1 This slide show is part of a workshop on assessment of behavior given by Tom McIntyre (Dr. Mac).

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www.BehaviorAdvisor.comwww.BehaviorAdvisor.com

This slide show is part of a workshop on This slide show is part of a workshop on assessment of behavior given by Tom assessment of behavior given by Tom McIntyre (Dr. Mac).McIntyre (Dr. Mac).

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Your “Your “Do NowDo Now” Activity” ActivityConsider the following questions and formulate a Consider the following questions and formulate a general response. Be prepared to offer your general response. Be prepared to offer your thoughts if called upon by the instructor.thoughts if called upon by the instructor.

What is the causation of “What is the causation of “ inappropriateinappropriate” behavior in ” behavior in humans? What accounts for “humans? What accounts for “aberrantaberrant” or “” or “deviantdeviant” ” behavior?behavior?– Inborn, instinctual drivesInborn, instinctual drives– Learned through interaction with one’s environment and Learned through interaction with one’s environment and

feedback from it.feedback from it.– Physiological, genetic, neurological, or biochemicalPhysiological, genetic, neurological, or biochemical– Psychological states and underlying psychic conflictsPsychological states and underlying psychic conflicts– Other… (please explain)Other… (please explain)

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Populist ViewsPopulist ViewsThe weatherThe weather

Thomas Gordon on teaching: Thomas Gordon on teaching: “I am the weather…”“I am the weather…”

Sun spots & phases of the moon Sun spots & phases of the moon

Talk shows on TV Talk shows on TV 

Space aliensSpace aliens

Elvis impersonatorsElvis impersonators

Mimes (my personal belief)Mimes (my personal belief)

The devilThe devil

Any othersAny others??

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So Wadda Ya ThinkSo Wadda Ya Think??

With regards to the “With regards to the “Do NowDo Now” activity…” activity…

Can one view explain all instances of undesirable actionsCan one view explain all instances of undesirable actions??

Is one view more often correct than othersIs one view more often correct than others??

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ModelsModels

Models attempt to:Models attempt to:– Explain the derivation of human behaviorExplain the derivation of human behavior– Identify the causation / etiology of aberrant actionsIdentify the causation / etiology of aberrant actions– Set goals and promote methods for restoring someone to Set goals and promote methods for restoring someone to

a state of “normality”.a state of “normality”.

Models often reflect or promote an ideology.Models often reflect or promote an ideology.

““Reality is merely a commonly accepted illusion.”Reality is merely a commonly accepted illusion.” (unknown commentator)(unknown commentator)

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Some Existing Models: Bio-genicSome Existing Models: Bio-genic(Bio-medical)(Bio-medical)

Its premiseIts premise??Disordered behavior can be traced to physiological, Disordered behavior can be traced to physiological, genetic, neurological, or biochemical causesgenetic, neurological, or biochemical causes

Aberrant actions are explained in terms of illness/disease. Aberrant actions are explained in terms of illness/disease.

TreatmentTreatment??– Surgery Surgery ??How soHow so?? ??When and whyWhen and why??– MedicationMedication??– Dietary changesDietary changes??– ExerciseExercise??– Environmental modificationsEnvironmental modifications??

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Bio-genic Intervention?Bio-genic Intervention?

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Some Existing Models: Some Existing Models: Psycho-DynamicPsycho-DynamicBehavior problems due to pathological imbalanceBehavior problems due to pathological imbalance

between the dynamic parts of the personalitybetween the dynamic parts of the personality– Id, Superego, EgoId, Superego, Ego

Deviant behavior is “Deviant behavior is “subconscioussubconscious” phenomena of inner turmoil ” phenomena of inner turmoil (due to combo of biological & early environmental influences)(due to combo of biological & early environmental influences)..

Must come to understand unconscious motivation if wish to Must come to understand unconscious motivation if wish to treat it. Unless understood, the problem will not be solved.treat it. Unless understood, the problem will not be solved.Simply treating the behavior causes “Simply treating the behavior causes “symptom substitutionsymptom substitution” ” (One’s needs have not been met, so finds another way to meet them).(One’s needs have not been met, so finds another way to meet them).

Educational interventionsEducational interventions? ? What see in the schoolsWhat see in the schools??– Permissive accepting teacher; no restraints on behaviorPermissive accepting teacher; no restraints on behavior– Psychotherapy for the child Psychotherapy for the child (to identify & understand the causes of (to identify & understand the causes of

the inappropriate behavior)the inappropriate behavior) – Classroom in which the child can freely express feelingsClassroom in which the child can freely express feelings

Suitable for the public schoolsSuitable for the public schools??

