EOARD Physics 15 March 2011 LtCol Scott C. Dudley AFOSR/EOARD Air Force Office of Scientific Research AFOSR Distribution A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0762
EOARD Physics 15 March 2011
LtCol Scott C. Dudley
AFOSR/EOARD
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AFOSR
Distribution A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0762
2
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Solid State Physics, Quantum Systems, Electromagnetic
Interactions, Space Weather, Mathematics
LIST SUB-AREAS IN PORTFOLIO:
Graphene
Metamaterials – antennas and high power
Cold Atoms
Entangled Photons
Random Matrices and Elliptic Curves
Solar Observation
Scintillation
Gallium Nitride
Josephson Junctions
2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
3
Highlights in EOARD Physics
Carbon Nanotubes with Catalyst
Controlled Chiral Angle
Future effort:
August 5, 2010
Immanuel Bloch
Kostya Novoselov Andre Geim
Krzysztof Koziol
4
Single Site Addressing in Cold Atoms
Nature 2010
doi:10.1038/nature09378
Single site addressing lens
NA 0.68, resolution 0.7 µm
at wavelength of 780nm
5
Single Site Addressing in Cold Atom Lattices
EOARD - Grant History with Immanuel Bloch
• 2003 – Jay Lowell (AFOSR) & Carl Kutche (EOARD)
start grant: “Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices”
• 2007 – Paul Losiewicz (EOARD) and Anne Matsuura
(AFOSR) fund “Multiparticle Entanglement and Spatial
Addressability of Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices”
• 2008 – Grant transfers to Dudley (EOARD) & Curcic (AFOSR)
• 2010 – Grant concludes as group moves Mainz to Munich
2010 – Single Site Addressing realized!
Actually by two groups independently – Bloch in Germany and
Greiner at Harvard with both groups funded by AFOSR!
Immanuel Bloch
6
Quote re Single Site Addressing
“The high resolution microscopes
have created quite of buzz …
Wolfgang Ketterle of MIT likens
the new tool’s impact to that of
scanning probe microscopy on
condensed matter systems”
Barbara Goss Levi, Physics Today, Oct 2010, p. 20.
7
Mott Insulator Transition Simulated(from Nature 2010, doi:10.1038/nature09378)
Although the finding yielded few surprises, still “they are
amazing to see,” commented Pierre Meystre, Univ of Az.
“The pictures are gorgeous.” Physics Today, October 2010
8
Single Site Addressing to appear in Nature
9
“Action this Day”
portion omitted
10
“It’s still all about graphene”
thinnest imaginable material
highest mechanical strength: stronger than diamond
highest intrinsic mobility: >100 times of silicon
highest thermal conductivity: better than diamond
largest sustainable currents: million times of copper
most stretchable crystal: up to 20% elastic strain
longest mean free path at room temperature (~micron)
possible new quantum mechanical devices
11
Geim & Novoselov - Recent Annual Report
• 10 papers w/2 in Physical Review Letters and a Nature Physics
– Quantum capacitance, new devices (Ponomarenko et al, PRL 2010)
– Diamagnetic down to 4K, no ferromagnetism (Sepioni et al, PRL 2010)
• Unpublished – Graphene encapsulated within boron nitride
– mobility ~100,000 cm2/Vs @ T= 300K, micron mean free path
• 40 invited talks, including 10 plenary
• “Andre Geim day” at AFOSR & ONR, 26 April 2010
• National Academy of Science J.J. Carty Award to Geim
• Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 to Geim and Novoselov
that’s for the period Oct 2009 to Sept 2010
but what have they done lately?
12
Digression - Compound Semiconductors
Bandgap Energy vs Lattice Constant
for various semiconductor systems
1970s
1980s
1990s
13
Band Gap Engineering in Graphene
• Geometry –
nanoribbons,
constrictions,
vacancy/substitution
superlattices
• Interactions with
substrate or other
layers, e.g SiC
• Bi-layer graphene
• Chemical
Modification
• Others?
