COMFORT IS KEY NOW TO GOOD DESIGN 1. WHY do we need Radical new Design Thinking? Climate Change: Our World is Heating Carbon Emission Reductions are Crucial Extreme Weather Events become the Norm Conventional Energy Systems are failing For more details and References see: COMFORT JUSTICE: Roaf Lecture at COP26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbsdb70e4SM
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Comfort At The Extremes, CATE’21Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, 24th-26th October 2021
IF YOU THINK IT IS BAD NOW – WAIT TILL 2030: DESIGN FOR THE FUTURETHINK AHEAD…
2003EU: 72,000 die in one Heatwave
Across Europe
2050THAT WILL BEA COOL YEAR
DESIGN BUILDINGS TO KEEP PEOPLE SAFE EVENT WHEN THE POWER FAILS OR THERE IS A PANDEMIC….
20THC = From Vernacular to International StylesUnderstand where we have come from and where we are going..
Meis - Glass and Metal Corb – suspended ConcreteTraditional – climate savvy
Increasing Energy Consumption Decade on Decade
Resilient Comfort: Resilient Societies
Susan Roaf - Emeritus Professor of Architectural Engineering, Heriot Watt University, [email protected] out my talk at COP25 on: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbsdb70e4SM
Department 0.5 1.0 1.6 A 23.0 ± 1.0 19.0 ± 1.5 0.16 0.13
Store B 23.0 ± 2.0 19.0 ± 3.0 0.20 0.15
C 23.0 ± 3.0 19.0 ± 4.0 0.23 0.18
PMV standards have narrow comfort limits suitable for air-conditionedBuildings like Offices, but not for Homes
Olesen B. and K. Parsons (2002). Introduction to Thermal Comfort Standards and to the proposed new EN ISO 7730, Energy and Buildings, 34, pp.537-448
210C - 250C in ‘1st Class Offices’.
Narrower Comfort Zones Need More HVAC equipment
‘Efficient’ A/C BuildingsNeed More Expensive HVAC
Eg. EN ISO 7730
190C - 270C in‘3rd Class Naturally Ventilated ones’
Parkinson, T., de Dear, R. and Brager, G. 2020. Nudging the adaptive thermal comfort model. Energy and Buildings, 206, p.10959.
WHY DOES IT MATTER? Because Every One Degree difference between indoor Set-points and outdoor temperatures uses 8% – 10% more energy to achieve
We will always need HVACBut it is sensible to use it only when
Buildings NEED to be heated or cooled
COMFORT IS DYNAMIC - a Self-Regulating System
370C
BehavioursPhysiology
Reference: Nicol, J. F., & Humphreys, M. A. (1973). Thermal comfort as part of a self-regulating system. Building Research and Practice, 6(3), 174–179.
doi:10.1080/09613217308550237
Surveys: People comfortable over wide range of temperatures
References: Humphreys, M.A. (1976). Field studies of thermal comfort compared and applied. J. Inst. Heat. & Vent. Eng. 44, pp 5-27.
Survey results: A direct correlation between mean outdoor and comfort temperatures
15
20
25
30
35
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Mean temperature experienced
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Europe
Pakistan
Humphreys
Reference: Nicol & Humphreys Energy and Buildings 34 (6)
TNZ
Put Clothes on
Cool Breeze
Chilling Draft
28
The TNZ is the physiological sweet zone, a band of temperatures in the which the body need take little or no action, so expend no energy, to make itself warmer or cooler while still maintaining core temperatures. (Naked body, varies with Individuals)
Reference: Boris Kingma, Marcel Schweiker, Andreas Wagner & Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, “Exploring internal body heat balance to understand thermal sensation,” Building Research & Information, (April, 2017). Accessed 18th July, 2017, DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2017.1299996.
PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMITS - Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)
Adaptive Thermal Comfort: Studying Real People in Real Buildings
Measure Physical and Personal parameters like Clothing and Activities with Interviews to find out How Comfortable they Feel
Data Collected Feeds into Adaptive Thermal Comfort Standards eg. ASHRAE 55 (2004)
170C - 320C Acceptable Temperature range2004
Use Adaptive Comfort Standards for Homes
For the Netherlands Adaptive Comfort Limits are c. 18C-29C:
A.C. Boerstra, J. van Hoof & A.M. van Weele (2015) A new hybrid thermal comfort guideline for the Netherlands: background and development, Architectural Science Review, 58:1, 24-
Machines are only Design Stage 2 replaceable elements
PETS: PERSONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES? MAYBE ENOUGH?