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Some Existing Models: Some Existing Models: Psycho-EdPsycho-EdThe psychoeducational model is concerned with The psychoeducational model is concerned with ""unconscious motivations & underlying conflictsunconscious motivations & underlying conflicts” ”

(hallmarks of psychodynamic model)(hallmarks of psychodynamic model)

Also recognizes the real world demands of everydayAlso recognizes the real world demands of everyday functioning in the student’s “life spaces”: functioning in the student’s “life spaces”:– schoolschool– homehome– community.community.

Uses procedures developed for this model Uses procedures developed for this model (LSI, crisis (LSI, crisis intervention)intervention) & borrows from others & borrows from others (reflective (reflective

listening, ABA’s prescriptive teaching).listening, ABA’s prescriptive teaching).

However, the development of positive interpersonal However, the development of positive interpersonal relationships is the key component in motivating relationships is the key component in motivating EBD students to change to more acceptable EBD students to change to more acceptable behavior patterns.behavior patterns.

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Some Existing Models: EcologicalSome Existing Models: EcologicalSome part of student’s “Some part of student’s “social ecologysocial ecology” is “” is “pollutedpolluted” or ” or

““out of balanceout of balance”.”.

This approach studies the child within his/her social This approach studies the child within his/her social surroundings surroundings (school, home, neighborhood, playground, etc.).(school, home, neighborhood, playground, etc.).

Intervention is directed toward child's social Intervention is directed toward child's social system.system.

What are some ways in which the school might go What are some ways in which the school might go beyond its typical educational mission to promote beyond its typical educational mission to promote positive change in the student’s life spacespositive change in the student’s life spaces??– Student joins positive groups, such asStudent joins positive groups, such as??– Home supports, such asHome supports, such as??– Interagency cooperationInteragency cooperation? ? HuhHuh? ? (“(“EhEh” for Canadians)” for Canadians)

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Some Existing Models: ABASome Existing Models: ABAPresently the most widespread & influential viewPresently the most widespread & influential view

““ABA” is an acronym for…ABA” is an acronym for…??

What do you know about ABAWhat do you know about ABA??

Disordered behavior is caused by inappropriate learning.Disordered behavior is caused by inappropriate learning.

Behavior, therefore, can be changed by manipulating the Behavior, therefore, can be changed by manipulating the consequences of those behaviors.consequences of those behaviors.

Treatment is directed only at overt, observable behaviors.Treatment is directed only at overt, observable behaviors.

Non-behavioral factors such as feelings and motivation are Non-behavioral factors such as feelings and motivation are not not considered.considered.

The model represents a scientific approach, using the The model represents a scientific approach, using the principles & procedures of natural science.principles & procedures of natural science.

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Next:Next:Mama Mia!Mama Mia!

ABA is not a singing group from ScandinaviaABA is not a singing group from Scandinavia

Consider this question:Consider this question: How is it How is it that ABA became the most that ABA became the most influential model in education of influential model in education of students with behavioral students with behavioral disabilities?disabilities?

Social-Cognitive ModelThe “new kid on the block”. Combines natural science procedures (ABA) with what is known about learning, cognition, & affect/feelings/emotions (Psycho-Educational & Humanistic/Counter-

school movement of early 1970s…Maslow, Rogers, etc.).

Albert Bandura is the pioneer in this fusion model.

Behavior involves continual reciprocal interactions between cognitive, behavioral, & environmental influences. Actions, personal variables, & environment constantly influence each other in what Bandura (1977) calls “triadic reciprocacy”.

In other words: Environmental responses to our actions shape our responses to events (ABA), but they don’t do it alone. We also think about those events & our actions. Emotions & relationships affect how we respond in situations & may overrule previously reinforced actions (Psycho-Ed).

The S-C model recognizes that people who have intact cognitive abilities (unlike autistic, mentally retarded, etc.) proficiently use symbols to communicate, anticipate future events, learn from their experiences, have the ability to regulate their actions, & often reflect upon them.It is the person variables; the ability to think, act, & exhibit self control, that are most conducive to intervention in cognitively intact individuals.S-C interventions have students observe, learn, & practice appropriate actions.Some common interventions include training in self-instruction (leading oneself through steps), self-talk (evaluating & validating one’s actions ; cleansing oneself of inaccurate beliefs…R.E.T. ), self-restraint, anger management, social skills, & cognitive restructuring (learning steps for thinking through situations).

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Where do you hang your hat?Where do you hang your hat?Does one model appeal to you more than Does one model appeal to you more than the others? Whythe others? Why??

Might some models be more Might some models be more appropriate for diagnosing & appropriate for diagnosing & remediating remediating certain conditionscertain conditions??

Most professionals prefer one model while Most professionals prefer one model while also being an “also being an “informed eclecticinformed eclectic””??

