1 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: The Path from Carter and Reagan-era Faith in Deregulation to Widespread Products Impacting Our World Michael J. Marcus, Sc.D., F-IEEE.

1

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: The Path from Carter and Reagan-era Faith in

Deregulation to Widespread Products Impacting Our World

Michael J. Marcus, Sc.D., F-IEEE

Federal Communications Commission (Retired)Director, Marcus Spectrum Solutions LLC

[email protected] www.marcus-spectrum.com

Origins of Wi-Fi/Bluetooth

• Roots are twofold:• Technological

• Spectrum Policy

• Convergence of the two at FCC in the 1980s enabled a unique blossoming of technologies in a field normally subject to “command and control” policies

• Was not focused on either petitions or WLANs– Subsequent more focused proceedings (u-PCS and

U-NII were less sucessful2

Origins of Wi-Fi/Bluetooth

• FCC action was a self initiative

• Was not focused on either external petitions or WLANs– Subsequent more focused proceedings (U-

PCS and U-NII [and HIPERLAN in Europe]) were less successful

3

Traditional FCC Spectrum Policy

• Has its roots in the 1930s – When frequencies were limited– Technological options few– Faith in government high– Rules could be easily changed

• But these all changed with– Post-WWII technological explosion – 1946 Administrative Procedures Act

• Just as new technology became available, regulations slowed down!

4

Traditional FCC Spectrum Policy

• FCC (and other spectrum regulators) traditionally depended on petitioners spelling out “requirements” and then specifying band and technology to meet such “requirements”

• Hard to impossible to keep up with technological change and needs of a changing society and economy

5

Deregulation Comes to FCC (and Stays)

• Carter Administration brought a focus on deregulation as a means to stimulate economic growth

• CAB Chairman Alfred Kahn was a leader within administration on the effectiveness of deregulation

• FCC Chairman Ferris embraces concepts– For Both Titles II and III

6

Chmn. Ferris & Spectrum

• Chmn. Ferris challenges his spectrum team to identify promising technologies that are blocked by anachronistic regulations– Recognizes the delay and transactions costs

associated with waiting for petitions in all cases

– Goal was not to force new technology but get out of its way

7

Searching for Candidate Technologies

• Ferris recruits former ARPA chief S. J. Lukasik to head Office of Science & Technology starting in Summer of 1979– Challenges him to identify candidate

technologies to remove barriers from– New emphasis on market forces not

“command & control”

8

Serendipity in Action

• I encounter Lukasik in May 1979 at a classified Army Science Board electronics warfare panel meeting in Chicago– Had previously met while I administered ARPA

R&D projects in nuclear test detection during military service

– Due to Army efficiency, “MA” certain to sit next to “LU”

– Electronic warfare similar to spectrum management except for intent

9

Serendipity in Action

• Chicago encounter leads to question:– What radio technologies might bloom if dated

regulations were removed?

• Within a few days reply with list:– Spread spectrum– Adaptive antennas– Millimeter wave bands (>30 GHz)

• Lukasik replies with job offer at FCC– My ticket out of military-industrial complex

10

Spread Spectrum Background

• Like the computer, the basic technology, spread spectrum, has no single specific inventor

• As is often reported in popular press, Hedy Lamarr was awarded an early frequency hopping spread spectrum patent during WWII– But invention was not reduced to practice

11

12

1953 MIT Lincoln Lab System

• Developed by Paul Green as a thesis project

• One of earliest PN systems

• Technology of the day limited size

13

Early Literature

• In the 1950-1970’s spread spectrum generally remained a classified technology with only occasional references in the open literature.

• My first exposure was at a classified 1972 conference

• Only “text book”-like discussion was a classified Sylvania report

14

My First Real Contact

• Joining the Institute for Defense Analyses in 1975, I was assigned to studying options for communications ECCM– 1973 Mid East War showed an unexpected

amount of communications EW– DoD had minimized EW threat to

communications up to that point and was concerned about options to increase preparedness against “new” threat

15

Dixon’s Book 1975

• First comprehensive, though mathematically inelegant, treatment of spread spectrum

• Introduced a generation of designers to the technology

16

Commercial Spread Spectrum c. 1979

• Magnavox produces a “civil” version of AN/ARC-50/90

• Japan MPT purchases and tests for possible civil applications– Concludes no practical

value for civil use

17

Circa 1980

• Publications became more common

• But most publications still focused on military applications– Possibly to justify DoD

funding

18

Early FCC Action - Phase I

• FCC had encountered MITRE Corp. in connection with deliberations of JTIDS use of L band

• First FCC step in 12/79 was commission MITRE for a report on options for civil use of spread spectrum– Since then FCC has never

commissioned such a report unless ordered by Congress Available from NTIS as PB81-165284

MITRE Report

Not very useful in hindsight

Very useful and significant

19

20

6/30/81 - The Regulatory Struggle Begins

• 2 initiatives begun:– Chmn. Fowler supports action– Docket 81-413 – General use

• Docket 81-414 – Amateur radio use

• No specific proposals– “designed to serve two purposes. We hope to gather information to: 1) assist us in

identifying specific radio services presently authorized by the Commission, as well as ideas for new services, where the authorization of wideband modulation techniques would serve the public interest; and 2) identify the technical parameters which characterize a wideband emission, including procedures used to measure these parameters, and identify technical standards necessary to insure operation on a minimum interference basis.”

• Do not mention unlicensed or RLANs but does mention ISM bands

Reaction to Phase II

• “It was felt that there are many useful communications applications which could be achieved with spread spectrum techniques that could not be satisfactorily developed with any other technology.

