time on the cuddling parent
cuddling is independently important for emotional development