Graphene-on-SiC FETs from DARPA CERA
14
Fluorographene – “2-d Teflon”
• Birth of a new promising material
• High quality insulator > 1012 Ω
• > 3 eV optical gap, wide gap
semiconductor
• 15% sustained strain
• Inert and stable up to 400oC
15
“Fluorographene” discovered mid-2010as of 26 Jan 2011
18!
Opacity of graphene
paper left and
transparency of
fluorographene flake
right reminiscent of
GaAs and GaN wafers
16
Update of early grant results: “Graphane”(shown in 2009 spring review)
“Graphane” – 1 hydrogen per carbon, tailoring
electrical properties with hydrogenation,
Geim, Novoselov, et al., Science, 30 Jan 2009
Hydrogen
storage ?
17
“Graphane” discovered 2009as of 26 Jan 2011
472!
With over 300 of these citing this seminal paper
Sci-Bytes - Hot Paper in Chemistry
“the report now ranks as the 3rd most cited paper,
excluding reviews, published in the last two years in
chemistry”
WEEK OF JANUARY 9, 2011
18
Citation Summaryas of 26 Jan 2011
“Graphene” exfoliation published 2004/5, 62,500
“Graphane” first publication Jan 2009, 472with over 300 citing Geim and Novoselov’s seminal paper!
“Fluorographene” first produced mid-2010, 18it’s really only ~4 papers, there are extra hits in Google Scholar
19
2-d Boron Nitride
20
2008 2009 20112004/5
Geim, Novoselov, et al. publish seminal papers in Science 2004, and in Nature 2005.
Kostya Novoselov visits WPAFB, March 2009, seminar, tours labs
AFOSR & ONR host Geim for full day at Arlington, 26 April 2010 to give seminar, discuss research directions
AFRL’s Boeckl & EOARD’s Dudley visit Manchester Sept 2008
AFRL’s John Boeckl and Albert Bogozi and Dudley visit Manchester Oct 2009 for research discussions
Interactions - Manchester & the U.S. Air Force
Boeckl, Bogozi and Manchester Bobbies after
“Stop/Search”, Oct 09
EOARD’s Dudley visits Andre Geim, Apr 08, discusses proposal (grant awarded Sept 08)
John Boeckl (left) with
Andre Geim in Manchester
Sept 2008, sample and
data sharing begins AFRL shares their micro-
Raman data on Manchester
provided exfoliated samples
Manchester’s Dr Peter Blake visits WPAFB 22-27 May 10
2010
Oct 2010, Geim and Novoselov announced to receive 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics, photo, Stockholm, Dec 2010
2011, to be continued… AFRL researchers plan more time in Manchester and vice versa w/Alexander Zhukov likely to spend time at WPAFB
Geim on “Long Walk,” Windsor Workshop Aug 2010
Dr John Boeckl works in Manchester June, July, and part of November 2010 via AFOSR’s “Window on the World” program
21
Iconic “First” Devices
TransistorBardeen and Brattain -1947
Nobel Prize – 1956
Integrated CircuitKilby - 1956
Nobel Prize - 2000
Graphitic DeviceGeim and Novoselov – 2004
Nobel Prize - 2010
22
Historical Note on Carbon & Nanotechnology
Humphry Davy
demonstrates the
carbon arc electric light
at the Royal Institution,
London 1809below are the banks of batteries down
in the basement
Michael Faraday, father of
nanotechnology, depicted here
giving a “Christmas Lecture,”
which started in 1825 and
continues to this day
23
The “Terahertz Gap” in 1938
24
Electron emitters for THz TWTsfrom Steve Fairchild (AFRL)
Key numbers: 345 GHz
Beam Current = 30 mA
Beam Voltage 25 kV
( power product 750W)
Carbon
electron
emitter,
roughly
human
hair
diameter
25
Graphite emitter testsfrom Steve Fairchild (AFRL)
26
AFRL & EOARD visit Cambridge
AFOSR’s Luginsland
suggests EOARD &
AFRL researchers visit
Prof Koziol and view
nanotube spinning
apparatus, photo:
Cambridge, Nov 2010
27
Carbon Nanotubes at Cambridge
Can spin 4km long strands w/controlled
chirality, but only short pieces needed
to explore electromagnetic applications
Krzysztof Koziol
Carbon nanotube fibres for
power transmission lines
Carbon nanotube
detectors
Supercapacitors and
actuators
Carbon nanotubes as wide
range EM absorption coatings
28
Acknowledgments
DoD Collaborators on projects: Chagaan Baatar, Karatholuvu Balasubramaniam,
John Boeckl, Albert Bogozi, Lisa Boyce, Tatjana Curcic, Steve Fairchild, Barrett
Flake, Pat Garman, Tom Gavrielides, Keith Groves, Tim Haugan, Brian Hibbeln, Dan
Javorsek, Jamie Lawton, Robert Lee, John Luginsland, Perry Malcolm, Jack McCrae,
Evgeny Mishin, Bill Mitchel, Todd Peterson, Ty Pollak, Vic Putz, Kitt Reinhardt, Jon
Sjogren, Brad Thompson, Augustine Urbas, Harold Weinstock, Stan Yukon, and Dave
Zelmon and special thanks to the fantastic staff at AFOSR EOARD London!
