1 Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition An initiative of the Association of Research Libraries Scientific Publishing: What.

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Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition An initiative of the Association of Research Libraries

Scientific Publishing: What Does the Future Hold?

Lehigh University • 12 November 2005 • Bethlehem, PA

Julia C. Blixrud • SPARC Assistant Director, Public Programs

Advancing Public Access for the Public Good

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Rapid Pace of New Technological Developments

MARCH 2, 2004

Tearing Down the Walls in TelecomIn a few years, it "will be a sectorless industry," with phone, cable, and even power companies all selling the same communications services…

May 28, 2004

Downloads 'fuel music recovery' The beleaguered global music industry says it expects to see an increase in music sales next year.

Bound For Industry Upheaval–

With A Layover In Dallas June 7, 2004 The Internet continues to drive change in the travel-reservation business, and Sabre is sure to be in the middle of it.

iTunes

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The Research Environment

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Opportunity for Change

New models born of the Web

Availability of digital publishing technologies

Availability of ubiquitous network Internet economics -- low marginal cost of

dissemination

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Functions of Scholarly Publication

ARCHIVINGof scholarly record

for future use

AWARENESSof new research

by potential users

REGISTRATIONof intellectual

priority

CERTIFICATIONof quality/validity

of research

REWARDING of scholars

ARTICLE

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arc J O U R N A L

Bundling of Functions

MULTIPLEARTICLES

ARCHIVINGof scholarly record

for future use

AWARENESSof new research

by potential users

REGISTRATIONof intellectual

priority

CERTIFICATIONof quality/validity

of research

REWARDING of scholars

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Unbundling of Functions

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

D E C O N S T R U C T E D J O U R N A L

ARCHIVINGof scholarly record

for future use

AWARENESSof new research

by potential users

REGISTRATIONof intellectual

priority

CERTIFICATIONof quality/validity

of research

REWARDING of scholars

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Canada - Apr 15, 2003

Canadian researchers put SARS data on Web

VANCOUVER — The Vancouver researchers who mapped the genetic sequence of the virus believed to cause SARS have put their data on the Internet.

Data Sharing

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Public Policy Issues

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“…it’s clear the current model is breaking up.” – Outsell (Feb. 2004)

Market Forces Driving Change

1. The effects of technology2. Research library funding constraints

continue3. Market power of STM giants - mergers,

acquisitions change complexion of marketplace

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SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Impetus for Change

Market ForcesGrassroots Efforts

Market ForcesGrassroots Efforts

Societal BenefitsDevelop Public Policy

Societal BenefitsDevelop Public Policy

Why open

access?

How open

access?

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Scientific Imperative

A Foundation for Discovery

If sharing of knowledge is the foundation of scholarly advancement, then faster and wider sharing will fuel its progress.

GOALS OF OPEN ACCESSGOALS OF OPEN ACCESS

ImproveInformation

Access & Sharing

AccelerateDiscovery

Stimulate Further

Discovery

ReduceSystemic Cost &

Inefficiency

Enable New Research

Strategies (e.g., data mining)

Translate Knowledge into Public Benefits

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arc Open Access

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What is “Open Access”?

Immediate free availability on the public Internet

Research literature that scholars produce without expectation of payment (e.g., journal articles)

Recognizes that the value of research increases with use

Exploits economics of Internet An access model, not a business model

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What Open Access Can Achieve

Expand information usage and application Remove barriers that make content scarce Focus economic return on value addition (rather

than content control) Eliminate systemic inefficiencies by unbundling

functions Weaken the position of publishers that use their

monopoly position to support excessively high prices

Introduce price competition

Benefits outweigh dislocations

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Open Access Statements

Budapest Open Access Initiative

www.soros.org/openaccess/

Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing

www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm

The Wellcome Trust

www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/1/awtvispolpub.html

Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities

www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/ berlindeclaration.html

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“Open Access” Strategies

Two main approaches:

1. Open-access journals – require alternative business models to replace subscription-based models.

www.doaj.orgwww.doaj.org

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“Open Access” Strategies

Two main approaches:

1. Open-access journals – require alternative business models to replace subscription-based models.

2. Open-access archives – publicly available digital repositories, exist alongside traditional publishing.

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Open Access Archives

FEDERATION

……exist alongside traditional publishingexist alongside traditional publishing

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How the Pieces Work Together

Content Services

Inte

rop

erab

ilit

y S

tan

dar

ds

Overlay Journals

CiteBase(impact metrics)

Google Scholar, OAIster

LoCKSS(archiving integrity)

Archiving

Awareness

Rewarding

CertificationInstitutional

Repositories

Disciplinary Repositories

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Issues of Open Access

Reward structures Peer review Funding organizations Business models Patterns of access to scientific information Copyright and intellectual property Author self-interest in self-archiving

research papers

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Societies and Open Access

Societies were pioneers in open access Optics Express New Journal of Physics Molecular Biology of the Cell

Estimated 20% of titles in Directory of Open Access Journals from societies

Open access a means of driving high impact But most societies skeptical of converting

subscription journals to open access Fear loss of publishing surpluses Open access decision easier when society has diversified

revenue base

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Societies Consider Open Access