Worker Choices
1 m/s = 3K
increase – 3 W
Japan: KOTATSU + HOT BATHS – Low Energy Solutions
Heating / cooling people – not buildings
Not Only Providing Adaptive Opportunities - but putting thought into how to make them Easily Usable
I N T E R F A C E P R O G R E S S I O N O F
C O M P L E X I T Y
Mechanical Heating
Mechanical Cooling
Mechanical Heating
High Energy Building
Mechanical Cooling
Natural Ventilation – opening windows – with shutters / shade / curtains to Pre-heat / cool air
Passive Solar Heating with good summer shading and orientation so no over-heating - thermal mass
Low Energy Building
The Same Building can be a Low or High Energy BuildingDepending on How Many Passive Adaptive Opportunities it has.
Too Many HVAC Engineers ?
STAGE 3) ARCHITECTURE: ALL ABOUT THE MIND SENSATION: Involving Feelings, Senses, Perceptions, Impressions
WOW
Immediate Impact
WELL BEING
Deeper sensation
Too Many Architects?
View – Art - Sounds - Scents – style - Colour – Light - Formal Composition of Shapes
Decoration - Furnishings - people / events associated with the building
S. Roaf (2018). Thermal Landscaping of Buildings, in Activism in Architecture: the bright dreams of passive energy design, Margot McDonald and Carolina Dayer (Eds.), Taylor and Francis Ltd., London, pp.145-174.
MOST IMPORTANT IS THE THERMAL LANDSCAPING OF THE HOUSE
Ranginui – Father Sky
Papatūānuku – Mother Earth
Ch 4. The impacts of future UK heatwave on Office and residential buildings - Asif Din and Hala El Khorazatyin The Routledge Handbook on Resilient Comfort (2022). Rijal, Nicol and Roaf (Eds), Routledge, London.
Office Home
Heat Wave periods in a Home and Office Modelled in 3 UK locations using 2080 data
London + Birmingham buildings Overheated.
In Aberdeen they did Not.
Homes were worse affected
Office Residential
Birmingham London Birmingham London
MORE OVERHEATING HRS
LESS OVERHEATING HRS
ARE SUCH GRAPHICS ARE TOO COMPLEX TO MAKE AN IMMEDIATE IMPRESSION ON JUDGES?
OVERHEATING IS KEY: HOW BEST TO SHOW IT IN A COMPETITION DRAWING?
CH 6. Do old people only feel the cold? Summertime overheating in UK Care Homes. Rajat Gupta, in The Routledge Handbook on Resilient Comfort (2022). Rijal, Nicol and Roaf (Eds), Routledge, London.
Overheating in Care Homes is prolonged and prevalent
IMPORTANTLY: Residents were found to be insensitive to high temperatures.
Care Home Design does NOT take in Account Overheating
Regular temperature monitoring is needed with feedback to all staff and occupants
Cultural Change is needed within the Care Sector
AGAIN FOR A POSTER NOT MAKING CLEAR ARCHITECTURAL STATEMENTS?
ESPECIALLY IN THE WORST CLIMATES – THERMAL LANDSCAPING IS KEYDesigning Comfortable and Low Carbon Homes in Dammam, Saudi
Arabia: The Roles of Buildings and Behaviours
Abdulrahman Alshaikh -PhD - Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United, 2016
10m 5m 1m
A 24 hours time-series of the average indoor temperature
performance in the bedroom and living room of dwelling
15 during the hot season
DAMPENING PEAKS WITH THERMAL LANDSCAPING WITH RANSOM ZONES
10m 5m 1m
A 24 hours time-series of the average indoor temperature
performance in the bedroom and living room of dwelling
13 during the hot season
OPEN PLAN ROOMS = HEAT ENGINES IN THE HEART OF THE HOUSE
Help Architects avoid thermal health traps likeDesigns with no Ransom Spaces or Climate Refuges
Merghani, A. (2004). Environmental Diversity in Architecture. K. Steemers and M. A. Steane: 195-213.
Just Start by thinking simply about the climate in different spaces over the seasons
Adaptive features save 80% annual running costs in The Dutch Adaptive House
Reference: E.E. Alders, Adaptive heating, ventilation and solar shading for dwellings, Architectural Science Review, Volume 60, 2017, Issue 3: Special Issue: Running Buildings on Natural Energy: Design thinking for a Different Future, Pages 150-166,
Published online: 09 Apr 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2017.1300132