1. What were some of the ways that wartime governments expanded their powers over their economies 2. What country had the most success in developing a.

QUIZ pp. 717-725

1. What were some of the ways that wartime governments expanded their powers over their economies

2. What country had the most success in developing a planned economy?

3. What were two sources of internal opposition to the war in 1916-1917?

4. How did the wartime governments fight back against growing internal opposition to the war?

5. What was the greatest impact the war had on women?

QUIZ ANWERS

1. PRICE, WAGE AND RENT CONTROLS/RATIONING OF FOOD AND MATERIALS/REGULATION OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS/NATIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES

2. GERMANY3. LIBERALS AND SOCIALISTS4. POLICE POWER, CENSORSHIP,

RESTRICTION OF CIVIL LIBERTIES, PROPAGANDA, MILITARY FORCE

5. JOBS AND LATER VOTING RIGHTS

TOTAL WAR

TOTAL WAR = all elements of society are used for the war effort

1. extension/expansion of government power2. Mass conscription/draft3. Govt expand power over economies4. Price, wage, and rent controls5. Rationing of food and materials6. Regulation of imports and exports7. Nationalization of transportation and key

industries

POLITICAL CENTRALIZATION AND ECONOMIC REGIMENTATION

GERMANY1. Military authorities take control of govt/econ2. Generals Hindenburg & Ludendorff direct the war economy3. Germany is most successful in govt direction of the econ

BRITAIN1. Key figure is Liberal Party leader DAVID LLOYD GEORGE2. Lloyd George is Minister of Munitions3. In 1916 David Lloyd George becomes PM

FRANCE1. More emphasis on civilian control of govt/econ2. GEORGES CLEMENCEAU = “the tiger” = leader of France

during World War I3. “War is too important to be left to the generals”

GROWING INTERNAL DISSATISFACTION WITH THE WAR

1. Increasing strike activity2. Opposition to continuing the war came

froma. liberalsb. socialists

3. Govts respond harshly to opposition to war

GOVT RESPONSES TO INTERNAL DISSATISFACTION

1. Use of military force or the threat of military force

2. Example – THE EASTER REBELLION = April 1916 in Ireland – attempted uprising crushed by the British

3. Increased police power4. Restrictions on civil

liberties5. propaganda

DORA

The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) was passed in the United Kingdom on 8 August 1914, during the early weeks of World War I. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war period, such as the power to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort, or to make regulations creating criminal offences. Some of the things the British public were not allowed to do included flying a kite, lighting a bonfire, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters or buying alcohol on public transport. Alcoholic beverages were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to noon–3pm and 6:30pm–9:30pm (the requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours lasted until the Licensing Act 1988 was brought into force). DORA ushered in a variety of authoritarian social control mechanisms, such as censorship.

SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE WAR

Increased power for workers and unions

New roles for womena. jobsb. voting rights = Britain 1918, Germany

and Austria 1919, USA 1920

Social independence for women – “the flappers”

Big business

POSTWAR AND THE NEW WOMAN

"Flapper" in the 1920s was a term applied to a "new breed" of young Western women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms.Flappers had their origins in the period of liberalism, social and political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of the First World War, as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe.