1 WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006J. PLA - CNES TOPEX and JASON SPACEBORNE ALTIMETERS Jean PLA CNES, Toulouse, France.

1WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

TOPEX and JASON SPACEBORNE ALTIMETERS

TOPEX and JASON SPACEBORNE ALTIMETERS

Jean PLA

CNES, Toulouse, France

2WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

Scope of a spaceborne altimeter Frequency plan for TOPEX and JASONUsage of the dataData Assimilation and forecasting

Summary

3WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

Topex-Jason Mission Objectives: Scope of a spaceborne altimeter

• Ocean general circulation

• Intra-seasonal to interannual sea level variations

• Long term mean sea level changes

• Tide observation

• Wind speed mapping and significant wave height at the ocean surface

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Objectives of a spaceborne altimeter

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TOPEX/POSEIDONJASON 1JASON 2

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Jason-1500 kg

performances similar to in-flight T/P ones

TOPEX/POSEIDON2500 kg

7 Dec. 2001

TOPEX/POSEIDON (1992) ; JASON-1 (2001) ; JASON-2 (2007-2008)

7WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

Frequency plan of TOPEX/ JASON altimeters• C BAND: 5140 to 5460 MHz, 320 MHz bandwidth, linear frequency modulation

• Fc = 5.3 GHz, antenna gain = 32.2 dBi (3.4° at -3dB), peak power = 17 W, mean power = 0.54 W, PRF = 300 Hz, pulse duration = 105.6 μs

• 5140 MHz to 5250 MHz, under 4.4: no allocation to EESS (active), no recorded cases of interference

Services: Aeronautical Radionavigation Fixed Satellite (Earth to Space): feeder

links of non- GSO satellites in the mobile satellite service

Mobile• WRC(2003): extension from 5460 MHz to 5570 MHz

• Ku BAND: 13415 MHz to 13735 MHz: 320 MHz bandwidth, linear frequency modulation

• Fc = 13,575 GHz, antenna gain = 41.5 dBi (1.23° at -3 dB), peak power = 8 W, mean power = 1.52 W, PRF = 1800 Hz, pulse duration = 105.6 μs

• 13250 MHz to 13750 MHz: allocation to EESS (active):• Other services: Aeronautical Radionavigation

Space Research

• For C and Ku BANDS: use of large bandwidths (320 MHz) to estimate ionospheric delay and to get unprecendented accuracy: around 1 cm

8WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

JASON-1

Altitude = 1344 km, beam footprint = 77 km

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Jason-1 InstrumentJason-1 Instrument

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Radiometer (JMR)

This instrument collects the natural emission by the ground surface and in the atmosphere at three different (18, 21 and 37 GHz) frequency bands. The goal is to determine the water vapour content and in liquid water in the atmosphere, when combining the whole set of measurements within those bands. Therefore, it is possible to know the correction to be applied to the altimetric measurement. ( NASA)

11WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

From GEOS-3 to Jason-1From GEOS-3 to Jason-1

Error budget of altimeter missionsError budget of altimeter missions

Ocean signal

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Orbit error

Alt. Instr. error

Ionosphere

Troposphere

EM Bias

100

Centimeters

GEOS 3 SEASAT GEOSAT ERSI T/P(before launch)

T/P(after launch)

Jason-1(before launch)

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TOPEX/POSEIDON RESULTS

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TOPEX/POSEIDON - JASON Achievements

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MAIN RESULTS

• Rise of the mean sea level of about 3 cm within 10 years according to TOPEX-POSEIDON

• Complex interaction between the oceans and the atmosphere. An example is El Niño event: warm waters are pushed to the West coast of South America, disrupting normal winter conditions throughout the Pacific ocean. Reliable predictions of El Niño occurrence will lead to better preparation for its widespread impact.

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El Niño/La Niña as seen by TOPEX/Poséidon (NASA/CNES)

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18WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

MERCATOR :Towards an integrated, multi-parameter approach of

ocean modelling and operational forecasting

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OCEAN MODELLING & FORECASTING

OCEAN : turbulent & chaotic medium

Integrated approach necessary with :– Space based observations– in situ measurements– numerical models– multi-data analysis & assimilation

French initiative : MERCATORProcess similar to weather forecast

.

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The MERCATOR mission was defined in 1996 by six partner organizations. The project is pursuing three goals:

• Develop an operational oceanography system

• Develop downstream oceanography applications

Mercator Users :

• « Sea people »

• « Science people »

• « Climate people »

• « Coastal people »

21WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

Mercator, towards operational oceanography

2002

2003

2004

1/3°

1/15°

2°

1/4°

1/15°

Modelisation & Assimilation

Observation : Satellite & In situ

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MERCATOR OBJECTIVES

• For its scientific users, MERCATOR is an operational ocean observatory: by systematically combining, over several years, all the information yielded from observations (measurements reflecting reality) with that provided by the model (a three-dimensional view and a memory of past states), it can produce a view of the ocean that is continuous in both space and time. This integrated view is extremely valuable, as it exists nowhere else. It provides a reference state which can be examined or enhanced … as well as the raw materials to do it.

• For the ocean, MERCATOR provides information of salinity, state of surface down to 1000 m of depth thanks to the satellite and to the in situ data. The forecast are valid for 2 weeks.

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MERCATOR system

CORIOLIS

TOPEX, JASON, ...

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Altimetry & Oceanography - Operational Organization

Altimetry missions :Jason, ENVISAT,

DORIS/SPOT

Other space data (temperature, salinity,

colour)

In situ Data: ARGO, CORIOLIS

Assimilation, forecast :

MERCATOR

Value-addedProducts

Users

Research

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26WMO Workshop, Geneva - March 20-21, 2006 J. PLA - CNES

OCEANOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS

Research"Interesting structures to study"

Fishing"Find fish"

Routing"Find the most economical route"

Navy"See without being seen"

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Fisheries

• need to understand, model and predict the effects of ocean conditions on fish populations

• can help locate areas with a higher probability of finding fish and reduce search time and operation costs

• description of the upper ocean at high space and time resolution needed

• start to use external information (e.g. SST, ocean colour, altimetry).

• a global and integrated approach should allow the development of improved products for fisheries and a better management of stocks

Altimeter product from T/P and ERS-2 for fisheries in the Indian ocean

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MERCATOR : future activities

The MERCATOR mission seeks to develop and deploy a truly operational oceanography system over the next five years capable of analyzing and predicting ocean conditions around the globe : the Centre for Operational Oceanography (C2O)

This system will describe and predict ocean conditions over the whole ocean column continuously and in real time, at scales ranging from global phenomena to regional areas.