Sundog over Stockholm, December 8, 2010, morning of Nobel Lectures in Physics
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Contact Information
Lt Col Scott C. Dudley, PhDPhysics Program Manager
European Office of Aerospace Research
and Development (EOARD)
From London: 07733-01-8892 (mobile)
Address: 86 Blenheim Crescent
Ruislip, Middlesex
United Kingdom HA4 7HB
From the U.S.: 011-44-773-301-8892 (mobile)
Address: Unit 4515, Box 14
APO, AE 09421-0014
DSN: 314-235-6162
Commercial: 011-44-1895-616162 (from US)
Email: [email protected]
Get charged up …
… it’s all physics!
For stickman figure explanation, see The human
discharge chain Scott C. Dudley, Bret D. Heerema, and
Ryan K. Haaland, Am. J. Phys. 65 553 (1997)“Rounding the corner of 7th Avenue
eyes on the street and bent to it
again...gone” - Kerouac
30
Historical Perspective
from Professor Nick Holonyak, University of Illinois, Urbana
31
Fluorographene - Mechanical
7 μm TEM mesh
covered with
Fluorographene
32
Geim in his Nobel Lecture
“Let me put it this way, if
the quality of graphene is
100 times less, I wouldn’t
be standing here”
33
Difference between MWNTs and cca-MWNTsfrom Krzysztof Koziol
mu
ltiw
alled
carb
on
nan
otu
bes
co
nsta
nt
ch
iral a
ng
le
mu
ltiw
alled
carb
on
nan
otu
bes
MWNTs cca-MWNTs
K. Koziol, M. Shaffer and A. Windle, Adv. Mat. 17, 760 (2005)
wavy straight like a needle
34
Graphene – Current DoD Research Efforts
• DARPA - “Carbon Electronics for Radio Frequency
Applications” (CERA), Dr. Mike Fritze then Dr. John
Albrecht, $30M, 51 months – start 2008
• Air Force Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative
(MURI) “Fundamental Graphene Material Studies and
Device Concepts,” Dr. Harold Weinstock, $1.5M/yr, 5 yrs –
start 2009
• Other AFOSR grants – further $1M current fiscal year
• Navy 3 MURIs “Tailoring Electronic Bandgap of
Nanostructure Graphene,” Dr. Chagaan Baatar, $3.0M/yr, 5
yrs– start 2009
• Other ONR graphene grants – approximately $1M in FY10
• Army MURI, start 2011, novel 2-d oxides and nitrides
~$13M/year is roughly 0.8% of DoD’s annual basic research budget
~$1-200k/year EOARD funding is 1-2% of total DoD graphene funding
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AFRL’s Objectives – Bedke 25-Jan-09
• AFRL’s Objectives:
• Mission: Objective 1 – Lead Discovery (Tech Push)
Objective 2 – Respond to Needs (Rqmts Pull)
• People: Objective 3 – Effective and Thriving Workforce
• Resources: Objective 4 – Efficient and Healthy Resources
• Process: Objective 5 – Processes that Help, not Hinder