Each society must assess its own situation Whether: internal appeal? external market

pressure? How: feasibility & internal hurdle; availability of

alternative business models It’s not all or nothing (embargoed access) Unpack & examine the business models for

programs subsidized by journal profit Experiment while there’s time

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Open Access Resources

ARL Open Access Web Sitewww.arl.org/scomm/open_access/index.html

SPARC Open Access Newsletterwww.arl.org/sparc/soa/index.html

Guide to Business Planning for Converting a Subscription-based Journal to Open Accesswww.soros.org/openaccess/oajguides/html/business_converting.htm

Guide to Business Planning for Launching a New Open Access Journalwww.soros.org/openaccess/oajguides/html/business_planning.htm

Directory of Open Access Journalswww.doaj.org/

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Its Programs

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About SPARC

Coalition of academic & research libraries (200 in North America + 100 in Europe) to address inequities in the scholarly communication system

Stimulates emergence of new systems that: Leverage networked digital environment to serve scholarship Expand dissemination of research Reduce financial pressures on libraries

Provides practical assistance to innovative scholarly communication initiatives through

Incubation Education Advocacy

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Strategic Thrusts

Aid Editorial Boards & non-profit publishers

Build capacity & scale in non-profit sector

3. ACT3. ACT

Reduce startup/entry risk

Lobby for public policies

Build coalitions

2. ADVOCATE2. ADVOCATE

Advance cultural & institutional change

Enhance awareness & price signaling

Present options for action

1. INFORM1. INFORM

Present success stories

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Advocacy Program: Education

Raise key policymakers’ awareness of Open

Access

Build understanding of why Open Access is

important to them Use outside experts to assist in creating

coordinated, sustained effort Engage policymakers to spur them to take

action

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Advocacy Program: Outreach

Regular Communications/Outreach to members of

scholarly community on Open Access policy issues

through SPARC Open Access News (monthly)

Open Access News Blog (daily)

SPARC e-News (bi-monthly)

Website updates (daily)

Full roster of e-lists (as often as needed)

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Advocacy Program: Outreach

Establish and continually build active media program that

includes network of reporters interested in Open Access

Provide background info and education on Open Access

issues

Established SPARC and its coalition members as reliable

source of expertise and commentary on Open Access issues

Stories regularly placed in academic press (Science, Nature,

Chronicle of Higher Education) and also in national media

(Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post)

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Advocacy Program: Coalitions

Develop internal “networks” of libraries poised to take

specific, issue-oriented action i.e., letter-writing campaigns on proposed legislation

Establish larger, external coalition of library organizations

similarly poised to act OAWG (ALA, ARL, MLA, SLA, etc.)

Create and deploy wider coalitions targeting specific

issues , expanding coalitions beyond academic community Alliance for Taxpayer Access

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Federally Funded Research

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Taxpayer Costs

Credit Suisse First Boston: “[W]e would expect governments (and taxpayers) to examine

the fact that they are essentially funding the same purchase three times: governments and taxpayers fund most academic research, pay the salaries of the academics who undertake the peer review process and fund the libraries that buy the output, without receiving a penny in exchange from the publishers for producing and reviewing the content....

“We do not see this as sustainable in the long term, given pressure on university and government budgets.”

–Sector Review: Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishing, April 6, 2004

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Taxpayer Coalitions

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The Message: Four Principles

American taxpayers are entitled to open access on the Internet to the peer-reviewed scientific articles on research funded by the U.S. Government.

Widespread access to the information contained in these articles is an essential, inseparable component of our nation’s investment in science.

This and other scientific information should be shared in cost-effective ways that take advantage of the Internet, stimulate further discovery and innovation, and advance the translation of this knowledge into public benefits.

Enhanced access to and expanded sharing of information will lead to usage by millions of scientists, professionals, and individuals, and will deliver an accelerated return on the taxpayers' investment.

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Direct Work with Federal Agencies

Regular education efforts in both U.S. House of

Representatives and U.S. Senate

Ongoing conversations key to building understanding of

Open Access issues

Opening conversations/education efforts in various federal

agencies (Department of Energy, Department of

Agriculture, National Science Foundation)

Contact with Administrative/Policy oversight agency

(Office of Management and Budget (OMB))

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Common Themes in Policies

Right of public to have access to results of taxpayer

funded research

Create useful, long-term archive of federally

funded material

Accelerate pace of research; stimulate discovery

and innovation

Leverage the return on taxpayer investment

Promote the advancement of science

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Emerging Policies

NIH Public Access Policy ( FY05) Appropriations

Committee Report Language - June, 2004 “The (U.S. House of Representatives Appropriation’s)

Committee is concerned that there is insufficient public

access to reports and data resulting from NIH-funded

research.”

“….contrary to the best interests of the U.S. taxpayers

who paid for this research.”

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NIH Public Policy

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Making Science Accessible

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Further information

For more information on progress of these (and other)

emerging Open Access policies in the U.S., please

see:

www.arl.org/sparc/soan

www.taxpayeraccess.org

www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html

www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/

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arc Julia C. Blixrud

Assistant Director, Public Programs

SPARC

21 Dupont Circle, Ste 800

Washington, DC 20036

[email protected]

202-296-2296 ext. 133

202-872-0884 (fax)

202-251-4678 (mobile)

SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION

An initiative of the Association of Research Libraries