• “However, many had reservations about the particular implementation of spread spectrum systems and expressed concern over the potential for interference with existing communications systems. Because the technology is so new, many urged the Commission to proceed slowly with its implementation until we have had successful operating experience with these systems, including the identification and measurement of spread spectrum signals and their interference potential.

• “There was particular concern among some parties that regular communications might be interrupted and the Commission might not be able to detect the source of the interference.”

21

Reaction to Phase II

• Discussion of “overlays” lead to a preview what what would happen in later UWB rulemaking: NIMBY– “Both GE and RCA objected to authorizing spread spectrum systems in the

Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands because many Part 15, low power consumer devices, such as home security devices and video disc systems, have already been authorized to operate in some of the bands.”

• The major mobile manufacturer saw any civil spread spectrum use as a prelude to CDMA which would threaten their market hegemony

22

23

1983

• Focus of technical publications on spread spectrum continues to be military applications

24

1984

• While interest in the US was minimal, others were interested

6/16/84 NPRM Phase III

• “It appears that most low power communication devices, currently authorized under Part 15 of our Rules and Regulations, could be considered as potential candidates for spread spectrum.”

• “ At the same time, the Commission might be spared the immediate need to allocate additional spectrum space for these services and for other requested services such as cordless telephones.”

25

6/16/84 NPRM Phase III

• “The authorization of spread spectrum systems under Part 15 of the Rules and Regulations would be unrestrictive and unregulatory in nature, since devices operating under Part 15 do not have to be licensed and users do not face eligibility requirements, content regulation, or coordination requirements. This would allow the forces of the marketplace to drive the implementation of this new technology, unhampered by regulations other than those needed to prevent harmful interference to licensed systems.”

26

Response to NPRM

• “Of the parties submitting comments that opposed the proposed authorization of spread spectrum systems, RCA was the only one that supported its position with analysis. RCA's analysis dealt with possible interference to FM and television broadcasting from spread spectrum systems operating in the broadcast bands.”

• NIMBY and fear of overlays is major concern• 2 IEEE groups file supportive comments• Chairman Fowler supportive of deregulatory

concepts27

28

1985• May 9, 1985 FCC

adopts spread spectrum rules in ISM bands

• Same basic rules until 2002– 1 W limit– PN or FH– Almost any application

• incorporated July 1985

Original Rules: WYSIWYGҤ15.126 Operation of spread spectrum systems. Spread spectrum systems may be operated in the 902-928 MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz and 5725-

5850 MHz frequency bands subject to the following conditions:

(a) They may transmit within these bands with a maximum peak output power of 1 watt.

(b) (b) RF output power outside these bands over any 100 kHz bandwidth must be 20 dB below that in any 100 kHz bandwidth within the band which contains the highest level of the desired power. The range of frequency measurements shall extend from the lowest frequency generated in the device (or 100 MHz whichever is lower) up to a frequency which is 5 times the center frequency of the band in which the device is operating.

(c) They will be operated on a noninterference basis to any other operations which are authorized the use of these bands under other Parts of the Rules. They must not cause harmful interference to these operations and must accept any interference which these systems may cause to their own operations.

(d) For frequency hopping systems, at least 75 hopping frequencies, separated by at least 25 kHz, shall be used, and the average time of occupancy on any frequency shall not be greater than four-tenths of one second within a 30- second period. The maximum bandwidth of the hopping channel is 25 kHz. For direct sequence systems, the 6 dB bandwidth must be at least 500 kHz.

(e) If the device is to be operated from public utility lines, the potential of the RF signal fed back into the power lines shall not exceed 250 microvolts at any frequency between 450 kHz and 30 MHz. 29

Immediate Results

• No near term career benefits for this action:– Had not been sensitive enough to concerns of other

FCC staffers– OST subject to major reorganization with abolishment

of 3 top positions including mine– Received lowest senior performance appraisal in 6

years of SES system at FCC• Probably intended to guarantee demotion or dismissal

– Transferred to vague job in Enforcement Bureau predecessor

• Returned from “internal exile” in 199430

7/87 IEEE Communications Magazine Article

• Gave a paper on new rules at GLOBECOM ‘85– FCC management tried to

prevent such discussion

• 7/87 update of paper raised possibility of RLANS in ISM bands

31

32

“First Light”

• In 1988 the first real commercial spread spectrum product appeared – an RLAN

33

“Second Light”

• Gambatte MIDI LAN– Limited production

but very popular with top rock musicians!

– Derivative system still used in nuclear power plants

34

Equipment Trends

• After slow start, equipment authorizations has had exponential growth

Equipment Trends II

• Is growth inversely proportional to rule complexity?

35

36

1991

• “Myth or Reality”• Many key players

went to Quebec woods to discuss the future of spread spectrum

37

1992

• LANs discussed• Available products

focused on cordless phones and PDA-like systems

38

Non-LAN Systems

• Unlicensed point-to-point was unexpected but permitted by liberal rules

• Undersold traditional Part 101 systems

• Popular in cellular industry for quick installation without paperwork

Lessons Learned

• Since technology moves faster than regulations, there are often anachronistic regulations that block new technologies

• Transactions costs of changing regulations decreases interests in technologies adversely affected

• Removing barriers to new technology while maintaining a level playing field can stimulate innovation

39

Lessons Learned

• Studying promising technologies that do not have petitioners can lower investment barriers

• While consensus decision making has benefits, it is not always the right model for spectrum policy decisions– The public interest is not always the interest

of the immediately affected parties in an FCC proceeding

40

Lessons Learned

• While FCC has internal resources for most decisions, some innovative areas need outside support not now available:– “Think tank” studies– Technical advisory committee– NAS/NRC study committees

• Often used by other agencies

41

42

Thanks for Listening

Questions?

www.marcus-spectrum.com

More info on website