Having a preferred model, but recognizing the Having a preferred model, but recognizing the validity & utility of other models. Makes use validity & utility of other models. Makes use of practices from multiple models. Sees of practices from multiple models. Sees different models as being more appropriate different models as being more appropriate for different individuals.for different individuals.

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Which Model Which Model ?? ClickersClickers

Mr. Lee has created a classroom climate in which students Mr. Lee has created a classroom climate in which students feel welcomed and valued. feel welcomed and valued. When misbehavior crops up, a When misbehavior crops up, a short, private reminder from him usually redirects the short, private reminder from him usually redirects the youngster.youngster. Students also strive to reach their “behavior Students also strive to reach their “behavior goal of the week” in order to please him. goal of the week” in order to please him. They trust him to They trust him to keep their best interests at heart & treat them respectfully.keep their best interests at heart & treat them respectfully.

Bio-genic / Bio-medicalBio-genic / Bio-medical

1.1. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic

2.2. PsychoeducationalPsychoeducational

3.3. EcologicalEcological

4.4. Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis

5.5. Social-cognitiveSocial-cognitive

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Which Model Which Model ?? ClickersClickers

Wei’s behavior in the classroom, home, and scouts Wei’s behavior in the classroom, home, and scouts has been impulsive & overactive. His parents has been impulsive & overactive. His parents struggled with the choice of whether or not to struggled with the choice of whether or not to administer Ritalin to him. The family and physician administer Ritalin to him. The family and physician are now engaging in the “are now engaging in the “titrationtitration” process” process(adjusting the dosage for maximum positive effect & (adjusting the dosage for maximum positive effect &

minimal side effects)minimal side effects)

Bio-genic / Bio-medicalBio-genic / Bio-medical

1.1. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic

2.2. PsychoeducationalPsychoeducational

3.3. EcologicalEcological

4.4. Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis

5.5. Social-cognitiveSocial-cognitive

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Which Model Which Model ?? ClickersClickers

Ms. Pappanikou works in an institutional setting for “youth at Ms. Pappanikou works in an institutional setting for “youth at risk” risk” (for life failure).(for life failure). In her classroom, students decide whether In her classroom, students decide whether to work, socialize, or sleep.to work, socialize, or sleep. While she may try to engage them While she may try to engage them in a non-directive discussion of their off-task actions, she in a non-directive discussion of their off-task actions, she intervenes assertively only if behavior becomes aggressiveintervenes assertively only if behavior becomes aggressive (toward self or others).(toward self or others). Youngsters who are aggressive or appear Youngsters who are aggressive or appear distressed are sent to a psychologist who assists the distressed are sent to a psychologist who assists the youngster in better understanding his/her feelings.youngster in better understanding his/her feelings. The school The school offers many therapies offers many therapies (art, movement, talk).(art, movement, talk).

1.1. Bio-genic / Bio-medicalBio-genic / Bio-medical2.2. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic3.3. PsychoeducationalPsychoeducational4.4. EcologicalEcological5.5. Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis6.6. Social-cognitiveSocial-cognitive

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Which Model Which Model ?? ClickersClickers

Senora Martinez is concerned about the tantrum behavior of Senora Martinez is concerned about the tantrum behavior of Tyrice. Tyrice. She collected data on when, where, and for how long She collected data on when, where, and for how long specific behaviors occurred.specific behaviors occurred. She also noted what happened She also noted what happened before and after the behavior. before and after the behavior. At a team meeting it became apparent that the tantrums were At a team meeting it became apparent that the tantrums were designed to gain the teacher’s undivided attention for a length designed to gain the teacher’s undivided attention for a length of time.of time. Now when tantrums occur, the child is isolated and Now when tantrums occur, the child is isolated and ignored. ignored. Appropriate ways of seeking attention are taught and Appropriate ways of seeking attention are taught and positively recognized when used.positively recognized when used.

1.1. Bio-genic / Bio-medicalBio-genic / Bio-medical2.2. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic3.3. PsychoeducationalPsychoeducational4.4. EcologicalEcological5.5. Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis6.6. Social-cognitiveSocial-cognitive

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Which Model Which Model ?? ClickersClickers

Mr. Szabo is teaching his students how to use the Mr. Szabo is teaching his students how to use the problem solving steps when they are unsure of how problem solving steps when they are unsure of how to respond to pressures & decisions in their lives. to respond to pressures & decisions in their lives. He’s also teaching them to avoid stinkin’ thinkin’… He’s also teaching them to avoid stinkin’ thinkin’… negative self talk in which they degrade themselves negative self talk in which they degrade themselves & their abilities.& their abilities.

1.1. Bio-genic / Bio-medicalBio-genic / Bio-medical

2.2. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic

3.3. PsychoeducationalPsychoeducational

4.4. EcologicalEcological

5.5. Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis

6.6. Social-cognitive Social-cognitive

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